Preferences of Medical Technology Students on COVID-19 Personal preventive behaviors and university safety protocols: A conjoint analysis

@#The increase in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases in the Philippines has created an alarming issue in high-density public places, such as schools and universities. Personal preventive behaviors that the students exercise play a big part in whether such behaviors prevent or only predispose them even more to contracting the virus. Several factors may influence the personal preventive behaviors of an individual. These include attitude, awareness, personal beliefs, and culture concerning the disease. Through outlining these several factors, the researchers aim to identify the main attributes that determine students’ preferred COVID-19 personal preventive behavior and implemented precautionary measures. The researchers used a two-part survey: socioeconomic and demographic followed by an orthogonal plan. The safety protocols implemented by the university were found to be the most important factor, followed by knowledge about the disease, communication channels, attitude, and social construct of the family. Thus, this follows that based on the attribute’s importance value, the students prefer safety protocols that are most implemented by the university while social construct of the family is the least preferred. These findings suggest that the safety protocols implemented by the university are the most important factor, hence, policy implementation and strengthening should be observed by the university.

Latent tuberculosis infection and preventive treatment among in-school students: a review / 预防医学

@#School is a densely populated place, which can easily lead to tuberculosis clusters, then affect the physical and mental health of students and the normal teaching order of school. Tuberculosis latent infection (LTBI) screening for new students and close contacts of tuberculosis patients has become important parts of school tuberculosis prevention and control strategies. Previous studies have shown that the LTBI rate of Chinese in-school students is about 5.74% to 11.67%, and there are differences in gender, studying phase and urban-rural distributions. Preventive treatment is an effective measure to prevent LTBI from developing into active tuberculosis, but the proportion of LTBI preventive treatment for students in most areas is low. The difficulties in implementing preventive treatment may be attributed to concerns about adverse reactions to medication and sense of shame towards illness among students, and lack of awareness about preventive treatment among medical staff. This review searches the research literature published from 2016 to 2023, and summarizes the prevalence of LTBI in Chinese students and progress on preventive treatment, so as to provide insights into prevention and control of tuberculosis among students.

Enlightenment of Prevention Experience of Scientific Misconduct in Extraterritorial Medical Field to China / 中国医学伦理学

Scientific misconduct of researchers causes great waste of academic resources and academic life, which is not only related to the vigorous development of a country’s scientific undertaking, but also directly affects the reputation of the country in the field of scientific research. Based on the analysis of the causes of scientific misconduct of medical researchers in China, this paper comprehensively summarized a series of mature experiences of extraterritorial medical field in preventing scientific misconduct, and put forward corresponding and reasonable countermeasures and suggestions for China’s scientific research governance from three aspects: establishing an effective governance structure based on the normative framework, clarifying the definition standards of scientific research dishonesty in laws and regulations, and formulating good prevention procedures in a healthy academic environment, in order to promote the healthy development of scientific research in China’s medical field and further promote the innovation and progress of medical science and technology.

Asociación del riesgo a desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 según la calculadora de la asociación americana de diabetes (ADA) y los hábitos tóxicos no ilícitos en pacientes que residen en una comunidad rural de Peravia, República Dominicana / Association of the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) calculator and non-illicit toxic habits in patients residing in a rural community in Peravia, Dominican Republic

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) se define como un trastorno metabólico caracterizado por niveles de glucosa en sangre crónicamente elevados. La DM2 representa el paradigma de las enfermedades crónicas en las que existe una estrecha asociación entre factores familiares y ambientales. Por este motivo, este estudio tiene como finalidad determinar la asociación del riesgo a desarrollar DM2 y los hábitos tóxicos no ilícitos en pacientes que residen en una comunidad rural de Peravia, República Dominicana. Tales incluyen: alcohol, café y té. Metodología: Estudio observacional, transversal, analítico y prospectivo. Se aplicó cuestionario, recolectaron datos antropométricos y se determinó glucosa capilar a la muestra (n=304). Resultados: la prevalencia a presentar un alto riesgo a desarrollar DM2 en la población es de 35.5%, mientras que la prevalencia a presentar riesgo bajo es de 64.5%. En cuanto a hábitos tóxicos, no existió correlación positiva entre consumo de té y desarrollo de DM2. Sin embargo, sí entre el consumo de café y alcohol. Conclusiones: los habitantes de salinas presentan un bajo riesgo a desarrollar DM2, pero utilizan factores de riesgos modificables que aumentan la prevalencia a DM2.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is defined as a metabolic disorder characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels. DM2 represents the paradigm of chronic diseases in which there is a close association between family and environmental factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the association of the risk of developing DM2 and non-illicit toxic habits in patients residing in a rural community in Peravia, Dominican Republic. Such habits include alcohol, coffee and tea. Methodology: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical and prospective study. A questionnaire was applied, anthropometric data was collected, and capillary glucose was determined in the study sample (n=304). Results: the prevalence of presenting a high risk of developing DM2 in the population is 35.5%, while the prevalence of presenting low risk is 64.5%. Regarding toxic habits, there was no positive correlation between tea consumption and the development of DM2. However, this result differed between consumption of coffee and alcohol. Conclusions: the inhabitants of Salinas have a low risk of developing DM2 but are subject to modifiable risk factors that increase said prevalence.

