Factors Affecting Lifelong Learning Participation in Older Adults: Relationship with Subjective Well-being, Physical Activity/Exercise, and Social Activities / 社会薬学

The significance of lifelong learning is increasing in Japan’s aging society. The purpose of this study is to clarify the factors that affect the participation in lifelong learning of the elderly people in relation to subjective well-being, physical activity/exercise, and social activity. We conducted a questionnaire survey among lifelong learning participants. The contents of the questionnaire items were scored and the influence of the number of years of participation in the lifetime learning was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. There were 207 participants with an average age of 73.2 years old. In terms of health and life, most of the participants answered positively. In terms of coping with stress, many respondents had that coping strategy. Their nutritional intake and exercise habits were good. They had a high rate of health check-ups, were highly interested in disease prevention and paid attention to their health management. From the exploratory factor analysis of the questionnaire results, the five common factors behind lifelong learning participants were “subjective well-being,” “physical activity/exercise,” “subjective view of health,” “nutrition/diet,” and “social activity.” There was a negative relationship between “years of participation in lifelong learning” and “subjective well-being,” and a positive relationship between “physical activity/exercise” and “social activity” of these latent variables. In conclusion, many of the lifelong learning participants were highly conscious of their health, had acquired appropriate habits in terms of exercise and nutrition, and had a high subjective well-being. The elderly’s continuous participation in lifelong learning is beneficial for “physical activity/exercise” and “social activity.”

Distrofias Musculares en Adultos y Actividad Física: una Revisión Narrativa / Muscular Dystrophies in Adults and Physical Activity: a Narrative Review

Introducción. Las distrofias musculares son un grupo heterogéneo de trastornos genéticos degenerativos del músculo que comparten características clínicas de debilidad muscular. Recientemente, la actividad física ha vuelto a ser posicionada como una intervención clave en esta población, sin embargo, no existe consenso terapéutico relativo a la prescripción de ejercicio. Junto con describir los principales tipos de distrofias musculares del adulto, el objetivo de esta revisión es describir los efectos clínicos y eventos adversos del ejercicio y la actividad física en las personas adultas con distrofias musculares. Método. Se realizó una revisión narrativa con enfoque cuantitativo en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo, Scopus y Biblioteca Cochrane Plus utilizando las palabras claves en inglés "muscular dystrophy", "muscular dystrophies", "physical activity", "exercise" y, en español, "distrofia muscular", "distrofias musculares", "actividad física" y "ejercicio" con estudios hasta la fecha. Se seleccionaron siete ensayos controlados aleatorios y un metaanálisis para su revisión. Resultados. En los ocho estudios seleccionados se presentan los outcomes respecto a la fuerza muscular, capacidad aeróbica, capacidades funcionales, dolor, fatiga y efectos adversos. Se presentan resultados que muestran que las intervenciones en modalidad de entrenamiento de fuerza, aeróbica o ambas pueden tener mejoras y/o no tener efecto significativo en sus resultados. Asimismo, ningún estudio mostró efectos negativos y/o deletéreos posteriores a las intervenciones realizadas. Conclusiones. La realización de actividad física en las diversas distrofias musculares prevalentes en el adulto presenta efectos clínicos positivos y/o nulos, sin embargo, se requiere de estudios que aporten una mayor calidad de evidencia.

Introduction. Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of genetic degenerative muscle disorders that share clinical characteristics of muscle weakness. Recently, physical activity has been positioned as a key intervention in this population. However, there is no therapeutic consensus regarding the exercise prescription. Along with describing the main types of adult muscular dystrophies, this review aims to describe the clinical effects and adverse events of exercise and physical activity in adults with muscular dystrophies. Method. A narrative review with a quantitative approach was carried out in the PubMed, Scielo, Scopus and Cochrane Plus Library databases using the keywords in English "muscular dystrophy", "muscular dystrophies", "physical activity", "exercise" and in Spanish "distrofia muscular", "distrofias musculares", "actividad física" and "ejercicio" with studies to date. Seven randomized controlled trials and one meta-analysis were selected for review. Results. In the eight selected studies, the outcomes regarding muscle strength, aerobic capacity, functional capacities, pain, fatigue, and adverse effects are presented. Results show that interventions in strength training, aerobic training, or both may have improvements and/or not have a significant effect on their results. Likewise, no study showed adverse and/or harmful effects after the interventions were carried out. Conclusions. The performance of physical activity in the various muscular dystrophies prevalent in adults has positive and/or null clinical effects. However, studies that provide a higher quality of evidence are required.

Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children: a Meta-Analysis Update

Abstract Background Obesity and overweight in childhood can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease throughout live. Objectives This study provides an update of a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCT) published in 2014, to assess the effects of physical activity interventions on preventing cardiovascular risk factors in childhood. Methods This update combines data from the previous search with new data obtained from June 2013 to June 2020. Searches were performed on PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL. The RCTs enrolled used interventions with physical activity longer than six months in school children aged 6-12 years, and evaluated body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Data analysis was performed using a random-effects model and a P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 28,603 articles were retrieved, and 17 RCTs (11,952 subjects) were included. Physical activity interventions were associated with reduction in SBP [−2.11mmHg (95%CI −3.67, −0.54), I243%], DBP [−2.08mmHg (95%CI −3.68, −0,49), I265%] and TG [-0.08mmol/L (95% CI -0.13, -0.03), I20%], and increase in TC [0.17mmol/L (95%CI 0.04, 0.30), I20%]. However, the interventions were not associated with reductions in BMI [−0.03 kg/m2 (95%CI −0.17, 0.10), I20%]. Conclusion This update confirms and reinforces the beneficial effects of physical activity intervention in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure and TG levels.

