Progress in the legislations regarding school nutrition lunch and nutrition status in China and some other countries / 上海预防医学

This paper summarized the school nutrition lunch legislations and nutrition status in China and abroad. School lunch system is relatively well-established and mature in Japan， the United States and Sweden and the lunch system has been gradually as an important part of basic education， which is worth learning by other countries and regions. China started its pilot school nutrition lunch program in 1987， and has improved the nutritional status of students， especially the students in rural areas， significantly. However， there still exists certain gaps compared with developed countries. We should actively learn from those countries， so as to provide reference for the formulation and improvement of China’s nutritional lunch policies.

Molecular genetic characterization of Blastocystis in primary and middle school students in Baisha Li Autonomous County, Hainan / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To investigate the prevalence and genetic characterization of Blastocystis in primary and middle school students in Baisha Li Autonomous County, Hainan Province, in order to understand the infection status of Blastocystis and its subtype distribution characteristics in this area. Methods　From March to November 2021, fecal samples were collected from two primary and middle schools in Baisha Li Autonomous County. Nested PCR targeting the SSU rDNA was employed in this study, sequence analysis were performed to determine the prevalence and subtype. A neighbor-joining tree was built using Mega 7. Meanwhile, the risk factors of the Blastocystis infection among different grades and genders were evaluated. Results　The infection rate of Blastocystis was 4.1% (13/314), there was no statistical difference in infection rates among genders and grades (P>0.05). Sequence analysis revealed that three Blastocystis subtypes were identified, namely ST3 (n=7), ST7 (n=4) and ST1 (n=2), all of which have zoonotic potential. Conclusions　This is the first report of the identification of Blastocystis in humans in Hainan at the subtype level, and provide the basic data for the prevention and control of Blastocystis in this area. The zoonotic subtypes identified in this area indicated more studies should be taken in humans and various animals, to better evaluate the transmission of Blastocystis and provide scientific support for the prevention and control of Blastocystis.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia among overweight and obese primary and middle school students in Tongzhou District / 预防医学

Objective @#To investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia among overweight and obese primary and middle school students in Tongzhou District, so as to provide the evidence for the implementation of comprehensive health education and early interventions for overweight and obese students. @*Methods @#The basic information, physical examinations and blood lipid testing results were collected from the primary and middle school students in Tongzhou District from 2015 to 2019 through the nutrition and health monitoring project among students in Tongzhou District. The epidemiological characteristics of overweight and obese students with dyslipidemia were descriptively analyzed. @*Results @#Among the 1 483 primary and middle school students detected, the overall prevalence rates of overweight, obesity and dyslipidemia were 12.68% ( 188 students ), 20.43% ( 303 students ) and 20.57% ( 305 students ), respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher in overweight and obese students ( 24.44% ) than in students with normal weight ( 18.65%, P<0.05 ), and the prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher in male overweight and obese students than in female overweight and obese students (29.00% vs. 18.92%, P<0.05), while higher prevalence of dyslipidemia was seen in middle school students than in primary school students ( 37.72% vs. 20.32%, P<0.05 ). In addition, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher in students with daily exercise of less than a hour than in students with daily exercise of a hour or longer ( 27.88% vs. 18.44%, P<0.05 ). @*Conclusions @#The prevalence of dyslipidemia is high among overweight and obese primary and middle school students in Tongzhou District. Health educations should be reinforced to male, middle school students with daily exercise of less than a hour.

Analysis of influencing factors for injury incidence among primary and middle school students in Changning District， Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of injury among both primary and middle school students in Changning District， Shanghai， and to provide evidence for injury prevention. Methods In 2018， data of basic characteristics and injury-related factors were obtained through field questionnaire survey among the selected primary and middle schools （2 of each）. Results The study finally included 1 821 students， with injury incidence rate of 30.1%. Among them， the injury incidence rate for the primary schools was 32.0%， and 28.8% for the middle schools. The top three injury types were falls， sharps injuries， and blunt injuries. Age， gender， myopia， and injury-related knowledge/behaviors were significantly related to injury incidence. Conclusion Falls should still be the priority of injury prevention for primary/middle school students in Changning District. The effect of reducing injuries can be achieved by improving health education about injury-related knowledge/behaviors.

