Explorando el sistema de protección de la niñez en El Salvador

(analítico) Se exploran las prácticas institucionales que facilitan u obstaculizan la protección de los derechos de niños, niñas y adolescentes en el sistema de protección de la niñez en El Salvador. Partiendo de un diseño de etnografía institucional, se realizaron 61 entrevistas a trabajadores pertenecientes al sistema de protección. Como resultado, se identificó la ausencia de manuales que establezcan prácticas concretas en la aplicación de la Ley de Protección Integral de la Niñez y Adolescencia, obstruyendo su óptimo funcionamiento. A través del uso de la teoría del interaccionismo simbólico, se explora cómo la interpretación discrecional o no entendimiento de la ley forma instituciones aisladas del sistema; también se analiza el grado en que las dinámicas socioeconómicas del país ponen en desventaja a los sectores rurales para acceder a estos servicios.

(analytical) This study explores the institutional practices that support or hinder the rights of children and young people in the child protection system in El Salvador. Using an institutional ethnography approach, 61 individuals who worked directly or indirectly in the child protection system were interviewed. The findings highlight a lack of manuals that establish concrete practices in accordance with the application of the Law of Comprehensive Protection for Children and Youth, which reduces the effectiveness of the country's child protection system. Through an analytical approach based on symbolic interactionism, this study explored how the individual interpretations of the law, or lack thereof, combine with socioeconomic disadvantages to create difficulties for rural child protection institutions in terms of accessing operational resources.

(analítico) O presente estudo explora as práticas institucionais que apoiam ou dificultam os direitos de crianças e jovens no sistema de proteção infantil em El Salvador. Utilizando um desenho de etnografia institucional, foram entrevistados 61 indivíduos que trabalhavam ou trabalham no sistema de proteção à criança. Os achados indicam que faltam manuais que estabeleçam práticas concretas em consonância com a aplicação da Lei de Proteção Integral da Infância e Juventude o que dificulta a efetividade do sistema de proteção. Por meio de um entendimento baseado no interacionismo simbólico, este estudo explorou como as interpretações individuais da lei, ou a falta dela, e a desvantagem socio-econômica das instituições colocam os setores rurais em desvantagem no acesso aos recursos.

Contemporaneidade dos Programas de Transferência Monetária no Brasil: proteger ou mitigar a pobreza? / Contemporaneity of the Cash Transfer Programs in Brazil: to protect or to mitigate the poverty?

Resumo: O artigo aborda Programas de Transferência Monetária no Brasil; o contexto socioeconômico e político; modalidades e orientação político-ideológica dos programas; o Auxílio Emergencial e a substituição do "Bolsa Família" pelo "Auxílio Brasil". A metodologia contempla resultados de pesquisas; revisão bibliográfica e documental; dados secundários e acesso a websites. Os resultados destacam: funções; mitigação da pobreza e proliferação desses programas, deslocados do Sistema de Proteção Social.

Abstract: This article approaches Cash Transfer Programs in Brazil; socioeconomic and political context; modalities and politic-ideological orientation; the Auxílio Emergencial" and the substitution of the "Bolsa Família" by "Auxílio Brasil". The applied methodology was results of researches; bibliographic and documental studies; secondary data and access to websites. The outcomes pointed out the functions; poverty alleviation and proliferation of those programs displaced of the Social Protection System.

Reflexiones sobre los valores éticos de la protección radiológica para los profesionales tecnólogos médicos de imagenología / Reflections on the ethical values of radiation protection for the professional medical technologists in imaging

