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RESUMO Os wetlands construídos (WC) são uma ecotecnologia aplicável para o tratamento descentralizado de esgotos notadamente em pequenas comunidades, em razão de sua simplicidade operacional. Existem vários arranjos e combinações de WC possíveis, destacando-se o arranjo tanque séptico (TS), seguido da modalidade de WC de escoamento vertical (WCV) com recirculação do efluente do WCV de volta para o TS, como proposta para possibilitar a remoção de nitrogênio presente no esgoto afluente. Entretanto, no Brasil, essa configuração e suas implicações operacionais e de desempenho são pouco exploradas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de um sistema de TS seguido de um WCV com recirculação no tratamento descentralizado de esgoto doméstico. O sistema empregado no tratamento de esgoto de um equivalente populacional de dez habitantes é composto de um TS (4,7 m3 de volume útil), seguido de um WCV (24,5 m2 de área superficial) preenchido com brita e plantado com Canna spp. O monitoramento, que compreendeu um período de nove meses, teve início após um ano e cinco meses de operação do sistema. Utilizando taxa de 50% de recirculação, taxa de aplicação hidráulica no WCV de 85 mm d-1 e carga de 47 g DQO m-2.d-1, foram obtidas boas eficiências para remoção conjunta de demanda química de oxigênio — DQO (80%), sólidos em suspensão totais — SST (85%) e nitrogênio total —NT (42%), mesmo com elevadas cargas orgânicas. Além das boas eficiências apresentadas, o sistema demonstrou ser robusto e de operação simples e representa uma alternativa tecnológica com potencial para o tratamento descentralizado de esgotos de empreendimentos habitacionais.
ABSTRACT Constructed wetland (CW) is an applicable eco-technology for decentralized wastewater treatment, notably in small communities, due to its operational simplicity. CW has several possible arrangements and combinations, among which the septic tank (ST) stands out, followed by the vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW), with treated effluent recirculation back to the ST to enable nitrogen removal. However, in Brazil, this configuration and its operational and performance implications are little explored. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of an ST system, followed by a VFCW with recirculation in the decentralized treatment of domestic wastewater. The wastewater treatment system for 10 inhabitants consists of an ST (4.7 m3 of useful volume), followed by a VFCW (24.5 m2 of surface area) planted with Canna spp. The monitoring, which covered a period of nine months, started after one year and five months of system operation. Using a 50% recirculation rate, VFCW hydraulic loading rate of 85 mm d-1, and organic load of 47 g COD m-2 d-1, good efficiencies were obtained for the joint removal of chemical oxygen demand — COD (80%), total suspended solids — TSS (85%), and total nitrogen — TN (42%), even with high organic loads. In addition to the good efficiencies presented, the system proved to be robust and easy to operate, representing a technological alternative with potential for the decentralized wastewater treatment of housing developments.
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[Objective] To investigate association between the time point of sorafenib administered and suppress effect on tumor growth secondary to the increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).[Methods] Fifty SD rats were performed intrahepatic implantation using tumor tissues from subcutaneous tumors in nude mice which were administered Walker 256 tumor cells.Ten days after the procedure,MR scans were used to choose forty SD rats with successful hepatic tumor transplantation among fifty experimental animals.Then they were randomly divided into four groups:(A,control group) mere injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF);(B) administration of sorafenib 72 hours prior to VEGF injection;(C) administration of sorafenib together with VEGF injection;(D) administration of sorafenib 72 hours later to VEGF injection.The tumor growth and median survival time of rodents were observed and compared.After each experimental animal died,immunohistochemical (IHC) methods were applied to detect the expression of VEGF in tumors.[Results] Ten days after the administration of sorafenib,MR showed significant growth of hepatic tumors,the tumor size in experiment group were significiant smaller,than control group (5.4 cm) with statistical significance.Median survival time of four groups were (19.6 ± 1.8) d,(31.2 ± 7.0) d,(27.4 ± 4.9) d,and (26.5 ± 4.6) d,respectively,which indicated that animals in sorafenib groups lived longer than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05).Differences can be obseverd in sorafenib groups with statistical significance existing (P ＜ 0.05).Harvest hepatic tumor tissues from dead animals and HE staining as well as IHC examination were performed.The expression of VEGF in four groups were 88.3 ± 13.6,42.8 ± 8.0,71.9 ± 15.7,and 73.6 ± 13.7.There were statistical significance between control group and sorafenib groups.And further in sorafenib groups,the expressions of VEGF also varied greatly.[Conclusion] Sorafenib can extend the survival time,reduce tumor angiogenesis.And we can conclude that administration of sorafenib before the transient increased expression of VEGF offers survival benefits than that after the evaluation of VEGF levels.