Surveillance of common diseases among primary and middle school students in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps / 预防医学

Objective@#To analyze the surveillance results of common diseases among primary and middle school students in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2020, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the control measures for common diseases among primary and middle school students. @*Methods@#The comprehensive health surveillance data of 31 467 primary and middle school students were collected from 132 schools in 14 divisions of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2020, and the prevalence of poor vision, overweight and obesity, dental caries, malnutrition and elevated blood pressure were descriptively analyzed.@*Results@#The 31 467 students included 15 580 boys ( 49.51% ) and 15 887 girls ( 50.49% ). There were 19 632 students ( 62.39% ) from urban areas and 11 835 ( 37.61% ) from suburban areas, and there were 11 371 primary students ( 36.14% ), 11 169 junior high school students ( 35.49% ) and 8 927 high school students ( 28.37% ). The detection rates of poor vision, overweight and obesity, dental caries, elevated blood pressure, and malnutrition were 57.22%, 29.69%, 27.57%, 15.03%, and 4.81%, respectively. The detection rates of overweight and obesity ( 36.07% vs. 23.45%, P<0.05 ) and malnutrition ( 5.71% vs. 3.93%, P<0.05 ) were significantly higher, while the detection rates of poor vision ( 51.61% vs. 62.72%, P<0.05 ), dental caries ( 24.46% vs. 30.63%, P<0.05 ) and elevated blood pressure ( 14.61% vs. 15.43%, P<0.05 ) were significantly lower in boys than in girls. The detection rates of overweight and obesity ( 30.17% vs. 28.91%, P<0.05 ) and poor vision ( 61.55% vs. 50.04%, P<0.05 ) were significantly higher, while the prevalence rates of malnutrition ( 4.55% vs. 5.24%, P<0.05 ), dental caries ( 24.47% vs. 32.73%, P<0.05 ) and elevated blood pressure (14.66% vs. 15.63%, P<0.05) were significantly lower in students from urban areas than from suburban areas. In addition, the prevalence of malnutrition and poor vision appeared a tendency towards a rise, while the prevalence of overweight and obesity, dental caries and elevated blood pressure appeared a tendency towards a decline among primary and middle school students with the study period (P<0.05 ).@*Conclusions@#The prevalence of poor vision, overweight and obesity, and dental caries is relatively high among primary and middle school students in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and comorbid overweight and obesity and malnutrition is found.

Prevalence of hypertension based on three separate visits among primaryand middle school students in Suzhou City / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of hypertension among primary and middle school students living in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, so as to provide insights into comprehensive hypertension control among children and adolescents.@*Methods@# Primary and middle school students at ages of 7 to 17 years were recruited for a questionnaire survey in Suzhou City using the stratified cluster random sampling method from September to December, 2020, and the height and body weight were measured. Blood pressure was measured at three separate clinic visits according to the national criteria Reference of Screening for Elevated Blood Pressure among Children and Adolescents Aged 7-18 Years ( WS/T 610-2018 ), and the detection of elevated blood pressure was estimated at three separate visits. In addition, factors affecting elevated blood pressure were identified. @*Results@#A total of 3 713 students were enrolled, including 1 924 boys ( 51.82% ) and 1 789 girls ( 48.18% ). The detection of elevated blood pressure was 13.63%, 5.36%, and 3.37% at three separate visits, respectively, and the prevalence of hypertension ( elevated blood pressure at all three visits ) was 3.37%. The detection rates of elevated blood pressure were all higher at three visits ( 16.90%, 8.40%, and 5.26% ) among students at ages of 12 to 17 years than among students at ages of 7 to 11 years ( 9.65%, 1.67%, and 1.07%, P<0.05 ). The detection of elevated blood pressure was significantly higher in boys ( 15.23% ) than in girls (11.91%) at the first visit ( P<0.05 ), while no significant differences were seen at the second or third visit ( P>0.05 ). In addition, higher detection rates of elevated blood pressure were seen in obese ( 27.62%, 11.51%, and 7.06% ) and overweight students ( 17.45%, 6.95%, and 4.85% ) than in students with normal weight ( 9.44%, 3.54%, and 2.15% ) at all three visits, and greater detection rates of elevated blood pressure were found in obese students than in overweight students at the first and second visits ( P<0.017 ).@*Conclusions @#The prevalence of hypertension was 3.37% based on three separate visits among primary and middle school students in Suzhou City. Measurement of blood pressure at three separate visits within different days is effective to reduce the false positive rate of hypertension and decrease misdiagnosis among children and adolescents.