Análise do perfil epidemiológico dos exames citopatológico do colo do útero em Altamira no período de 2014 a 2020: dados a partir do SISCAN / Analysis of the epidemiological profile of cervical cytopathological exams in Altamira in the period from 2014 to 2020: data from SISCAN / Análisis del perfil epidemiológico de los exámenes citopatológicos de cérvix en Altamira en el periodo de 2014 a 2020: datos del SISCAN

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho aborda sobre características referente aos exames citopatológicos do colo do útero em Altamira, coletado no Sistema de Informação do Câncer, dentro do período de 2014 a 2020. Observou-se também a qualidade da interpretação dos principais resultados encontrados, sobre a técnica de coleta e qualidade de exames. O objetivo é analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos exames citopatológicos do colo do útero do município. MÉTODO: A metodologia realizada foi estudo quantitativo, de corte transversal, epidemiológico, descritiva e analítico. RESULTADOS: Verificou- se um crescimento anual na taxa de cobertura do exame do preventivo no período de 2014 a 2019, que está ligado à implementação do Plano de Desenvolvimento Regional Sustentável do Xingu, e que esse crescimento mostra uma diferença estatística significativa entre a taxa de cobertura de Altamira, Pará, Brasil. Observou-se presença de falhas no preenchimento da ficha de notificação é referente ao campo da escolaridade das pacientes que não apresentam registro. Quanto a faixa etária mais frequente que realizam o exame do preventivo está entre 25 a 34 anos e as lesões intraepiteliais do colo uterino mais frequentes são: a de baixo grau que corresponde à população jovem (<34 anos) e de alto grau entre 25 a 44 anos.

OBJECTIVE: This paper deals with characteristics related to cytopathological examinations of the cervix in Altamira, collected in the Cancer Information System, within the period from 2014 to 2020. It was also observed the quality of interpretation of the main results found, on the technique collection and quality of exams. The objective is to analyze the epidemiological profile of cytopathological tests of the cervix in the city. METHOD: The methodology used was a quantitative, cross- sectional, epidemiological study, descriptive and analytical approach. RESULTS: As a result, there was an annual growth in the coverage rate of the preventive exam in the period from 2014 to 2019, which is linked to the implementation of the Xingu Sustainable Regional Development Plan, and that this growth shows a significant statistical difference between the coverage rate of Altamira, Pará, Brazil. It was observed the presence of failures in completing the notification form referring to the field of education of patients who do not have a record. As for the most frequent age group that undergoes the preventive examination, it is between 25 and 34 years old and the most frequent intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix are: low-grade, which corresponds to the young population (<34 years) and high-grade, between 25 and 34 years old. 44 years.

OBJETIVO: En este trabajo se abordan las características relacionadas con los exámenes citopatológicos de cérvix en Altamira, recogidos en el Sistema de Información del Cáncer, en el periodo comprendido entre 2014 y 2020. También se observó la calidad de interpretación de los principales resultados encontrados, sobre la técnica de recolección y calidad de los exámenes. El objetivo es analizar el perfil epidemiológico de los exámenes citopatológicos de cuello uterino en la ciudad. MÉTODO: La metodología utilizada fue un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, epidemiológico, de abordaje descriptivo y analítico. RESULTADOS: Como resultado, se observó un crecimiento anual de la tasa de cobertura del examen preventivo en el período de 2014 a 2019, que está vinculado a la implementación del Plan de Desarrollo Regional Sostenible Xingu, y que este crecimiento muestra una diferencia estadística significativa entre la tasa de cobertura de Altamira, Pará, Brasil. Se observó la presencia de fallas en el llenado del formulario de notificación referente al campo de la educación de los pacientes que no tienen un registro. En cuanto al grupo de edad más frecuente que se somete al examen preventivo, es entre 25 y 34 años y las lesiones intraepiteliales del cuello uterino más frecuentes son: de bajo grado, que corresponde a la población joven (<34 años) y de alto grado, entre 25 y 44 años.