Las radiaciones ionizantes tienen el potencial de generar efectos adversos a la salud de las personas. Para hacer un uso más seguro y eficiente de estas radiaciones, la Comisión Internacional de Protección Radiológica fundamentalmente ha implementado un sistema de protección radiológica (SPR) que se basa en tres principios: justificación, optimización y límites. A su vez, estos principios se sustentan en cuatro valores éticos (beneficencia, prudencia, justicia y dignidad). Se sabe que en Chile el profesional que esta mandatado para realizar la toma de los exámenes que utilizan radiaciones ionizantes es el/la Tecnólogo Médico en Imagenología. Por lo tanto, resulta interesante valorar el grado de conocimiento adquirido y posteriormente aplicado en torno a los valores éticos del SPR por parte de dichos profesionales. De esta manera el objetivo del este artículo de tipo Punto de Vista fue realizar una serie de reflexiones en torno a esta temática. Cuando se realiza un procedimientos médico u odontológico con radiaciones ionizantes, el/la Tecnólogo Médico en Imagenología participa esencialmente en la realización del mismo, por lo que no debería ser su responsabilidad el cautelar que se cumplan los 4 valores éticos descritos dentro del SPR. A juicio nuestro, el principio de optimización, sería el único principio o pilar del SPR donde tiene real obligación de participar, utilizando las restricciones a las exposiciones individuales y los niveles de referencia para diagnóstico para reducir las desigualdades en la distribución de las exposiciones entre los grupos expuestos. Finalmente, resulta vital investigar si en su formación de especialidad se tocan estas temáticas

Ionizing radiation has the potential to generate adverse effects on people's health. To make safer and more efficient use of these radiations, the International Commission on Radiological Protection has fundamentally implemented a radiological protection system (RPS) based on three principles: justification, optimization and limits. In turn, these principles are based on four ethical values (beneficence, prudence, justice and dignity). It is known that in Chile the professional who is mandated to perform the exams that use ionizing radiation is the Medical Imaging Technologist. Therefore, it is interesting to assess the degree of knowledge acquired and subsequently applied around the ethical values of the RPS by these professionals. In this way, the objective of this Point of View article was to make a series of reflections on this subject. When a medical or dental procedure is performed with ionizing radiation, the Medical Imaging Technologist essentially participates in its performance, so it should not be their responsibility to ensure that the 4 ethical values described in the RPS are met. In our opinion, the principle of optimization would be the only principle or pillar of the RPS where it has a real obligation to participate, using the restrictions on individual exposures and the diagnostic reference levels to reduce inequalities in the distribution of exposures between exposed groups. Finally, it is vital to investigate whether these topics are addressed in his specialty training.

The Dilemma and Consideration about the Construction of the Subject Protection System / 中国医学伦理学

Relying only on the ethics committee to protect subjects is not enough, and the construction of the subject protection system is an inevitable trend for the protection of subjects’ rights. This paper elaborated on the current situation of Chinese subject protection system from four aspects: the lack of laws and regulations and administrative supervision, the insufficient attention of hospitals, poor construction of the subject protection system, and the absence of responsibilities of relevant personnel. Then this paper put forward countermeasures from three aspects: improving laws and regulations and strengthening supervision, mobilizing relevant departments to participate, and strengthening relevant training, in order to standardize the construction of the subject protection system and promote the development of the subject protection work.

Discussion on Quality Assurance and Improvement Mode of Ethics Committee / 中国医学伦理学

With the continuous improvement of the ethics committee status and the rapid growth of ethical review projects, the ethics committee urgently needs to establish an evaluation mechanism for continuous improvement. In view of a series of problems faced by the ethics committee in its daily management and operation, this paper discussed the concept and measures of introducing quality assurance and quality improvement into the ethics committee. Through comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the three models of quality assurance and quality improvement, this paper summarized the practical experience, further determined the internal evaluation, improvement model and evaluation elements of ethics committee, constantly improve the internal evaluation system of the ethics committee, strengthen the education and training of the ethics committee, and implement the whole chain electronic review, so as to improve the operation efficiency and review ability of the ethics committee, and provide sufficient ethical protection for the protection of the rights and interests of subjects.