Investigation on sleep quality among primary and middle school studentsin Zhoushan City / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the sleep status among primary and middle school students in Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into improving the sleep quality among primary and middle school students.@*Methods@#A district and a county was selected using the cluster random sampling method from Zhoushan City in October, 2019, and grades 4 to 6 primary school students, junior high school and high school students were sampled as the study subjects. Students' gender, grade, residing in schools, duration of homework and duration of extracurricular classes were collected using the questionnaires of the 2019 national program for common diseases and health risk factors surveillance and intervention program among Chinese students. According to the Plan for the Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Myopia among Children and Adolescents, daily sleep duration of 10 h and longer among primary school students, 9 h and longer among junior high school students and 8 h and longer among high school students were defined as adequate sleep, and the proportion of adequate sleep was estimated among primary and middle school students.@*Results@#Totally 3 042 students were enrolled, including 1 587 boys (52.17%) and 1 455 girls (47.83%), 996 primary school students (32.74%), 1 030 junior high school students (33.86%), 758 ordinary high school students (24.92%) and 258 vocational high school students (8.48%). The mean sleep duration was (9.23±1.10) h among primary school students, (8.09±1.05) h among junior high school students, (7.20±1.26) h among ordinary high school students and (7.97±1.03) h among vocational high school students, respectively, and the proportion of adequate sleep was 26.31% among primary school students, 22.82% among junior high school students, 22.56% among ordinary high school students and 66.67% among vocational high school students, respectively. A relatively higher proportion of adequate sleep was seen among primary school students in Grade 4 (33.63%) and with homework duration of less than 1 h (34.53%); among junior high school students in Grade 1 (37.76%), residing in schools (40.00%), studying in county schools (30.87%), with homework duration of less than 1 h (34.69%) and less than 1 h duration of extracurricular classes (33.33%); among male ordinary high school students (28.03%), and ordinary high school students in Grade 1 (28.30%), residing in schools (26.18%) and studying in district schools (25.83%); among male vocational high school students (69.06%) and vocational high school students residing in schools (73.14%).@*Conclusion@#The proportion of adequate sleep is low among primary and middle school students in Zhoushan City. The homework duration and duration of extracurricular classes are recommended to be reduced to ensure adequate sleep among primary and middle school students.

Characteristics of injuries among primary and middle school students in Panyu District / 预防医学