Factores de riesgo y medidas preventivas del cáncer de mama en pacientes mujeres atendidas en el Centro de Salud Subtanjalla, Ica ­2019 / Risk factors and preventive measures for breast cancer in female patients treated at the Subtanjalla health center, Ica ­2019

El estudio tuvo como Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo y medidas preventivas del cáncer de mama en pacientes mujeres atendidas en el centro de salud Subtanjalla de Ica -2019. Material y métodos: De tipo no experimental, descriptivo, transversal, con muestra de 108 mujeres, aplicándose un cuestionario estructurado de 15 preguntas, validado por expertos, y con Alfa de Cronbach de 0.77. Resultados: Los factores más relevantes menarquia precoz, que fue a los 12 años en el 35%, los antecedentes familiares con cáncer con un 51%, el 44% utiliza el inyectable como método anticonceptivo, el 65% a veces consume bebidas alcohólicas; en las medidas preventivas el 75% no realiza actividad física, el 49% no consume frutas y verduras frecuentemente, el 44% no se realiza el autoexamen de mama; según los factores de riesgo; el 44% de mujeres tienen entre 21 a 30 años; el 35% de mujeres tuvo su primera menstruación a los 12 años; el 32% de mujeres no utiliza ningún método anticonceptivo;, el 51% de mujeres tienen antecedentes de cáncer; el 81% de mujeres no consume cigarrillos, el 69% de mujeres consume bebidas alcohólicas a veces. El 75% de mujeres no realiza actividad preventiva, el 49% de mujeres tienen dieta saludable; el 44% de mujeres refiere realizar cada mes el autoexamen de mama. Conclusiones: Los datos estadísticos demuestran que existen factores de riesgo y medidas preventivas del cáncer de mama.

The study was Objective: To identify the risk factors and preventive measures of breast cancer in female patients treated at the Subtanjalla health center in Ica -2019. Material and methods:Non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional, with a sample of 108 women, applying a structured questionnaire of 15 questions, validated by experts, and with Cronbach's Alpha of 0.77. Results:The most relevant factors were early menarche, which was at 12 years of age in 35%, a family history of cancer with 51%, 44% used injectables as a contraceptive method, 65% sometimes consumed alcoholic beverages; In preventive measures, 75% do not perform physical activity, 49% do not consume fruits and vegetables frequently, 44% do not perform breast self-examination; according to risk factors; 44% of women are between 21 and 30 years old; 35% of women had their first menstruation at age 12; 32% of women do not use any contraceptive method; 51% of women have a history of cancer; 81% of women do not consume cigarettes, 69% of women sometimes consume alcoholic beverages. 75% of women do not carry out preventive activity, 49% of women have a healthy diet; 44% of women report performing a breast self-examination every month. Conclusions:Statistical data demonstrate that there are risk factors and preventive measures for breast cancer.Keywords: Risk factors, preventive measures, cancer.

PREVENTIVE EFFECT OF CRANBERRY GEL ON DENTIN SUBMITTED TO EROSION

Aims: Considering that Cranberry's components might inhibit dentin metalloproteinases exposed to erosive agents, the aim of this study was to evaluate in situeffect of a Cranberry gel application on dentin before an erosive challenge.Materials and methods: This crossover double-blinded study was performed in 2 phases of 5 days each, with 10 healthy volunteers who wore 2 palatal devices (1 for each phase) with 4 dentin specimens (2 specimens for each group). The groups under study were:First Phase: G1 -Erosivechallenge (Coca-cola®) over dentin without any previous treatment (1st negative control group); G2 -Erosive challenge over dentin previously treated with Cranberry gel (test group); and Second Phase: G3 -Erosive challenge over dentin previously treated with a gel without any active principle (2ndnegative control group); G4 -Erosive challenge over dentin previously treated with 0.12% Chlorhexidine gel (positive control group). Each device was immersed into the acid beverage, 3 times daily for 5 minutes during 5 days. Profilometry (µm) was used to quantify the dentin wear. Data were analyzed by Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance followed by Fisher's test (p<0.05).Results: Data (G1: 4.98 ± 1.36a; G2: 3.29 ± 1.16b; G3: 4.38 ± 1.19a; G4: 3.32 ± 1.55b) showed no statistical difference between G1 and G3. There was also no difference between G2 and G4. However, G2 and G4 presented lower wear when compared to G1 and G3, and this difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: The results of this studysuggest a significant efficacy of Cranberry gel in preventing wear of dentin subjected to dental erosion.

Actualización en analgesia preventiva y analgesia multimodal / Update on preventive analgesia and multimodal analgesia

Una deficiente calidad del manejo del dolor post operatorio agudo genera aumento en la morbilidad perioperatoria, disminuye la calidad de vida del paciente, aumenta los reingresos hospitalarios y, finalmente, los costes en salud. La analgesia preventiva y multimodal son dos estrategias que han sido implementadas para tratar de optimizar el manejo del dolor. Si bien en la primera, la evidencia es favorable a su empleo, aún no existe un total consenso en esto. A su vez, la analgesia multimodal, al emplear diferentes fármacos y/o técnicas, ha logrado evidenciar de mejor manera su utilidad y los beneficios al implementarla como terapia. En este artículo, revisamos la evidencia que certifica y avala el uso de éstas. Finalmente, a nuestro parecer, lo más importante en el quehacer del clínico, es lograr individualizar la estrategia que usaremos en el manejo del dolor postoperatorio, adaptándonos a las necesidades y el contexto propio de cada uno de nuestros pacientes.