Evaluation on the implementation of HealthWISE in a grade-A tertiary hospital / 中国职业医学

@#Objective To evaluate the implementation effect of work improvement in health services technical tool （ ） - HealthWISE developed by the International Labor Organization and the World Health Organization in a grade A tertiary Methods - hospital. A total of 14 healthcare workers who had participated in the HealthWISE teacher training in a grade A - tertiary hospital since 2016 were selected as the research subjects using a typical sampling method. Semi structured interviews ， Results ， were conducted and the interview data were collected and analyzed. Among the 14 subjects five participated in the training for more than three times. The research subjects believed that they had gained great insights through the training. The ， training had led to positive changes in both individual and team levels. In particular the hospital had established an ， ， occupational health protection system which had been significantly improved in organizational construction training and ， - ， education capacity building and so on. During the prevention and control of the COVID 19 pandemic the hospital strengthened HealthWISE application to ensure the occupational safety and health of healthcare workers. All research subjects provided opinions and suggestions on the improvement of the national comprehensive occupational health protection system for healthcare Conclusion ， workers in the future. The application of HealthWISE in this hospital has achieved remarkable results which helps to promote the establishment of a comprehensive occupational health protection system for healthcare workers on a large scale.

Explorando el sistema de protección de la niñez en Honduras / Exploring the child protection system in Honduras / Explorando o sistema de proteção infantil em Honduras

Resumen (analítico): Se exploran las prácticas institucionales que facilitan u obstaculizan la protección de derechos de niños, niñas y adolescentes en el sistema de protección de la niñez en Honduras a través de sus diferentes etapas. Desde un diseño de Etnografía Institucional, se realizaron entrevistas a catorce trabajadores de instituciones que trabajan con niñez, y a tres residentes en un domicilio de protección. Como resultado, se identificaron múltiples instancias de denuncia, y una estrecha comunicación entre las mismas. Sin embargo, existe carencia de recursos en el sistema, y prejuicios contra adolescentes de la comunidad LGTBIQ; así como prácticas alimentadas por una concepción tradicional de la niñez. El sistema no solamente parece incumplir con algunos principios de la Convención, sino que se encuentra desbordado por precarias condiciones del contexto nacional.

Abstract (analytical) This study explores institutional practices that either facilitate or hinder the protection of the rights of children and adolescents in the child protection system in Honduras. The research focuses on the different stages that users go through when they request services. Using an institutional ethnography design, semistructured interviews were held with 14 workers from institutions that work with users in the system, as well as with three adolescents living in a protection home were conducted. The main results found that there are multiple mechanisms for reporting cases of child abuse, as well as close communication between the different mechanisms. However, there is a lack of resources in the system as well as prejudice against adolescents from the LGTBIQ community; also, practices are fed by a traditional conception of childhood. The system doesn't just violate some of the principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, but that its work is overwhelmed by the precarious conditions in the national context.

Resumo (analítico) Este estudo teve como objetivo explorar práticas institucionais que facilitam ou dificultam a proteção dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes no sistema de proteção à criança em Honduras, através das diferentes etapas. Para isso, com base no desenho de Etnografia Institucional, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatorze trabalhadores de instituições governamentais e não governamentais e com três adolescentes residentes em um lar de proteção. Entre os principais resultados, constatou-se que existem várias instâncias para relatar casos de abuso infantil, bem como uma estreita comunicação entre elas. No entanto, havia também falta de recursos nas instituições que compõem o sistema, bem preconceitos contra adolescentes da comunidade LGTBIQ. Na análise, muitas práticas são alimentadas por uma concepção tradicional da infância. Por outro lado, o sistema de proteção à criança parece não apenas violar alguns dos princípios da Convenção, mas que seu trabalho é sobrecarregado por precárias condições do contexto nacional.

Analysis of legal nature of protection system for varieties of Chinese materia medica / 中草药

The protection system for varieties of Chinese materia medica (CMM) aims at regulating and protecting varieties of CMM, which also plays a protective role in intellectual property rights for CMM at the same time. From the analysis of the original intention and legal source, the essence of the system is the administrative supervision and protection of varieties of CMM. From the analysis of the function and the rights feature, it contains the nature of intellectual property rights. Based on the characteristics of the intellectual property protection effectiveness by administrative regulation, it can be regarded as an administration system for intellectual property rights protection of CMM. It is consistent with the international trends of taking administrative measures to protect intellectual property rights of pharmaceuticals, which will rich the thought for the revision of regulations on protection of CMM, and will also provide references to the construction of the special protection system of traditional knowledge of CMM.