Objective @#To investigate the injury characteristics among primary and middle school students in Panyu District, Guangzhou City, so as to provide the evidence for developing the strategies for prevention and control of injuries.@*Methods@# The data of 6 to 18 years old primary and middle school students with initial diagnosis of injury at Panyu District Central Hospital from 2014 to 2019 were collected. The basic characteristics of injury cases, the causes, time and place of injury development were analyzed by a descriptive epidemiological method.@*Results@#Totally 10 833 primary and middle school students with injury were reported in Panyu District from 2014 to 2019, including 7 401 boys and 3 432 girls, with a boy/girl ratio of 2.16∶1. The injury predominantly occurred in primary school students (6 903 cases, 63.72%). The causes of injury mainly included fall (4 457 cases, 41.14%), animal injury (2 593 cases, 23.94%), blunt injury (1 682 cases, 15.53%), knife/sharp instrument injury (923 cases, 8.52%) and traffic injury (731 cases, 6.75%). The place of injury development mainly included home (4 267 cases, 39.39%), school and public place (3 184 cases, 29.39%), and road/street (1 854 cases, 17.11%). The injury predominantly occurred from August to October (3 289 cases, 30.36%), and the activities at the time of injury mainly included leisure activities (3 860 cases, 35.63%), life activities (2 662 cases, 24.57%) and sports (1 929 cases, 17.81%). The characteristics of injury mainly included contusion/abrasion (4 528 cases, 41.80%), sharp instrument/bite/open injury (4 019 cases, 37.10%) and fracture (871 cases, 8.04%), and the upper limb was the main injury site (3 552 cases, 32.79%). There were 9 877 cases with mild injuries (91.18%), and 10 451 cases left hospitals after seeing a doctor (96.47%).@*Conclusions@#Fall is the main causes of injury among primary and middle school students in Panyu District, and boys and primary school students are high-risk groups for injury. Family prevention should be emphasized, and health education pertaining to injury should be intensified among students during the long holidays and leisure activities.

Awareness of sexual knowledge among primary and middle schoolstudents in Butuo County / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the awareness and identify the influencing factors of sexual knowledge among primary and middle school students in Butuo County, Sichuan Province, so as to provide insights into sex education.@*Methods@#Six primary and middle schools were randomly sampled from 40 primary and middle schools in Butuo County using the cluster sampling method on March and April, 2021, and a class was randomly sampled from each of grades 4 to 6 of primary schools and grades 1 to 3 of junior high schools, with all students from the class as study subjects. Students' demographic features and awareness of sexual knowledge were investigated using self-designed questionnaires, and the factors affecting the awareness of sexual knowledge were identified among primary and middle school students using multivariable linear regression analysis.@*Results@#A total of 980 questionnaires were allocated, and 957 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 97.65%. The respondents included 458 boys ( 47.86% ) and 499 girls ( 52.14% ), and included 908 students with Yi Ethnicity. The respondents included 802 primary school students ( 83.80% ) and 155 junior high school students ( 16.20% ). The awareness of sexual knowledge was 21.94% among the primary and middle school students, and their sexual knowledge was predominantly derived from parents ( 338 students, 35.32% ) and teachers ( 335 students, 35.01% ). The awareness of sexual knowledge was significantly lower in boys than in girls ( 17.69% vs. 25.86%; χ2=8.344, P=0.004 ), and the awareness of sexual knowledge appeared a tendency towards a rise with age ( χ2trend = 63.908, P<0.001 ). Low awareness of sexual knowledge was seen in students with fathers going out for labor ( 19.54% ), mothers going out for labor (11.24%) and living in the countryside ( 14.32% ) ( χ2=7.790, 9.224 and 34.144, all P<0.01 ). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that students living in the countryside, students’ mothers going out for labor, ages of 12 to 14 years and ages of over 14 years were factors affecting the score of sexual knowledge ( β'=-0.072, 0.341, 0.645 and 0.843, all P<0.05 ).@*Conclusions@#The awareness of sexual knowledge is low among primary and middle school students in Butuo County. Health education of sexual knowledge should be emphasized on male students, those living in the countryside and students with mothers going out for labor.