A poor quality of acute postoperative pain management generates an increase in perioperative morbidity, decreases the quality of life of the patient, increases hospital readmissions and finally, increases health costs. Preventive and multimodal analgesia are two strategies that are implemented to try to optimize pain management. Although in the first, the evidence is favorable to its use, there is still no total consensus. At the same time, multimodal analgesia, by using different drugs and/or techniques, has demonstrated, in a better way, its usefulness and benefits when implemented as a therapy. In this article, we review the evidence that certifies and supports the use of these techniques. Finally, in our opinion, the most important thing in the clinician's task is to be able to individualize the strategy that we will use in postoperative pain management, adapting to the needs and context of each one of our patients.

Prácticas de salud bucal durante los primeros 1000 días de vida: Revisión de la literatura

Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura sobre las buenas prácticas en salud bucal, durante los primeros 1000 días de vida, el cual abarcó el periodo de gestación y los dos primeros años del niño. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica desde febrero a marzo de 2022, para lo cual se utilizó las bases de datos Pubmed y Scopus. Los criterios de inclusión abarcaron artículos originales y revisiones sistemáticas (con o sin metanálisis) publicados entre 2016 y 2022. Se emplearon estrategias de búsqueda usando palabras clave, en inglés, derivadas del MeSH. Además, se revisó la literatura gris para definir algunos conceptos clave. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 72 artículos científicos y cuatro referencias de la literatura gris (una guía de práctica clínica y tres reportes). Los temas identificados se categorizaron en: buenas prácticas de higiene bucal, buenas prácticas de alimentación de la gestante y el infante, hábitos parafuncionales, y visitas al odontólogo. De acuerdo a los resultados, las recomendaciones clave para promover buenas prácticas de salud bucal durante este periodo crucial incluyen el uso de pasta dentífrica con flúor para la higiene dental una vez que erupcionan los dientes, evitar el consumo de azúcar libre, fomentar la lactancia materna en vez del uso del biberón y las visitas al odontólogo desde antes del nacimiento. Conclusión: Las buenas prácticas en salud bucal durante los primeros 1000 días de vida influyen significativamente en la salud oral y general del niño, por lo que es necesario adoptar medidas preventivas desde la gestación, enfocadas en la higiene oral y nutrición. La colaboración de un equipo de salud multidisciplinario, durante el embarazo y los dos primeros años de vida, es vital para mejorar la salud bucodental y general de la población.

Objective: To conduct a bibliographic literature review on current good practices in oral health during the first 1000 days of life, encompassing the gestation period and the initial two years of the child. Materials and methods:A scientific literature review was conducted in February and March 2022, utilizing the Pubmed and Scopus databases. The inclusion criteria encompassed original articles and systematic reviews (with or without meta-analysis) published between 2016 and 2022. Search strategies incorporating English keywords derived from MeSH were employed. Additionally, the grey literature was reviewed to define some key concepts. Results:72 scientific articles, and four references from the grey literature (one clinical practice guide and three reports) were selected. The identified themes were categorized as follows: good oral hygiene practices, good feeding practices for pregnant women and infants, parafunctional habits, and dental visits. Based on the findings, the key recommendations for promoting good oral health practices during this crucial period include the use of fluoride toothpaste for oral hygiene once teeth erupt, avoidance of free sugar consumption, encouragement of breastfeeding over bottle-feeding, and early dental visits before birth. Conclusion:Good oral health practices during the first 1000 days of life significantly impact the child's oral and general health, necessitating preventive measures starting from gestation, with a focus on oral hygiene and nutrition. The collaborative efforts of a multidisciplinary healthcare team during pregnancy and the initial two years of life are vital for enhancing both oral and general health outcomes for the population.

Psycho-Social Drivers of COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among University Students

Background: Students play a significant role in delivering effective messages for better uptake of health pro-moting behaviour. Understanding factors that are associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake among students will help develop promising strategies in vaccine promotion of the pandemic. The present investigation was undertaken to look into psycho-social drivers of COVID-19 uptake among Indian students.Method: 587 students, aged 18-35 years participated in an online survey. Standardized measures targeting socio-demographic details, health anxiety, preventive health behaviour and constructs of health belief model were used for the present study. Results: The results showed that overall vaccine uptake among students was quite high with nearly 74% of the students reported being vaccinated against COVID-19. Factors like COVID-19 contact, level of education, belief in safety and efficacy of vaccine, social distancing, age, health worry and preoccupation were emerged as the significant drivers of COVID-19 vaccination behaviour increase the probability of vaccine uptake among students. Moreover, factors like Interference with life, Reassurance Seeking, irrational belief about preventive health measures and perceived barriers about vaccination had significant negative link with vaccination de-creasing the likelihood of vaccine uptake. Conclusion: Psychological and socio-demographic factors play vital role in the success of public health strate-gies of COVID-19 vaccine promotion in managing the pandemic.

Influenza aviar H5N1. ¿Debemos preocuparnos?