Value analysis of protection system for varieties of Chinese materia medica / 中草药

The value system of the protection system for varieties of Chinese materia medica (CMM) has the characteristics of times and development, which is adjusted with the growth of CMM industry. In the early stage of the system, improving the quality of CMM and promoting the allocation of CMM resources and implement the right to health are the main aims of the system. In the background that the aims have almost come to true, and the system has the potential to develop as a special protection system for intellectual property right of CMM, we may make “to protect the interests of related obligee and encourage the inheritance and innovation of CMM” and “to promote the variety development and improve the quality of the varieties, increase the social welfare of the public” as the new and main purposes, which will lay a theoretical foundation for the design of intellectual property protection mechanism of the protection system for varieties of CMM.

Comparison Between Protection System for Varieties of Traditional Chinese Medicines and Patent Legal System / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Patent legal system is a part of civil law,while protection system for the varieties of traditional Chinese medicines is involved in the market regulation law.Both of them emphasize on different aspects compiementarily in protecting traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with advantages and disadvantages.To meet the requirements of the development of TCM in the new era,protection scope of the protection system for varieties of traditional Chinese medicines should be promoted,examination system and elimination mechanisms should be improved through the inheritance and innovation of TCM,which may be conducive to protect rights and interests of TCM enterprises and improve the quality of varieties of traditional Chinese medicines.

The Protection System of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Variety Should Adopt to the Developing Rule of TCM / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

TCM variety derived from classical or proved prescriptions and was improved through the innovation and development of clinical practices,controlling of medicinal raw material and producing process.The current protection system of TCM variety does not match the developing rule of TCM,in that there is no particular article to regulate traditional classical or proved prescriptions,self-made TCM preparations in hospitals,the genuineness of medicinal raw material and manufacturing techniques,and also lacks the relevant investment return mechanism.It was recommended of creating TCM protection category,protecting self-made TCM preparations in hospitals,regulating genuineness of medicinal raw material and establishing know-how protecting mechanisms,while protecting test data were suggested to be introduced for perfecting the protection system of TCM variety.

On the deficiencies and improvements of the geographical indications protection system of genuine medical materials in China / 国际中医中药杂志

There are three systems to protect the geographical indications of genuine medical materials in present China, which easily leads to the right-conflicts among several geographical indications rights. The situation is not reasonable, but is legitimate in the current legal system. So we should start from the present legislation and learn from foreign experience to resolve it step by step. To be specific, in the short term, we should strengthen propaganda and alter the existing logos to reduce the possibility of consumer confusion. Meanwhile, we should annul or revoke the registration of the improperly registered geographical indications. In the medium term, we should make some amendments to the legislation, that is, to give priorities to geographical indication products. At last, we should change the three systems into a single protection mode on the basis of the geographical indication products system.

Jóvenes que estuvieron en el sistema de protección social a la infancia. Reflexiones a partir de una investigación realizada en Girona, España / Young people who were in the child protection system: reflections from a study done in Girona, Spain

Los estudios sobre la atención residencial en España son aún escasos a pesar de la importancia de este recurso. Se presenta una investigación realizada con metodología cualitativa, que analiza la situación vivida por jóvenes que pasaron por centros residenciales de la provincia de Girona (1994-2002), a partir de sus opiniones y percepciones expresadas en una entrevista semiestructurada. Los resultados obtenidos, agrupados en subcategorías, muestran su desconocimiento del motivo del ingreso en el centro y cambios posteriores, a la vez que reconocen que fue mejor entrar en el centro que permanecer en casa, y apuntan insuficientes apoyos para la transición a la vida adulta. Supone implicaciones a nivel de políticas de infancia y juventud y para la práctica profesional e investigadora.

Research on residential care is still scarce despite its high implementation in Spain. This article presents the results of a research using qualitative methods. The study analyses the situation experienced by young people who lived in foster care in the province of Girona (1994 - 2002) based on their opinions and perceptions expressed in a semi-structured interview. The results, clustered into subcategories, show lack of knowledge about the reasons why they needed foster care, if it was better being there than staying with their parents, and the lack of support for transition to adulthood. The study shows implications for children and youth policies, professional practice and research.