Analysis of the influencing factors of myopia among primary and middle school students in Mengzi city in 2019 / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To explore the current situation of myopia among children and adolescents in Mengzi city and the possible influencing factors of myopia.METHODS: A multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to select students in 7 schools(2 primary schools, 2 junior high schools, 2 high schools, and 1 vocational high school)in Mengzi city, Yunnan Province in October 2019. A total of 1 837 students were selected for questionnaire surveys, and examination of distance visual acuity and noncycloplegic autorefraction. There were 1 622 valid questionnaires were finally collected after checking the integrity and rationality of the questionnaires. RESULTS: The prevalence of myopia among primary and secondary students in Mengzi city in 2019 was 61.34%. The prevalence of myopia in girls(71.36%)was higher than that in boys(50.45%), and the prevalence of myopia in Han nationality(70.19%)was higher than that in ethnic minorities(57.70%). With the grade growth, the prevalence of myopia showed an upward trend. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors of myopia were female(<i>OR</i>=2.308), Han nationality(<i>OR</i>=1.712), higher learning stage(junior high school: <i>OR</i>=1.579, high school: <i>OR</i>=5.538), the time of doing homework daily in the past 1wk(1-<2h: <i>OR</i>=1.456, 2-<3h: <i>OR</i>=1.514, ≥3h: <i>OR</i>=1.901), occasionally or never keep your eyes more than one foot away from a book while reading and writing(<i>OR</i>=1.741), insufficient sleep(<i>OR</i>=1.585), parental myopia(<i>OR</i>=2.191).CONCLUSION:The prevalence of myopia among primary and middle school students in Mengzi city is at a relatively high level. Female, Han nationality, higher learning stage, the time of doing homework daily in the past 1wk≥1h, occasionally or never keep your eyes more than one foot away from a book while reading and writing, insufficient sleep and parental myopia are all risk factors that can cause myopia.

Prevalence of screening myopia and refractive correction among primary and middle school students in Xuzhou city / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM:To determine the prevalence of screening myopia and refractive correction among primary and middle school students aged from 6-18 years in Xuzhou city, Jiangsu Province.METHODS: A cross-sectional cluster sampling study was designed. The total number of screened students was 63 488 in 70 schools from Xuzhou city in this study from September 2020 to December 2020. After excluding the unqualified data, 58 149 students aged 6-18 years were included to analyse. The prevalence of screening myopia, refractive correction and full correction with the aspect of different ages, genders, regions and degrees of myopia were described.RESULTS: The overall rate of screening myopia and refractive correction were 49.26% and 31.11%, respectively and both showed an increasing trend with age(<i>P</i><0.01). Additionally, the degree of myopia also gradually deepened with age. For the two rates, there appeared to be higher for girls than boys(53.70% <i>vs</i> 45.67% for screening myopia and 32.45% <i>vs</i> 29.84% for refractive correction, all <i>P</i><0.01). However, girls showed a lower rate than boys for full refractive correction(56.60% <i>vs</i> 63.98%, <i>P</i><0.01), which was 60.23% totally among all the myopic students with refractive correction. The corrective and full refractive correction rate of urban primary and secondary school students are higher than that of townships(46.50% <i>vs</i> 18.33%,62.20% <i>vs</i> 56.07%, all <i>P</i><0.01). CONCLUSION:The prevalence of screening myopia among primary and middle school students was not optimistic in Xuzhou city in 2020. The rates of refractive correction and full correction were relatively low among myopic students, possibly because of the progression of myopia.

Epidemiological characteristics of varicella in primary and middle schools， Urumqi， Xinjiang， 2014-2018 / 上海预防医学

Objective:To evaluate the epidemiological trend of varicella（chickenpox）in Urumqi， this retrospective study was performed by using the school surveillance data between 2014 and 2018. Methods:Descriptive epidemiology method was used to analyze the data of varicella cases from school infectious disease prevention and control information management system from 2014 to 2018. Results:A total of 4 910 cases of varicella were reported in primary and secondary schools， with an average incidence of 290.73/100 000 per year. Primary school students accounted for 60.6%， middle school students for 27.4% and high school students for 12.0%. Among them， there were 2 595 boys and 2 315 girls with sex ratio of 1.12∶1. Two seasonal peaks of varicella incidence were observed every year， from March to June and from November to January of next year. Conclusion:Primary schools are the major places of varicella outbreak and should be the priority places for prevention and control， but the prevention and education in boarding schools should not be neglected. In areas with high incidence of varicella， it is vital to focus on prevention to avoid the infectious diseases spreading and outbreak.