Desde la segunda mitad de 2022 se ha reportado un aumento de casos de influenza en aves migratorias en Latinoamérica. Los virus influenza A y B son los principales agentes asociados a influenza estacional epidémica en humanos. Los virus influenza A circulan no solo en humanos sino también en animales, incluyendo aves migratorias. El intercambio de segmentos de ARN genómico entre dos virus del mismo tipo aumenta la diversidad de los subtipos circulantes e incluso puede facilitar la generación de progenie viral potencialmente pandémica. La naturaleza zoonótica del virus influenza A puede generar infecciones en humanos con virus de origen animal. El virus influenza A de origen aviar ha ocasionado transmisiones en humanos, incluyendo casos graves y muertes, siendo la influenza A H5N1 la más destacada. Es importante tomar medidas de prevención y control en caso de aumento de casos de influenza en aves migratorias para prevenir posibles pandemias en Chile y el mundo.

Since the second half of 2022, an increase in influenza cases in migratory birds has been reported in Latin America. Influenza A and B viruses are the main agents associated with seasonal epidemic influenza in humans. Influenza A viruses circulate not only in humans but also in animals, including migratory birds. The exchange of genomic RNA segments among two viruses increases the diversity of circulating subtypes and may even facilitate the generation of potentially pandemic viral progeny. The zoonotic nature of influenza A virus can generate infections in humans with animal-origin viruses. Avian-origin influenza A virus has caused transmissions in humans, including severe cases and deaths, with influenza A H5N1 being the most prominent. It is important to take preventive and control measures in case of an increase in influenza cases in migratory birds to prevent possible pandemics in Chile and the world.

Prevenção do câncer de colo uterino em homens transgênero: desafios e novas perspectivas de rastreio / Prevention of cervical cancer in transgender men: challenges and new screening perspectives

O homem transgênero apresenta alta susceptibilidade às neoplasias de colo uterino devido à escassez de exames preventivos. O estudo objetiva levantar informações acerca dos desafios e estratégias para a promoção do rastreio e prevenção do câncer cervical em homens transgênero. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, desenvolvida em seis etapas a partir da pergunta norteadora: "Quais os desafios e estratégias atuais para a promoção do rastreio efetivo e prevenção de câncer de colo uterino em homens transgênero?". Utilizaram-se descritores combinados com operador booleano "cervical cancer" AND "transgender persons", e foram incluídos artigos completos de 2018 a 2022. Verificou-se que os desafios enfrentados incluem preconceito, despreparo profissional e susceptibilidade à disforia de gênero. Estudos mostraram benefícios relacionados ao uso de swabs vaginais autocolhidos para reduzir o impacto psicológico do exame Papanicolaou, com vistas a reduzir os desafios enfrentados por essa população, e a necessidade de implementar estratégias que aumentem a adesão aos serviços de saúde.

Transgender men are highly susceptible to cervical cancer due to the lack of preventive screening exams. This study aims to gather information about the challenges and strategies for promoting cervical cancer screening and prevention in transgender men. This is an integrative review, developed in six stages, based on the guiding question: "What are the current challenges and strategies for promoting effective screening and prevention of cervical cancer in transgender men?". Descriptors combined with Boolean operator "cervical cancer" AND "transgender persons" were used and full articles from 2018 to 2022 were included. It was found that the challenges faced include prejudice, professional unpreparedness and susceptibility to gender dysphoria. Studies have shown benefits related to the use of self-collected vaginal swabs to reduce the psychological impact of the Pap smear exam, aiming to reduce the challenges faced by this population and to implement strategies to increase adherence to health services.

Efecto del tratamiento de la morfología oclusal con materiales para restauraciones preventivas / Effect of treating occlusal morphology with materials for preventive restorations

Introducción: las fosas y fisuras son áreas formadas por delgadas irregularidades de la capa del esmalte de la superficie oclusal. La compleja morfología en dientes posteriores es un determinante biológico asociado al desarrollo de caries. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de diversas formas de tratar la morfología oclusal en la adaptación y penetración de materiales utilizados en restauraciones preventivas. Material y métodos: diseño experimental e in vitro. Sesenta terceros molares fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: surco sin ameloplastia y con ameloplastia; además, contaban con acondicionamiento del esmalte que se subdividió en tres subgrupos: 1) sellador de fosas y fisuras, 2) adhesivo/sellador de fosas y fisuras y 3) adhesivo/ resina Flow. Resultados: los subgrupos adhesivo/sellador y adhesivo/ Flow alcanzaron mayores valores de adaptación íntima a las paredes del surco. Las diferencias fueron significativas entre los materiales (p = 0.0009). Las mayores zonas de desadaptación resultaron para el sellador sin y con ameloplastia. La penetración de los materiales fue mayor en los surcos con ameloplastia. En los surcos tratados con ameloplastia, el adhesivo/Flow reveló el mayor porcentaje de penetración y la mejor adaptación a las paredes del surco. Conclusiones: la penetración del material está positivamente correlacionada con la profundidad del surco. El sellador con y sin ameloplastia mostró pobre adaptación a las paredes del surco (AU)

