Concepciones de usuarios sobre nuevas vías de administración de profilaxis pre-exposición para el VIH / Users' expectations of the new pre-exposure prophylaxis for the HIV modalities

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir las concepciones de los Hombres Gay, Hombres Bisexuales y una Mujer Transgénero que usan o quieren usar profilaxis previa a la exposición por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana oral (PrEP) sobre nuevas vías de administración. Fueron entrevistados 17 usuarios del BCN Checkpoint. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, sometidas a análisis categorial temático teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva praxeográfica. Todos están adaptados al uso de la PrEP diaria y a demanda. En relación con las nuevas vías de administración (PrEP inyección intramuscular cada dos meses; pastilla mensual; inyección subcutánea cada seis meses) todos son muy receptivos a esas posibilidades, pero les falta información sobre las especificidades de cada una de ellas y una evaluación específica de sus necesidades. Tanto la satisfacción con el uso de PrEP oral, como las expectativas sobre las nuevas vías de administración son positivas. Sin embargo, lo más importante para los/a entrevistados/a es la garantía de que tendrán seguimiento para continuar cuidando de la salud afectivo-sexual, lo que no depende del tipo de vía de administración.

Abstract This article aims to discuss the expectations of Homosexual Men, Bisexual Men and a Transgender Woman, who use or want to use an oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) about PrEP modalities. Sixteen PrEP users, who are followed up in the BCN Checkpoint, were interviewed,. The interviews were audio-recorded, subjected to thematic categorical analysis within the theoretical framework from the praxiographic perspective. They are all adapted to the use of daily oral and event-based PrEP. In relation to the new PrEP modalities (monthly pill; intramuscular injection every two months; subcutaneous injection every six months), they are all very receptive to these possibilities, but they lack information on the specificities of each and specific assessment of their needs. Comments about the use of oral PrEP are positive, and expectations regarding the new PrEP modalities are visibly high. However, the most important thing for the interviewees is the guarantee that they will have follow-up appointments to continue taking care of their affective-sexual health, which is not dependent on the type of PrEP modalities.

Avaliação de fatores preditores de sífilis e adesão a PrEP oral diária entre gays, bissexuais e outros homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), mulheres transgênero e travestis (MTTr) com risco substancial de infecção pelo HIV em estudo multicêntrico demonstrativo da efetividade da profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP). Estudo PrEP1519 Brasil / Assessment of predictors of syphilis and adherence to daily oral PrEP among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women and transvestites (MTTr) at substantial risk of HIV infection in a multicenter study demonstrating the effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). PrEP1519 Brazil Study