Analysis of data of illness-induced absenteeism among primary and middle school students in the context of emergency response to COVID-19 / 上海预防医学

Objective:To understand the school absence due to illnesses in the context of emergency response to COVID-19 in Minhang District， so as to provide a basis for epidemic prevention and control in primary and secondary schools. Methods:Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the data of school absence due to illnesses in primary and secondary schools in Minhang District in the context of emergency response to COVID-19. Results:During the period of emergency response to COVID-19， the incidence of illness-induced absenteeism in Minhang District was 1.50%. Difference in absenteeism between different months was statistically significant （χ2=1 724.31， P<0.01）. The monthly absenteeism rate in 2020 was higher than that from 2016 to 2019， and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.01）. The rate of symptom-induced absenteeism was 1.28%. Fever was the most common symptom of school absence， and the rate of absence due to fever in 2020 was higher than that of the same period in 2019 and 2016-2018， and the difference was statistically significant （χ2=15 281.33， P<0.01）. Acute upper respiratory tract infection was the number one cause of illness-induced absence during the emergency response period， while infectious diseases were the primary causes of diseases from 2016 to 2018 and in 2019. The difference of infectious disease absence in different years was statistically significant （χ2=1 822.62， P<0.01）. Conclusion:The rate of school absence due to illnesses increased significantly in the context of emergency response to COVID-19 in Minhang District， while the rate of school absence due to infectious diseases decreased significantly. The prevention and control measures during the epidemic period can be used for reference in the future for preventing infectious diseases under normal conditions.

Milk and dairy intake of primary and middle school students in Tongzhou District / 预防医学

Objective @#To understand the current situation and influencing factors of milk and dairy intake among primary and middle school students in Tongzhou District, Beijing, so as to provide the reference for the intervention of milk and dairy intake among primary and middle school students.@*Methods@#The stratified cluster sampling method was used to randomly select the students from the third to sixth grades of primary school, three grades of junior middle school and three grades of senior high school from downtown and township of Tongzhou District as the survey objects. The demographic information, family data, and milk and dairy intake of a week before were collected. Taking the average daily intake of 300 g milk and dairy as the standard (the Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2016), the multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for reaching the standard of average daily milk and dairy intake among the students. @*Results@#A total of 804 questionnaires were sent out, and 771 valid questionnaires were received, with a recovery rate of 95.90%. There were 321 primary school students, accounting for 41.63%; 228 junior high school students, accounting for 29.57%; and 222 high school students, accounting for 28.80%. The intake rate of milk and dairy products was 90.92%, and the adverse reaction rate was 10.12%. The daily intake rate was 36.71%. The median daily intake was 214.29 g, and the rate of average daily intake reaching the standard was 28.02%. The multivariate logistic regression results showed that primary school students (OR=1.672, 95%CI: 1.102-2.535), middle school students (OR=2.086, 95%CI: 1.349-3.225), overweight (OR=1.747, 95%CI: 1.131-2.700), obesity (OR=2.469, 95%CI: 1.698-3.591), and parents with bachelor's degree or above (OR=1.760, 95%CI: 1.022-3.029) were the influencing factors for reaching the standard of average daily milk and dairy intake among the students.@*Conclusions@#The average daily intake of milk and dairy products of primary and middle school students in Tongzhou District does not reach the recommended standard, and grade, body mass index and parents'education level were the influencing factors.

Association between low vision and sleep duration among primary and middle school students / 预防医学

Objective @#To understand the relationship between sleep duration and low vision among primary and middle school students, so as to provide the reference for promoting eye health of primary and middle school students.@* Methods @#Using stratified cluster sampling method, the students were selected from four primary schools, four junior high schools and three senior high schools in Dinghai, Putuo, Daishan and Shengsi of Zhoushan. The questionnaire for the influencing factors of myopia in the national monitoring and intervention project of common diseases and influencing factors among students in 2019 was used to collect their demography, video display terminal use, outdoor activity, parents'myopia and sleep duration. The multivariate logistic regression model was established to analyze the relationship between sleep duration and low vision among the students. @*Results @#A total of 3 016 questionnaires were sent out, and 2 932 valid ones were returned. The effective rate was 97.21%. There were 1 537 ( 52.42% ) males and 1 395 females ( 47.58% ); 947 ( 32.30% ) primary school students and 1 985 ( 67.70% ) middle school students; 2 328 ( 79.40% ) students with low vision. There were 1 022 ( 34.85% ), 903 (30.80%), 697 ( 23.77% ) and 310 ( 10.57% ) students with the daily sleep duration of <8 hours, 8-<9 hours, 9-<10 hours and ≥10 hours, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of low vision was lower when the daily sleep duration of students was 8-<9 hours ( OR=0.735, 95%CI: 0.561-0.963 ) and 9-<10 hours ( OR=0.605, 95%CI: 0.446-0.825 ). @*Conclusion @#Adequate sleep duration is conducive to reduce the risk of low vision among primary and middle school students.