Introduction: pits and fissures are areas formed by fine irregularities in the enamel layer of the occlusal surface. The complex morphology in posterior teeth are biological determinants associated with the development of caries. Objective: to evaluate the effect of various ways of treating occlusal morphology on the adaptation and penetration of materials used in preventive restorations. Material and methods: experimental design, in vitro. Sixty third molars were randomly distributed into two groups: groove without ameloplasty and with ameloplasty, with enamel conditioning with three subgroups: 1) pit and fissure sealer, 2) adhesive/pit and fissure sealer, 3) adhesive/resin flow. Results: the adhesive/sealant and adhesive/flow subgroups reached higher values of intimate adaptation to the furrow walls. The differences were significant between the materials (p = 0.0009). The largest areas of maladjustment were found for the sealant without and with ameloplasty. The penetration of the materials was greater in the grooves with ameloplasty. In the grooves treated with ameloplasty, the adhesive/flow revealed the highest percentage of penetration and the best adaptation to the walls of the groove. Conclusions: the penetration of the material is positively correlated with the depth of the furrow. The sealant with and without ameloplasty showed poor adaptation to the sulcus walls (AU)

Preventive program based on multiple intelligences to promote oral health in disabled children from Chiclayo, Peru / Programa preventivo basado en inteligencias múltiples para promover la salud bucal en niños discapacitados de Chiclayo, Perú

Introduction: Children with physical disabilities often present deficient oral hygiene and eating habits that threaten optimal oral health. Objective: To evaluate the result of a preventive program based on multiple intelligences to pro-mote oral health care in children with physical disabilities in Chiclayo - Peru. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental, quan-titative, prospective and longitudinal study was carried out from the year 2020, to test a preventive intervention based on multiple intelligences (MI), comparing it with an intervention with traditional methodology, whose purpose was in both cases promote preventive oral health care in 167 boys and girls with physical disabilities from four Special Basic Education Centers (CEBES) in Chiclayo. For the pre- and post-test evaluation using a dental record of oral hygiene practices, oral hygiene index and dietary exposure to sugary carbohydrates, the Mann Whitney U test was required, with a confidence level of 95%. Results: After not very encouraging findings in the pretest for both groups, significant changes were observed in the posttest in favor of the IM-based program, for which 58% of schoolchildren registered an adequate oral hygiene index, 69.2% brushed twice to three times a day and that only 35.8% present regular exposure to carbohydrates. Statistical significance was evidenced in favor of the MI-based intervention for the three indicated variables (p= 0.000). Conclusions: The application of the IM-based program achieved better results in the significant promotion of oral hygiene practices with a favorable record of the IHO and by reducing the exposure to carbohydrates in a vulnerable population.Keywords: Health promotion; Oral health; Preventive dentistry; Health education; Children with disabilities.

Importance and Utility of the Principle of Ayurveda for Community Health

A nation is built by its citizens and these citizens with their good health, hard work determines the future of a nation. To ensure a bright and prosperous future we need to focus on the health of a community. Community health is defined as simple services that are delivered by common men outside hospitals and clinics. Community health services can be classified into Preventive Health Services, Promotive Health Services, Curative Health Services, and Rehabilitative Health Services. Preventive health services include measures by which we can avoid the disease before its occurrence Dincharya, Ritucharya, Sadvrit, Tryoupstham, and Vegdharan can be included in this category. Similarly, promotive heath care services include Rasayan, Vaajikaran, Ashtaaharvidhi vishesh ayatan, Sadvrit, Tryoupstham. Curative health services include single-drug therapy for the different diseases called Ekal dravya and treatment of Kaas, Swash, Atisaar, Amlapita which are very common. Rehabilitative health services such as physical therapy, counseling, and other mental health services can be provided by Ashwashan chikitsa, Medhya rasaayan, Yoga, Pathya palan, Padansikkarm palan.

Monkeypox, a global health concern: A study on awareness and adherence to preventive measures among medical students in a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata

Background: The re-emerging Monkeypox disease is spreading worldwide, thus if prevention measures are not followed or awareness is not raised, chaos could result. Aims and Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the awareness and preventive measures of Monkeypox among medical students in a tertiary care hospital of Kolkata. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based, descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study was conducted over 6 weeks, among final year MBBS students of Medical College Kolkata. Convenience sampling was done. Minimum sample size calculated was 110. A pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured, and self-administered questionnaire which was face and content validated by experts used as the study tool in this study. Questionnaire was answered while keeping their identities confidential. Data were collected and entered in a coded manner in MS Excel. Using SPSS version 25, tabulation, the necessary tables, and diagrams were created. The Institutional Ethics Committee of the Medical College in Kolkata was consulted for ethical approval. Results: The students lacked sufficient information. Majority of them responded well when asked about the disease’s cause, incubation period, natural host signs and symptoms, mode of transmission, preventive measures, and treatment, but it was clear that they were unsure about identification of a suspected, probable, or confirmed case and definitive diagnosis. Conclusion: The present study reported that the students had limited knowledge about Monkeypox disease.

