Effects of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on the Human Body Exposure in E-Waste Dismantling Region / 法医学杂志

Objective To discuss the effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） exposure in e-waste dismantling region on the human body and provide data support for the identification of environmental health damage to residents in the e-waste dismantling region. Methods Adults in an e-waste dismantling region （exposed group, 54 participants） and a control region （control group, 58 participants） were selected, questionnaires were carried out and blood and urine samples were collected. Blood PBDEs, blood lipids, blood routine, blood lead, urine cadmium, urine chromium and urine nickel were detected. T-test was utilized to compare the differences of PBDEs between the two groups. Multivariate analysis were utilized to compare the differences between the two groups in blood routine indexes. Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between PBDEs and blood routine. Results Exposure levels of PBDEs were significantly higher in the exposed group （240.00 ng/g, adjusted mass fraction of blood lipids, thereafter） than in the control group （93.00 ng/g, P<0.05）. There was no statistical significance in the differences in most blood routine indexes of the two groups （ P>0.05）, and their reference values were all within normal ranges. Mean platelet volume, plateletcrit, basophils percentage, absolute value of basophils, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were higher in the exposed group than in the control group （P<0.05）. Platelet distribution widths were lower in the exposed group than in the control group and below the normal reference range （P<0.05）. Conclusion PBDEs exposure in e-waste dismantling region tend to change platelet morphology, the number of basophils, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and may pose potential health hazards to local residents.

Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Maternal Blood, Placental Size, and Risk for Fetal Growth Restriction: A Nested Case-control Study / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#To explore the effects of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on placental size and birth outcomes.@*Methods@#Based on the perspective Wenzhou Birth Cohort, this nested case-control study included 101 fetal growth restriction (FGR) and 101 healthy newborns. Maternal serum samples were collected during the third trimester and measured for PBDEs by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The basic information of mother-newborn pairs was collected from questionnaires, whereas the placental size and birth outcomes of newborns were obtained from hospital records.@*Results@#A total of 19 brominated diphenyle ether (BDE) congeners were detected in maternal serum samples. Higher concentrations of BDE-207, -208, -209, and ∑ @*Conclusion@#A negative association was found between PBDE levels in maternal serum and placental size and birth outcomes. Prenatal PBDE exposure may be associated with elevated risk of the incidence of FGR birth.

Research progress on exposure levels and toxic pathways of typical persistent organic pollutants in foods / 中华预防医学杂志

Dioxins, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and benzo(a)pyrene are common organic pollutants in food. They have been of concern to academics and government administrations due to high residue and persistence, easy accumulation and strong harmful effects. The National Research Council of the United States of America published Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and Strategy in 2007, which proposed a new concept of toxicity testing that toxicity testing should take full consideration of population exposure data and base on in vitro tests, human cell lines, toxicity pathways and high-throughput screening. Meanwhile, systems biology, bioinformatics and rapid assay technologies will be used to better understand toxicity pathways—the cellular response pathways that can lead to adverse health effects when sufficient perturbing induced by chemicals exposure. The new toxicity testing strategy has changed the traditional testing pattern and has brought a wide impact on the international relevant fields. The European Union, the World Health Organization, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, and the National Center for Toxicological Research have organized relevant discussions and exploratory studies to address the new toxicity testing concept and how to evaluate and utilize the results of traditional toxicity test researches. Compared to the discussion, 'whether to do it’, ten years ago, the question, 'how to do it’, has become the concern of the current discussion. Therefore, how to respond to the concept of toxicity testing and how to effectively utilize and excavate traditional toxicity test data have been the focus of multi-disciplines and interdisciplinary academia such as toxicology, food hygiene and environmental science. Therefore, this article provides an overview of the exposure levels of dioxin, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and benzo[a]pyrene, which are typical persistent organic pollutants in food in China and the current research status of toxic pathways based on whole animal experiments. The exposure level, toxic effect and toxicity mechanism of three contaminants are analyzed and summarized in order to provide basis for future results based on the 21st century toxicity test compared with traditional tests and data mining analysis of these two kinds of data. Meanwhile, it also lays the foundation for the establishment of a toxicity testing framework based on exposure characteristics, toxic pathways, and biomarkers.

Human exposure and thyroid toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers / 中华预防医学杂志

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a kind of important Brominated Flame Retardant (BFR), are widely used in electronic products, construction materials and textiles. PBDEs have been detected in many environmental media (including air, water, dust, sediment and food), many animal and human tissues. For their environmental persistence, high bioaccumulative and multiple biotoxicitiies, PBDEs have been viewed as one of the most concerned environmental Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) at present. Although detailed mechanisms are not clear, studies have found that PBDEs can induce toxicity to liver, endocrine system, nervous system, reproduction and immune system. What's more, lots of experiments indicate that PBDEs exposure can alter the levels of thyroid hormones. Recently, studies on the impact of PBDEs exposure on thyroid hormones have been quite a few and have not reached an agreement, especially on the alternation of thyroid hormones caused by PBDEs exposure, which has also been a hot issue. This paper reviews from the basic properties, usage, exposure and biotoxicity of PBDEs. We mainly introduce the impact PBDEs have on the thyroid and thyroid hormones in terms of biotoxicity, and attach importance to the endocrine disruption and neurodeveloptoxicity. We also give a preliminary introduction to hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, structural analogs of PBDEs, which researchers start late to study. This paper can be a reference for the further research on PBDEs exposure and biotoxicity.