Validez y confiabilidad de los instrumentos de percepción de barreras y de beneficios para el ejercicio en adolescentes colombianos / Validity and reliability of the perceiving barriers and benefits of exercising instruments for Colombian adolescents / Validação e confiabilidade dos instrumento para perceber barreiras e benefícios do exercício em adolescentes colombianos

Objetivo: validar en el contexto colombiano los instrumentos de percepción de barreras y de beneficios asociados a la realización\r\nde ejercicio en adolescentes basados en el modelo de promoción de la salud de Nola J. Pender. Metodología: los instrumentos\r\nseleccionados fueron sometidos a estos procedimientos: permisos, traducción y pruebas de validez facial, de contenido, de constructo\r\ny de confiabilidad. Resultados: el instrumento de percepción de barreras para el ejercicio tiene un índice de Lawshe\r\nmodificado de 0,83 y un kappa de Fleiss de 0,59 para relevancia y de 0,53 para pertinencia. El instrumento de percepción de\r\nbeneficios por el ejercicio presenta un índice de Lawshe modificado de 0,93 y un kappa de Fleiss para relevancia 0,70 y de 0,91\r\npara pertinencia. El análisis factorial identificó en cada uno de los instrumentos dos factores: barreras para la salud física y afectivas o emocionales; en cuanto a los beneficios se relacionaron con las condiciones ambientales y el tiempo disponible para\r\nrealizar el ejercicio, y la confiabilidad se encontró en 0,82 y 0,83 para la percepción de barreras y de beneficios, respectivamente.\r\nConclusiones: los instrumentos de percepción de barreras y de beneficios para la realización de ejercicio adaptados al contexto\r\ncolombiano son válidos y confiables. Por lo anterior, se consideran apropiados para evaluar y diseñar estrategias que contribuyan\r\na mejorar la realización de actividad física en los adolescentes.

Objective: To validate the instruments for perceiving barriers\r\nand benefits of exercising for Colombian adolescents based on\r\nthe health promotion model of Nola Pender. Methodology:\r\nThe instruments for perceiving barriers and benefits of exercising\r\nwere subject to the following procedures: permits, translation,\r\nback translation, and validity tests: facial, content, and construction.\r\nResults: The instruments for perceiving barriers and\r\nbenefits of exercising have a modified Lawshe index of 0.83 and\r\nFleiss Kappa of 0.59 for relevance and pertinence of 0.53. The\r\ninstruments for perceiving barriers and benefits of exercising\r\nalso present a modified Lawshe index of 0.93 and Fleiss Kappa\r\nfor relevance 0.70 and for pertinence 0.91. The factor analysis\r\nidentified in each of the instruments 2 factors: barriers to physical\r\nand affective or emotional health; in terms of benefits, they\r\nwere related to environmental conditions and the time available\r\nto perform the exercise, and reliability was found in 0.82 and 0.83\r\nfor the barrier and benefits perceptions, respectively. Conclusions:\r\nThe instruments for perceiving barriers and benefits of\r\nexercising adapted to the Colombian context are valid and reliable.\r\nTherefore, they are considered appropriate for evaluating\r\nand designing strategies that contribute to improving the\r\nperformance of physical activity in adolescents.

Objetivo: validar no contexto colombiano os instrumentos de\r\npercepção de barreiras e benefícios para a realização de exercício\r\nem adolescentes com base no modelo de promoção da saúde\r\nde Nola Pender. Metodologia: os instrumentos de percepção\r\nde barreiras e benefícios para o exercício foram submetidos aos\r\nprocedimentos: autorizações, tradução, e testes de validade\r\nfacial, conteúdo e construto e confiabilidade. Resultados: o\r\ninstrumento de Percepção de Barreiras para o exercício possui\r\num índice de Lawshe modificado de 0,83 e Kappa de Fleiss de\r\n0,59 para relevância e pertinência de 0,53. O instrumento de\r\npercepção de benefícios para o exercício também apresenta\r\num índice de Lawshe modificado de 0,93 e Kappa de Fleiss para\r\nrelevância de 0,70 e para pertinência de 0,91. A análise fatorial\r\nidentificou em cada um dos instrumentos 2 fatores: barreiras à\r\nsaúde física e afetiva ou emocional; em termos de benefícios,\r\neles foram relacionados às condições ambientais e ao tempo\r\ndisponível para a realização do exercício, e a confiabilidade\r\nse encontrou em 0,83 e 0,83 para a percepção de barreiras e\r\nbenefícios respectivamente. Conclusões: os instrumentos\r\nde percepção de barreiras e benefícios para a realização de\r\nexercícios adaptados ao contexto colombiano são válidos e\r\nconfiáveis. Por isso, são considerados adequados para avaliar e\r\ndesenhar estratégias que contribuam para melhorar o desempenho\r\nda atividade física em adolescentes.