Research on Foods and Ingredients That Contribute to Maintenance and Improvement of Brain Function / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

From the perspective of complementary and alternative medicine, we searched for human clinical research reports on functional foods and nutrients that aimed at maintaining and improving brain function. Specifically, we comprehensively investigated the clinical reports that examined the efficacy of functional ingredients in terms of the maintenance and improvement of brain function, memory, and cognition in healthy individuals. Moreover, we examined the summary of intervention and test results of articles extracted from the Ichushi-Web and J Dream III databases.

Pandemias y epidemias ocasionadas por agentes biológicos: un gran azote para la humanidad

Introducción: Las pandemias y epidemias son acontecimientos mundiales de la sociedad humana, que expresan gran catástrofe y desolación, acompañadas de elevada letalidad y repercusión marcada en los servicios de salud. Han diezmado sociedades, de forma similar a las guerras, pero contribuyen al surgimiento de avances en las ciencias. Objetivo: Describir las características y peculiaridades de las pandemias y epidemias ocurridas en diferentes épocas de la historia, en el contexto de la salud pública y su gran repercusión social. Métodos: Se utilizaron las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed, Google Scholar, sitios web de la OMS y la OPS, además de otras fuentes y recursos de información disponibles en Internet a las cuales se accedieron por medio del buscador web de Google. En la elaboración de la estrategia de búsqueda se utilizó el vocabulario controlado de los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud. Los términos utilizados fueron: pandemia, epidemia, plaga, peste, vacuna. Se recuperaron 40 artículos y documentos científicos que se seleccionaron dada su pertinencia para la investigación. Conclusiones: Las pandemias y epidemias requieren medidas de promoción de salud que estimulen un adecuado saneamiento ambiental, la disponibilidad del agua potable, correcto lavado de las manos, así como prevenir la expansión del contagio y la disminución de los riesgos que implican el cambio climático, la falta de control de los vectores y la pobreza entre otras, para contribuir a disminuir la morbi-mortalidad. La carencia de estrategias preventivas, obliga a desarrollar centros especializados para producir vacunas, que garanticen la protección específica de poblaciones susceptibles.

Introduction: Pandemics and epidemics are global events in human society, which express great catastrophe and desolation, accompanied by high lethality and marked repercussions on health services. They have decimated societies, similar to wars, but they contribute to the emergence of advances in the sciences. Objective: To describe the characteristics and peculiarities of pandemics and epidemics that occurred at different times in history, in the context of public health and its great social impact. Methods: The SciELO, PubMed, Google Scholar databases, WHO and PAHO websites and other sources and information resources available on the Internet were used, which were accessed through the Google web browser. In the elaboration of the search strategy, the controlled vocabulary of the Descriptors in Health Sciences was used. The terms used were: pandemic, epidemic, rinderpest, plague, vaccine. 40 scientific articles and documents were retrieved and selected given their relevance for the investigation. Conclusions: Pandemics and epidemics require health promotion measures that stimulate adequate environmental sanitation, the availability of drinking water, correct hand washing, as well as preventing the spread of contagion and reducing the risks implied by climate change, lack of vector control and poverty among others, to contribute to reducing morbidity and mortality. The lack of preventive strategies forces the development of specialized centers to produce vaccines that guarantee the specific protection of susceptible populations.

Diabetes mellitus, COVID-19, modelos educativos en salud. Importancia del autocuidado

Introducción : El primer trimestre de 2020 se ha visto influenciado por la propagación de una pandemia ocasionada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, el cual origina una afección (COVID-19), la diabetes mellitus es una de las enfermedades que cuando este se padece causa complicaciones y mortalidad. Objetivo : Identificar la relación existente entre la importancia de la educación para la diabetes mellitus y la COVID-19. Métodos : Se realizó una revisión con el método de análisis bibliográfico a través de una búsqueda realizada entre los años 2006 al 2021, donde se consultaron bases de datos especializadas y se seleccionaron 27 publicaciones científicas sobre el tema. Resultados : La educación, el autocuidado y los modelos educativos son importantes. En la diabetes, los cambios en los estilos de vida son esenciales: realizar actividad física, buenos hábitos alimentarios y evitar comportamientos poco saludables, pues son algunos de los factores que propician la enfermedad. Las recomendaciones estándar dictadas por la OMS para prevenir la propagación de la infección COVID-19 incluyen: lavarse las manos de manera regular, especialmente después del contacto con personas enfermas o su entorno, cubrirse la boca y la nariz al toser y estornudar, cocinar bien la carne y los huevos, evitar el contacto cercano con cualquier persona que presente síntomas de enfermedades respiratorias, evitar viajar a las ciudades y áreas afectadas. En el caso de los viajeros con síntomas de infección respiratoria aguda, deben practicar la etiqueta de la tos, ambas enfermedades se pueden prevenir. Conclusiones : Tanto en la diabetes como en la COVID-19 la educación es esencial para prevenirla, de ahí la importancia de velar por la salud y fomentar una cultura educativa basada en el autocuidado.