Os jovens e adolescentes são um grupo desproporcionalmente acometido pelo HIV. Ser adolescente gay, bissexual, travesti ou transgênero, é enfrentar desafios ainda maiores em termos de risco e vulnerabilidade ao HIV e outras infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, fato pelo qual estes grupos representam uma população-chave para a implementação de intervenções estruturais, comportamentais e biomédicas. A PrEP é uma estratégia que tem se mostrado segura e eficaz na prevenção da infecção pelo HIV, entre esta e outras populações-chave. Entretanto, ainda se sabe muito pouco sobre o real impacto de seu uso no cotidiano dos jovens e adolescentes. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os fatores sociodemográficos e de práticas sexuais basais relacionados com à prevalência de sífilis na entrada e os marcadores ou preditores de adesão à PrEP por autorrelato entre adolescentes Gays, Bissexuais e outros Homens que fazem Sexo com Homens (HSH), Mulheres Transgênero e Travestis (MTTr) de 15-19 anos com riso de infecção pelo HIV. O projeto PrEP1519 é um estudo de coorte demonstrativo multicêntrico brasileiro, aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa da OMS, pela CONEP e COEP das Universidades participantes (UFMG, UFBA e USP). A inclusão foi voluntária após processo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e assinatura dos Termos de Consentimento ou Assentimento (TCLE, TALE). Os participantes foram alocados em dois grupos: com ou sem uso de PrEP, conforme avaliação de vulnerabilidade e preferência. As análises foram realizadas com as diversas dimensões de vulnerabilidade de infecção ao HIV, e modelos de regressão logística foram construídos para estimar as razões de chance da associação entre as variáveis preditoras e os níveis de adesão nas visitas M1, M6 e M12, assim como sua associação com um teste treponêmico positivo para sífilis na entrada do estudo. Foram analisados 935 participantes. A idade mediana foi 19 anos (IIQ: 18-19), 69% (645) se auto identificaram como negros (pardos/pretos), 91,1% (852) como homens cisgênero e 8,8% (82) como mulheres trans ou travestis. Aproximadamente 26% (251) dos participantes apresentaram ao longo dos 12 meses de seguimento uma adesão insuficiente, inferior a 90% por autorrelato. Na análise multivariada final, uma maior chance de adesão insuficiente foi associada com estar desempregado (OR = 1,34; IC95%: 1,00-1,81), ter relações sexuais em troca de dinheiro ou favores (OR =1,75; IC95%: 1,10-2,79) e ter uma autopercepção de risco de infecção pelo HIV <5 (OR = 1,51; IC95%: 1,06-2,16). Por outro lado, a prevalência de sífilis na linha de base foi de 21,3%. No modelo final de regressão logística, as seguintes variáveis estiveram associadas com chances maiores de sífilis: autorrelato de episódio de IST nos últimos 12 meses (OR = 5,92; IC95%: 3,74-9,37), ser profissional do sexo (OR = 3,39; IC95%: 1,32-8,78) e ter menos de 11 anos de escolaridade (OR = 1,76; IC95%: 1,13-2,74). Nossos dados reiteram conhecidos fatores de vulnerabilidade e apontam a necessidade de fortalecer os programas de PrEP na saúde pública com adequada discussão sobre classe social, raça, gênero, sexualidade e prevenção combinada, assim como, ampliar e facilitar o acesso a todas as ferramentas de prevenção combinada, incluída a PrEP, para esta faixa etária.

Young people and adolescents are a group disproportionately affected by HIV. Being a gay, bisexual, travesti, or transgender teenager means facing even greater challenges in terms of risk and vulnerability to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, a fact for which these groups represent a key population for the implementation of structural, behavioral, and biomedical interventions. PrEP is a strategy that has proven to be safe and effective in preventing HIV infection among this population and other key populations. However, very little is known about the real impact of its use on the daily life of young people and adolescents. The aim of present study was to evaluate sociodemographic factors and baseline sexual practices related to the prevalence of syphilis at entry and to predictors of adherence to PrEP by self-report among adolescents which self-identified as Gay, Bisexual, and other Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), Travesti and Transgender Women (TGW) aged 15-19 years at risk of HIV Infection. The PrEP 15­19 project is a Brazilian multicenter demonstrative study approved by the WHO Ethics Review Committee, and by the Brazilian Research Ethics Commission and by the local Research Ethics Committees of the participating universities (UFMG, UFBA and USP). Inclusion was voluntary after the informed consent form was singed. Participants were allocated into two groups: with or without PrEP use, according to vulnerability assessment and preference. The analyses were carried out with different dimensions of vulnerability to HIV infection, and logistic regression models were constructed to estimate the odds ratios of the association between the predictive variables and the levels of adherence at visits M1, M6, and M12, as well as its association with a positive treponemal test for syphilis at study entry. In total, 935 participants were analyzed. The median age was 19 years (IQR: 18­19); 69% (645) self-identified as black; 91.1% (852) as cisgender men; and 8.8% (82) as travesti or trans women. Approximately 26% (251) of the participants showed, over the 12 months of follow-up, insufficient adherence, or less than 90% by self-report. In the final multivariate analysis, a greater chance of poor adherence was associated with being unemployed (OR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.00­1.8), having transactional sex (OR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.10­2.79), and having a self-perceived risk of HIV infection <5 (OR = 1.51; 95%CI: 1.06-2.16). On the other hand, the baseline prevalence of syphilis was 21.3%. In the final logistic regression model, the following variables were associated with higher odds of syphilis: self-report of an STI episode in the last 12 months (OR = 5.92; 95%CI: 3.74­9.37), being a sex worker (OR = 3.39; 95%CI: 1.32­8.78), and less than 11 years of schooling (OR = 1.76; 95%CI: 1.13-2.74). This data reiterates known vulnerability factors and point to the need to strengthen PrEP programs in public health with adequate discussion on social class, race, gender, sexuality, and combination prevention, as well as expanding and facilitating access to all combination prevention tools, including PrEP, for this age group.