Analysis of visual acuity and refractive status of kindergarten children and primary and middle school students in a community in Shanghai 2015-2018 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the visual acuity and refractive status of kindergarten children and primary and middle school students in Xinhong Community of Shanghai from 2015 to 2018, and to provide basis and reference for the prevention and control of students' myopia. Methods The data of 3 904 person-times of complete visual acuity and refraction records from 2015 to 2018 was derived from the "Shanghai Residents' Eye Health Information Service System". Results From 2015-2018, the total detection rate of poor vision of kindergarten children and primary and middle school students was 60.86%, and the detection rate of poor vision in kindergarten, primary school and middle school was 29.90%，62.63% and 87.26% respectively，showing an increasing trend with the education stage (χ2=727.206，P2=19.949, P2=1099.978, P<0.05). In terms of growth rate, the increase in myopia in the first grade of primary school was the largest. Conclusion The myopia rate of primary and secondary school students was higher than that of kindergarten children, and showed an increasing trend with the education stage. The critical period of myopia prevention and control should be advanced to the kindergarten stage.

Analysis of factors affecting health-related behaviors for schistosomiasis prevention and control among primary and secondary school students in Sichuan Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze the influencing factors of health-related behaviors for schistosomiasis prevention and control among primary and secondary school students in Sichuan Province using a multilevel and multivariate logistic model, so as to provide the theoretical evidence for developing the schistosomiasis prevention and control strategy among primary and secondary school students in Sichuan Province. MethodsA multi-stage sampling was conducted among 63 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (districts) in Sichuan Province. Five endemic townships were sampled from each county (district), and 100 Grade 4 to 6 students in each primary school and 100 Grade 1 to 3 students in each secondary school were sampled from each township as the study subjects. The health-related behaviors for schistosomiasis prevention and control were investigated using a questionnaire survey, and factors affecting infested water contact behaviors were identified using univariate and multilevel logistic analyses. Results Among the 62 200 questionnaires distributed, there were 59 134 recovered, and 56 510 were qualified. The qualified 56 510 respondents included 22 955 secondary school students and 33 555 primary school students, and 28 297 male students and 28 213 females. A higher proportion of infested water contacts was seen in male students than in females (P < 0.001), and the students living in heavily endemic areas had a higher proportion of infested water contacts than those in mildly endemic areas (P < 0.001). In addition, there was no significant difference in the proportion of infested water contacts between primary and secondary school students (P >0.05). Multilevel and multivariate logistic analyses revealed a lower proportion of infested water contacts with the increase of knowledge, belief and self-efficacy levels (P < 0.001), and there was a cluster of infested water contacts among students at a county scale (P < 0.001). Conclusions There is a cluster of infested-water contact behaviors among primary and secondary school students at a county scale in Sichuan Province. Individual and environmental factors should be considered during the formulation of health education strategy and interventions for schistosomiasis among primary and secondary school students.