Introduction: The first quarter of 2020 has been influenced by the spread of a pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes a condition (COVID-19), diabetes mellitus is one of the diseases that causes complications and mortality when a patient suffers COVID-19. Objective: To identify the relationship between the importance of education for diabetes mellitus and COVID-19. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out with the bibliographic analysis method through a search carried out between the years 2006 and 2021, where specialized databases were consulted and 27 scientific publications on the subject were selected. Results: Education, self-care and educational models are important. In diabetes, changes in lifestyles are essential: physical activity, good eating habits and avoiding unhealthy behaviors, as they are some of the factors that promote diabetes. The standard recommendations issued by the WHO to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 infection include: regular hand washing, especially after contact with sick people or their surroundings, covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, cooking well meat and eggs, avoid close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness, avoid traveling to affected cities and areas. In the case of travelers with symptoms of acute respiratory infection, they should practice cough etiquette, both diseases can be prevented. Conclusions: In both diabetes and COVID-19, education is essential to prevent it, hence the importance of ensuring health and promoting an educational culture based on self-care.

Preventive and abortive treatment of migraine with traditional drugs. The state of the art / Tratamento preventivo e abortivo da enxaqueca com medicamentos tradicionais. O Estado da arte

Introduction: Migraine is a chronic neurological disease, with a prevalence of 15.2% in Brazil. It is 2.2 times more prevalent in women, predominantly in the 18-50 age group. Its pathophysiological mechanism is still not completely understood. Possibly headache attacks and symptoms are associated with cortical spreading depression, the trigeminovascular system, neurogenic inflammation, vasodilation and genetic vulnerability. Objective:This is a narrative review of preventive and abortive treatment of migraine. Comment: Migraine treatment is based on three pillars: patient education, treatment of the disease itself or prevention of attacks, and acute treatment of headache attacks. The therapeutic classes of traditional drugs used in migraine prevention are beta-blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, calcium channel antagonists or blockers, and anticonvulsant neuromodulators. Specific drugs used in the treatment of headache attacks are triptans or serotonergic 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists, ditans or 5-HT1F receptor agonists, and gepants or CGRP receptor antagonists. Conclusion: Traditional drugs used in the preventive or abortive treatment of migraine are considered to be effective. Through modulation of the disease mechanisms, there is a reduction in the frequency, intensity and duration of headache attacks, and also in the disability caused by the headache. All this to improve the quality of life of patients. The therapeutic classes of traditional drugs used in migraine prevention are beta-blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, antagonists or blockers of calcium channels and anticonvulsant neuromodulators. Specific drugs used in the treatment of headache attacks are triptans or serotonergic 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists,ditans or 5-HT1F receptor agonists, and gepants or CGRP receptor antagonists.

Introdução: A enxaqueca é uma doença neurológica crônica, com prevalência de 15,2% no Brasil. É 2,2 vezes mais prevalente em mulheres, predominantemente na faixa etária de 18 a 50 anos. Seu mecanismo fisiopatológico ainda não está completamente esclarecido. Possivelmente, os ataques e sintomas de dor de cabeça estão associados à depressão alastrante cortical, ao sistema trigeminovascular, à inflamação neurogênica, à vasodilatação e à vulnerabilidade genética. Objetivo: Esta é uma revisão narrativa do tratamento preventivo e abortivo da enxaqueca. Comente: O tratamento da enxaqueca baseia-se em três pilares: educação do paciente, tratamento da própria doença ou prevenção de crises e tratamento agudo das crises de cefaleia. As classes terapêuticas de medicamentos tradicionais utilizados na prevenção da enxaqueca são betabloqueadores, antidepressivos tricíclicos, antagonistas ou bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio e neuromoduladores anticonvulsivantes. Os medicamentos específicos utilizados no tratamento de crises de dor de cabeça são triptanos ou agonistas do receptor serotoninérgico 5-HT1B/1D, ditans ou agonistas do receptor 5-HT1F e gepants ou antagonistas do receptor CGRP. Conclusão: Os medicamentos tradicionais utilizados no tratamento preventivo ou abortivo da enxaqueca são considerados eficazes. Através da modulação dos mecanismos da doença, há redução na frequência, intensidade e duração das crises de cefaleia, e também na incapacidade causada pela cefaleia. Tudo isso para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. As classes terapêuticas de medicamentos tradicionais utilizados na prevenção da enxaqueca são betabloqueadores, antidepressivos tricíclicos, antagonistas ou bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio e neuromoduladores anticonvulsivantes. Os medicamentos específicos utilizados no tratamento de crises de cefaleia são triptanos ou agonistas do receptor serotoninérgico 5-HT1B/1D, ditans ou agonistas do receptor 5-HT1F e gepants ou antagonistas do receptor CGRP.