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Background of research work: Leonurus sibiricus L. pertains to the family Lamiaceae. Leonurus sibiricus L. is used as a sedative for the central nervous system and healing of heart neurosis, heart activity weakening, diseases of heart muscles, irregularity of menstruation, oedema, dizziness, miscarriage of babies and furuncle [1]. Objective of research work: Define the content of biologically active substances in cultivated Leonurus sibiricus L. Goal of research work: - Perform qualitative and quantitative analyses of biologically active substances contained in the aerial of cultivated Leonurus sibiricus L. - Decoct thick extract of cultivated Leonurus sibiricus L. and establish the microbiological purity. Applied research methods and material: The top soil part of planted Leonurus sibiricus L. was collected from Herbal plants garden of Monos in July 5, 2012 and prepared according to the accepted standards. For defining the contents of coumarin, flavanoids spectrometric method, contents of alkaloids and desiccating substances titration method, decocted, ashing and moisture contents in top soil part of planted Leonurus sibiricus L. weighing method were used respectively [2,3]. Results of research worк: The total coumarin, flavanoid, alkaloid, tannin, decocted, ash substances and moisture content in top soil part of planted Leonurus sibiricus L. were analyzed following the method in the XI (eleventh) pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. We found that in the aerial part of planted Leonurus sibiricus L. exist following amount of tannin - 2,7%, coumarin – 0,1254%, alkaloids 0,049%, flavanoids -6,2%, The total extracted substance was found to be 19,8%, and the moisture and ashing content was determined to be 6,5%, and 10,81%,respectively. Leonurus sibiricus L. thick extract: In order to prepare Leonurus sibiricus L. thin extract, 500g of the plant was extracted with 70% ethanol in 1:5 proportion by the maceration method. The thin extract was thickened in vacuum evaporator at 50-60˚ Celsius and 1.9 liters of thick extract was obtained then the microbiological purity of this thick extract was defined. According to the results of this analysis, the presence of bacteria, mold, bacterium of enterebacteriaceae type, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in the Leonurus sibiricus L. thick extract. Conclusion: The top soil part of planted Leonurus sibiricus L. contains alkaloids – 0,049%, coumarins – 0,1254%, desiccated substances - 2,7%, flavanoids – 6,2%, decocted substances – 19,8%, ash content – 10,81%, moisture – 6,5% respectively. According to the microbiological analysis, Leonurus sibiricus L. thick extract was found to be pure and the presence of bacterium was not revealed. References: 1. Ts.Volodya, D.Tserenbaljir, Ts.Lamjav “Herbs in Mongolia” UB, 2008, 290-292 pp 2. M.Binderiya, M.Bukhchuluun,A.Garamjav “Methods of extracting biologically active substances from herbs” UB 2011, 105-106 pp, 121-122 pp 3. State pharmacopoeia XI, 2nd edition, Moscow 1990, 346 p
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Analisou-se a sobrevivência de mudas plantadas em 400 clareiras causadas por exploração florestal de impacto reduzido, em floresta de terra firme na Amazônia Oriental. Foram plantadas 3.818 mudas de 17 espécies, das quais apenas Schizolobium amazonicum não ocorre na área de estudo. A distância entre as mudas plantadas foi de aproximadamente 5m. As avaliações ocorreram em 2005 e 2006. Com base na sobrevivência das mudas aos 11 meses após o plantio, as espécies indicadas para o enriquecimento de clareiras são: Schizolobium amazonicum, Cedrela odorata, Jacaranda copaia, Manilkara huberi, Astronium gracile, Pouteria bilocularis, Tabebuia impetiginosa,Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens, Cordia goeldiana, Parkia gigantocarpa, Simarouba amara, Sterculia pilosa, Laetia procera, Dinizia excelsa e Schefflera morototoni. Estudos sobre a taxa de crescimento, em períodos mais longos, são necessários para confirmar a utilização dessas espécies em plantios de enriquecimento de clareiras oriundas de exploração florestal, como alternativa para aumentar a produtividade e o valor econômico das florestas naturais manejadas na Amazônia brasileira.
Survival of seedlings planted in 400 gaps created by reduced impact logging in a terra firme forest in the Eastern Amazonia was evaluated. 3,818 seedlings from 17 species occurring in the study area, except for Schizolobium amazonicum (paricá), which is rare in natural forests of Paragominas region, were planted in the gaps. Spacing of planted seedlings was 5m. According to survival of seedlings during 11 months after planting, the species Schizolobium amazonicum, Cedrela odorata, Jacaranda copaia, Manilkara huberi, Astronium gracile, Pouteria bilocularis, Tabebuia impetiginosa,Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens, Cordia goeldiana, Parkia gigantocarpa, Simarouba amara, Sterculia pilosa, Laetia procera, Dinizia excelsa and Schefflera morototoni can be suggested for enriching in gaps created by reduced impact logging. Complementary studies, mainly related to growth rates of seedlings, must be carried out and in a period longer than the present study to confirm the benefits of enrichment planting in gaps as an alternative to boost forest productivity and economic value of managed natural forest in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Árvores , Ecossistema Amazônico , Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental/métodos , Brasil , Indústria da Madeira/efeitos adversosRESUMO
From the chloroform-soluble fraction of the ethanol extracts of the whole plant of Taxus chinensis var. mairei (Lemee et Levl), four compounds were isolated by using repeated column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Based on spectroscopic data (UV, IR, ESI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR), the compounds were identified as taxamairin K (1), 2α, 4α-dideacetoxy-7β-benzoyloxy-5β,20-epoxy-9α,10β,13α,15-tetrahydroxy-11(15→1)abeotaxa-11-ene (2), 7β-xylosyl-taxol (3), 10-deacetoxy-7-xylosyl-taxol (4). Among them, taxamairin K is a new compound.