Effect and benefit evaluation of health education on schistosomiasis control in primary and secondary schools of Jingzhou City , 2004-2018 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To evaluate the effect and benefit of health education on schistosomiasis control in primary and secondary schools in Jingzhou from 2004 to 2018. Methods A retrospective survey and an on-site questionnaire investigation were used to collect data on schistosomiasis health education in primary and secondary schools in Jingzhou from 2004 to 2018, and to evaluate the modes and effects of health education. The unit benefit analysis was used to evaluate the benefit of health education investment. Results The awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge and the correct behavior formation rate in 2018 reached 98.68% and 98.31%, respectively, which were statistically significantly different compared with 87.65%% and 88.08%, respectively, in 2004 (F=8.57, 6.59, P2=-0.85, -0.84, P<0.01). In terms of total funding, students were 3.05 yuan/person/time lower than residents. Conclusion From 2004 to 2018, primary and secondary schools in Jingzhou implemented schistosomiasis health education and health promotion. On the basis of reduction in the total funding, students’ knowledge of schistosomiasis prevention and correct behavior formation were effectively increased, and the rate of schistosomiasis infection was reduced to zero. Therefore, changing the dangerous behavior of the target population through schistosomiasis health education is an important measure to control and stop the prevalence of schistosomiasis.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and its influential factors in 2 028 students from primary and middle schools in Changsha / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in students from the primary and middle schools and the influential factors,and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of dyslipidemia and relevant chronic diseases in primary and middle schools.Methods:A total of 2 028 students aged 7 to 17 from the primary and middle schools in Changsha were selected by stratified random cluster sampling.The contents of the study included questionnaire survey,physical measurement and blood tests for fasting blood triglyceride (TG),total cholesterol (TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels.Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) level was calculated by TC level minus HDL-C level.Chi-square test and non-conditional logistic regression model were used to analyze the factors that contributed to dyslipidemia.Results:The dyslipidemia rate was 18.6％,and the abnormal rates of TG,TC,LDL-C,non-HDL-C and HDL-C were 6.8％,5.6％,2.3％,4.2％ and 8.6％,respectively.By chi-square test,the dyslipidemia rate in students with different ages,home locations,BMI groups,central obesity,time on watching TV or playing computer per day,and daily sleep time was statistically significant.Non-conditional logistic regression analysis showed that home location for the city (OR=1.332),overweight (OR=1.548),obesity (OR=2.201),central obesity (OR=1.695),watching TV or playing computer for more than 2 hours per day (OR=1.357),daily sleep time longer than 11 hours (OR=2.518) were the risk factors for dyslipidemia in students from the primary and middle schools.Conclusion:Nearly 1/5 primary and middle school students show dyslipidemia,which is associated with obesity and other bad behaviors.

Investigation of dry eyes occurrence and poor vision in primary and middle school students in the urban-rural fringe of Guangzhou / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM:To investigate the relationship between dry eyes incidence and poor vision in primary and middle school students in the urban-rural fringe of Guangzhou. <p>METHODS: We used stratified cluster random sampling, extracted the urban-rural fringe elementary school and middle school, gave out self-made questionnaire survey to 3572 students, at the same time, underwent ophthalmology routine inspection and tear secretion test, rupture time measurement and corneal and conjunctival fluorescein staining. <p>RESULTS: The overall number of poor vision was 764 people(1447 eyes), the overall poor vision was 20.25% counted by eye amount, the rate of poor vision in primary school was 14.08%, in junior high school was 29.51%, in junior middle school was significantly higher than that in primary school(<i>P</i><0.05). The number of subjects with dry eyes was 424 cases(848 eyes), the overall incidence of dry eyes was 11.87%, among them the occurring rate of dry eyes in primary school was 5.14%, in junior middle school was 21.96%, which was significantly higher than that in primary school(<i>P</i><0.05). Ordered multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that junior high school, doing homework for 1-3h or >3h every day, eyes away from the book <30cm, lying down when reading books, watching TV or playing computer phone for 1-3h and >3h every day, dry eyes, and the nutritional status(fat or thin)were the risk factors of poor vision in primary and middle school students the(<i>OR</i>=3.862, 1.164, 1.210, 1.212, 1.315, 1.319, 3.040, 1.110, 1.057 and 1.141). <p>CONCLUSION: The risk factors of primary and middle school students vision is multifarious, dry eyes is a risk factor for poor vision of primary and middle school students in the urban-rural fringe of Guangzhou.