Discussion on the Chinese intellectual property rights and the protection of varieties of traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国生化药物杂志

The problem of intellectual property of traditional Chinese medicine were discussed, the TCM protection system and patent protection system are studied. The author puts forward some deficiencies of the existing protection system, and puts forward some improvement methods possible.

Diseño de un control de temperatura inteligente para incubadoras de recién nacidos / Design of an intelligent temperature control for incubators newborns

En este artículo se presenta el diseño de un control de temperatura con técnicas de protección inteligente, con la finalidad de implementarlo en incubadoras para recién nacidos. El funcionamiento del control de temperatura se centra en la utilización de un microcontrolador, programado para responder por modulación de ancho de pulso sobre el calefactor, y así lograr una alta precisión en la regulación de la temperatura. Lo novedoso del proyecto radica en la técnica de protección utilizada. Esta técnica está basada en la supervisión constante de las irregularidades térmicas, en múltiples puntos del ambiente de la incubadora. Esto permite establecer un criterio para el apagado del calefactor y la activación de la alarma en función de la lectura individual de 4 sensores tipo termistor NTC, ubicados estratégicamente dentro de la incubadora. Este diseño se ve motivado a la necesidad de adaptar controles modernos a incubadoras antiguas que pueden ser totalmente recuperadas, además abre la posibilidad de diseñar un equipo de incubadora completo. Cabe destacar que este proyecto contribuye con el desarrollo de tecnología propia en el área de la instrumentación y control aplicado a ingeniería biomédica.

This paper presents an intelligent temperature control design with smart protection techniques, implemented in newborn incubators. The operation of the temperature control was focused on the use of a programmed microcontroller, which respond with pulse width modulation at the heater, and thus achieve, high precision temperature regulation. The novelty of this design, lies, on the protection technique used. That is based, on a constant monitoring of the incubator thermal variations; at several parts of the environment. That allows establishing, an approach for the shutdown of the heater and the alarm on, depending on the individual reading of 4 sensors NTC thermistor, strategically located within the incubator. This design is motivated by the necessity of adapt modern controls to old incubators that can be fully recovered; also opens the possibility to design a complete new incubator. It is important to note that this project contributes with our own development technology; especially on biomedical engineering, instrumentation and control.

Protection System Against and Its Effect Occupational Exposure to Hepatitis B Virus / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To understand the condition of occupational exposure in hospital,and analyze the tendency during last four years.METHODS Occupational exposure in medical personnel were investivated through questionnaireand reviwed the survey report of quantitative detection of the five serological markers of hepatitis B,in the workers exposed in HBV.RESULTS The rate of occupational exposure had declined year by year during 2005-2008,but the result was opposite for HBV.CONCLUSIONS It′s very effective to decrease occupational exposure by strenghening standardization and putting professional protective knowledge in routine work.After setting up and developing protective system against occupational exposure,it′s more prompt in updating information,protective treatment and follow-up test in serum.It shows that this system is helpful to normalize medical personnel action of occupational exposure.In fact,vaccination is an effective way to avoid medical personnel of infecting HBV.

Numerical Simulation for Air Pattern and Temperature Distribution Inside Mobile Operating Compartment with Overpressure Protection Performance / 医疗卫生装备

Objective Mobile operating compartment with overpressure protection can provide a safety environment for the patients and the surgical team by minimizing the risk of biochemical contamination through appropriate air filtration, steady overpressure foundation and air distribution scheme. Methods The air movement and the temperature distribution inside the mobile operating compartment with the overpressure protection performance were simulated by the technique of computational fluid dynamics(CFD), the air pattern and the temperature distribution were analyzed. Results The air velocity was under 0.5m/s in the most zone of person activity and the air velocity were distributed uniformly in the mobile operating compartment under the condition of the overpressure protection system. The obvious temperature gradient didn't exist in the vertical plane of the mobile operating compartment. The temperature distribution in the mobile operating compartment was quite uniform and the temperature was almost at 27℃ with the temperature difference of almost 2℃. Conclusion The human thermal comfort is good in the mobile operating compartment and the environment in the mobile operating compartment can satisfy requirements of the operation.