Determination of Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Soils by QuEChERS-Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

An QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of eight hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers( OH-PBDEs) in soil samples. After being mixed with 10 mL of water, the sample was extracted with acidified acetonitrile, cleaned up by C18 and primary secondary amine ( PSA ) . The separation of eight OH-PBDEs was performed on a C18 column using gradient elution of acetonitrile and water as mobile phase within 9 min. The OH-PBDEs were analyzed under the multiple-reaction monitoring ( MRM ) mode with negative electrospay ionization. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curves were linear well in the range of 2-200 μg/L with correlation coefficients ranging from 0. 9936 to 0. 9990, and the limits of detection of eight OH-PBDEs were in the range of 0. 23-1. 21 ng/g. At the spiked levels of 5. 0 and 50 ng/g, the average spiked recoveries for eight OH-PBDEs were between 73. 2% and 117. 7%, with the relative standard derivations ( RSDs) from 5. 6% to 19. 7%. The developed method is simple and sensitive, and suitable for the rapid analysis of large quantities of samples.

Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Derivatives, Tetrabromobisphenol A, Hexabromocyclododecane in Egg Samples by Gel Permeation Chromatography and Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction / 分析化学

A stimulate method for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ( PBDEs) and derivatives (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in egg samples was developed by gel permeation chromatography ( GPC) and dispersive solid phase extraction ( DSPE) combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric ( HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chroma-tography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry ( GC-NCI/MS ) . The analytes were extracted with mixture of hexane and dichloromethane (1∶1, V/V) by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and purified by 100 mg C18 dispersive solid phase extraction ( SPE) sorbents followed with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) , and then analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI/MS), respectively. The quantita-tion was carried out external standard method. The recoveries of objects were 64. 5%-97. 2% and 65. 6%-109 . 2% ( except BDE85 was 54 . 8%, OH-BDE-137 was 47 . 4%) spiked at 1 . 0 μg/kg or 5 . 0 μg/kg in egg white and egg yolk, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 20. 2%. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) for the object were 0. 01-0. 2 μg/kg.

Determination of 39 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Coastal Sediments by Ultrasonic Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

A method was developed for the determination of 39 polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) from mono- to hepta-brominated in coastal sediment by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The sample was extracted with a solution of dichloromethane: n-hexane( 1:1,V/V) ,followed by ultrasonic extraction for 60 min at 25℃. The clean-up step was optimized using silica gel and alumina. The detection limit of the method was in the range of 0.003 - 0.10μg/kg. The results indicate that the average recovery of the internal standard was from 66.2% to 118. 6%. The relative standard deviation RSD( % ) was from 0. 8 % to 18. 2%. The method for the detection of 39 PBDE congeners in coastal sediment was sensitive,high reproducible with satisfactory recoveries.

Distribution,Accumulation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Environment and Human Body and Ecotoxicological Effects / 环境与健康杂志

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) are widely present in the world and their concentration in the environment has been increasing rapidly.PBDEs pollution has caused an extensive concern in recent years.The environmental effects of PBDEs are decided by their transfer and transformation,which is the basis of environmental and health risk evaluation.At present,a considerable number of detection of PBDEs has been undertaken in sediment and wildlife.However,little research has been done on the ecotoxicology of PBDEs.The purpose of this paper was to introduce the research status of PBDEs,to summarize emphatically their distribution model,bioaccumulation regularity and ecotoxicology effects in the environment,and to discuss the influences of PBDEs on human health.Finally the problems needed to be solved in this field are proposed.

Research Progress on Mechanism of Neurotoxic Effects Induced by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers / 环境与健康杂志

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is a kind of important industrial flame retardants,which widely exists in the environment and biosomes.Some researches have indicated that PBDEs is toxic to the nervous system of animals through affecting the release of neuroendocrine hormone,the signal transduction pathways,the transmission of neurotransmitters,the expression of key proteins in the nervous system,and the apoptosis of neuronal cells.Data from environmental monitoring indicated that environmental exposure to PBDEs in China exists,but the research on the effect of PBDEs on nervous system is very limited,which calls for attention.This article summarized researches on the mechanism of neurotoxic effects induced by polybrominated diphenyl ethers from the aspects such as the release of neuroendocrinal hormone,the signal transduction pathways,the transmission of neurotransmitters,the expression of key proteins in the nervous system,and the apoptosis of neuronal cells,and some ideas about the direction of related researches were presented.