Findings of the assessment on social and the environmental accessibility for people with vision and hearing impairment / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

Background@#According to the WHO, WB estimation, there are over 1 billion people living with some form of disability in the world.² Out of which, 284 million people have vision impairment, 360 million people have hearing and speech impairment, ten percent of them living in developing countries.³ According to the National Statistical Office’s 2018 data there are 105,730 people with disabilities in the country which is 3.2% of the total population.⁴ In Mongolia, 28% of the disabled population in the working age are employed while 43% of the population aged 6-18 are illiterate. People with vision, hearing and intellectual disabilities have the same right to access health, education, employment, social welfare and protection services as others, but due to the lack of access to facilities and public transport, they cannot fully access social services. Also, the legal framework that provides equal opportunities for social contacts is not enough. There is virtually no comprehensive study on access of social service and environmental accessibility for the disabled people in the country. Therefore, there is a need to study in detail of social services and environmental accessibility of the people with visual and hearing impairment and adapt their demands into policy and develop policy recommendations and to further improve legal regulations.@*Purpose@#Main objective of the study is to assess social service delivery and environmental accessability of the people with visual and hearing impairment@*Methods@#The direct-observation, household based survey and document review, methods have been used for this study. Direct observation method has been applied for 100 public constructions. Total of 100 disabled people, out of 50 people with visual impairment and 50 people with hearing impairment has been covered for the public transportation accessibility assessment questionnaire survey. Information and communication accessibility studies carried out among 100 organizational websites and 31 broadcasting internet television including Univision and Sky media. </br> Household survey covered 148 people with visual and hearing impairments to assess social service accessibility.@*Results@#The public construction’s environmental accessibility for the people with vision impairment was assessed at 48.8 percent: 36.8% for the people with poor vision impairment and very bad for blind people at only 16.5%. The public transportation accessibility assessed as not accessible (3.43 odds) for people with vision impairment and as moderate accepable for blind people (2.87 odds). Information and communication accessibility through website assessed at 25% for people with vision impairment which shows not sufficiently accessible for blind people (32%). Total accessibility of information regarding to the organizational website assessed at 34.8% which shows moderately accessible. Services of the Univision, Sky media internet TV (IPTV) wasn’t accessible for people with vision impairment. Regarding to the people with hearing impairment, public construction environmental accessibility assessed at 31.7%, 48.5% for people with moderate hearing impairment which is average accessibility and 21% people with severe hearing problem. The public transport accessibility assessed in high discrepancy (3.51 odds ratio) which means there is an in-sufficient access. Information and communication accessibility for people with hearing impairment assessed at 5% which shows very bad accessibility. </br> Health service coverage is 64% for the people with vision impairment while 36% for the people of hearing impairment. Education service coverage for vision impairment people is 36% and 18% to people with hearing impairment. Regarding to the accessibility to social service, the coverage is 33% for people with vision impairment and 31% for the people with hearing impairment. Employment rate among people with vision disability resulted in 19% and 24 % for the people with hearing imapirment.@*Conclusion@#The public constructions accessibility for people with vision and hearing impairment (37.7%), public transport accessibility (2.90 odds ratio), information accessibility (34.8%) assessed at “moderately accessible”. Assessment result of below 50% considered as “insufficient” for education service -27%, employment service-21.5%, social welfare services -32%. There is a need for special laws and regulations concerning to social services and environment accessibility.

Determinantes para o cumprimento de prazo e preço em obras da educação: uma análise nos municípios capixabas / Determinantes del plazo y precio en obras de educación: un análisis en los municipios de Espírito Santo / Determinants for compliance with budget and deadline in constructions for education purposes: an analisys of cities in Espírito Santo

Resumo Objetiva-se com este estudo analisar os determinantes que contribuem para explicar o cumprimento dos prazos e preços em obras do setor de educação nos municípios capixabas. Tem como norteadora a revisão de literatura dos tópicos relativos à eficiência na alocação dos recursos públicos e estudos anteriores. Os determinantes foram classificados em cinco dimensões. Os resultados indicaram que, quanto ao cumprimento de prazo, são determinantes: as modalidades de licitação concorrência pública e convite, o tipo de serviço executado de reforma, o número de habitantes, o governante reeleito e o partido do prefeito igual ao do presidente. Quanto ao cumprimento de preço: a modalidade convite, o número de habitantes e o partido do prefeito igual ao do presidente. Este estudo contribui para a identificação de características que podem auxiliar no aumento da eficiência na alocação dos recursos públicos.

Resumen Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los factores determinantes que influyen en el cumplimiento de plazos y precios en las obras en el sector educacional, dentro de los municipios de Espírito Santo. Toma como guía la revisión de literatura de los temas relacionados con la asignación eficiente de los recursos públicos y estúdios anteriores. Los factores determinantes se clasificaron en cinco dimensiones. Los resultados indicaron que, para cumplimiento de plazos, son determinantes: procedimientos de licitación de concurso público por invitación, el tipo de servicio realizado como reforma, el número de habitantes, el gobernador reelecto y el partido político del alcalde al ser el mismo del presidente. Los factores que influyen en cuanto al cumplimiento de precios son: los procedimientos de licitación por invitación, el número de habitantes y la adherencia al mismo partido político del alcalde y del presidente. Este estudio contribuye a la identificación de características que pueden ayudar a aumentar la asignación eficiente de los recursos públicos.

Abstract This article aims to identify characteristics that contribute to reducing the probability of delays and overpayment related to the construction of schools and other types of Education facilities in municipalities of Espírito Santo. The article carries out a literature review of the topics related to the efficient allocation of public resource and previous studies. The characteristics were then classified in five dimensions. Results indicate that the following variables contribute to avoid or reduce delays: type of bidding process, type of service, number of inhabitants, mayors in their second term and their party. Regarding overpayments, the significant characteristics were type of bidding process, number of inhabitants and the mayor's party. This study contributes to the discussion on how public spending could be more efficient.