Aceptabilidad a usar profilaxis pre-exposición para VIH en hombres gay y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres: indagación en LAMIS 2018 Chile / Acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among gay men and other men who have sex with men: analysis of LAMIS 2018-Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: Chile enfrenta una reemergencia de la epidemia del VIH concentrada en hombres gay y otros HSH. La profilaxis pre exposición (PrEP) es una intervención biomédica que ha resultado ser efectiva en la prevención del VIH en el grupo de HSH. OBJETIVO: Estimar niveles de aceptabilidad del uso de PrEP en hombres gay y otros HSH participantes en estudio LAMIS 2018 - Chile, identificando características y factores asociados a la aceptabilidad del uso de PrEP. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio basado en datos de LAMIS-2018 Chile, encuesta transversal por internet dirigida a hombres gay, bisexual, trans y otros HSH. La submuestra de este estudio consiste en 3.976 participantes que se auto-reportaron ser VIH negativos o desconocer su estado serológico, quienes respondieron preguntas sociodemográficas, de comportamiento, sobre su aceptabilidad a usar PrEP y otros aspectos relacionados. Se realizó análisis bivariados y regresión logística multivariable para identificar los factores asociados a la aceptabilidad a usar PrEP. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: Se identificó que 55,7% de la muestra reportó una alta aceptabilidad a usar la PrEP. La regresión logística multivariable mostró que tener relaciones sexuales sin condón (ORa = 1,67, IC 95% 1,42-1,97) y haber intentado usar PrEP (ORa = 1,99, IC 95% 1,41-1, 62) se asociaron positivamente a la aceptabilidad a usar PrEP mientras que tener una relación con pareja estable, se asoció negativamente. Se identificó una aceptabilidad a usar la PrEP relativamente alta en los participantes. No obstante, se hace necesario considerar intervenciones relacionada a aumentar el conocimiento y promover la demanda de la PrEP. Además, el presente estudio muestra la necesidad de considerar la participación de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil en su implementación, fenómenos emergentes y la pertinencia territorial.

BACKGROUND: Chile is facing a re-emergence of the HIV epidemic, concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a biomedical intervention that effectively prevents HIV transmission among MSM. AIM: The study was designed to estimate acceptability of PrEP and identify factors associated with PrEP-related attitudes and behaviors among MSM using LAMIS 2018 - Chile study data. Methods: Data were taken from the LAMIS 2018 - Chile study, a cross-sectional study of gay, bisexual, transgender, and other MSM. Our subsample included 3976 participants with self-reported HIV-negative or unknown status who responded to sociodemographic questions and items related to PrEP. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with acceptability of PrEP. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 55.7% of the sample reported high PrEP acceptability. Logistic regression indicated that engaging in sex without a condom (ORa = 1.67, IC 95% 1.42-1.97) and having previously used PrEP (ORa = 1.99, IC 95% 1.41-1.62) were associated with high acceptability to use PrEP, while having a stable partner was associated with low acceptability. The estimate of PrEP acceptability was relatively high among participants. However, interventions to increase awareness and promote demand for PrEP may be beneficial. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the need for non-governmental organizations to participate in such strategies and for measures that address regionally-relevant emerging phenomena.

Research status of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis / 上海预防医学

The efficacy, safety and adherence of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are reviewed in this article. Oral daily tenofovir/emtricitabine can significantly decrease the incidence of HIV infection among people at high risk, with no severe adverse effects. PrEP effectiveness is closely associated with medication adherence. To reduce the transmission of HIV, it is suggested that pilot tests should be carried out in high risk population; universal education offered on AIDS prevention and control; drug prices lowered; comprehensive prevention strategy adopted; marketing of PrEP drugs promoted; and the risk of HIV infection reduced.