Nutritive Compounds of Traditional Rainfed Rice (Oryza glaberrima) from Goh-Djiboua and Mountains Districts in C魌e d扞voire

Aims: The biochemical composition of rainfed rice (Oryza glaberrima) consumed in C魌e d'Ivoire has not yet been revealed, whereas rice is of the main staple foods for many people. This work investigates the main biochemical traits of numerous traditional rainfed rice varieties from Ivorian environment, namely in G鬶-Djiboua and Mountains Districts, for better valorization.Study Design: Study performed on traditional rainfed rice varieties collected from 450 farmers in both regional Districts mentioned above. Shelled rice perceived per variety, conditioned, and total final 5.4 kg of resulted rice considered, 200g per variety, for due laboratory investigation.Place and Duration of Study: Sampling between January and June 2017, full analysis by 2018 in Laboratory of Food Sciences, Felix Houphou雝- Boigny University.Methodology: All rice samples conveyed to laboratory, then 100g taken per variety, oven-dried at 50 癈/72 h, ground in metallic grinder, sealed into polyethylene bags, and kept into desiccator till analyses. Investigations consisted in triplicate evaluation of moisture, carbohydrates (total glucides, starch, soluble carbohydrates, reducing carbohydrates), fats, proteins, caloric energy, fibres, and ash by rice sample.Results: Great variability (P<.001) recorded between rive samples for biochemical traits assessed. Thus, the variety Jbr鰇o represents the most important source of glucides (84.19�37g/ 100 g) and caloric energy (322.17�37kcal/ 100 g) compared to the other varieties. Oppositely, the variety Yoroukouiagn陑� recorded the highest proteins content (7.27�03 g/100g), whereas Ab� provides more food fibres (6.67�14g/ 100g). Otherwise, the variety Danan� belating is richer in free soluble sugars (4.63�08 g/100 g), while Azi red displayed more moisture content (10.96�1%) and Gb阫l阛zi is richer in lipids with content of 1.26�21g/ 100g. The top ash and starch contents were respectively recovered from varieties Zonhonkloumin black (1.38�02 g/100 g) and Ab� (71.99�03g/ 100g).Conclusion: The studied rainfed rice record good nutritive traits above the widespread improved rice varieties. They remain significant caloric food resources thanks to considerable contents in glucides (varieties Ab�, Akita, Jbr鰇o, No-No-No, and Danan� I), proteins, lipids, and significant amount of food fibre (varieties Boumabou, Glawlon, Dikou�, Lo阦nini, and Danan� fowl) and minerals. This nutritive composition could permit their quite usages for consumers and researchers, even though other investigations on the functional nutritional compounds should be performed.

Enhancing Rainfed Castor Growth, Seed, and Oil Yield Via Nano Urea Application

Aims: Conventional urea fertilizer has been critical in enhancing castor yields. However, nano urea, a game-changing technology in modern agriculture, provides a significant advancement in terms of sustainable and efficient crop production.Study Design: The experiment was conducted in a Randomized block design (RBD) with eight treatments and three replications.Place and Duration of Study: Tapioca and Castor Research Station in Yethapur during the Kharif season of 2022.Methodology: The major objective is to increase hybrid castor growth and production under rainfed circumstances by foliar application of nano urea. The castor hybrid YRCH 1 with an RDF of 60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1 was chosen for the study. The experimental details viz; T1 - 100% N through Urea –RDF, T2 - 50 % of recommended basal N + Nano urea foliar spray @ 2 ml/l at 30 and 60 DAS, T3 - 50 % of recommended basal N + 2 % Urea foliar spray at 30 and 60 DAS, T4 - 75 % of recommended basal N + Nano urea foliar spray @ 2 ml/l at 30 and 60 DAS, T5 - 75 % of recommended basal N+ 2 % Urea foliar spray at 30 and 60 DAS, T6 - 100 % of recommended basal N + Nano urea foliar spray @ 2 ml/l at 30 and 60 DAS, T7 - 100 % of recommended basal N + 2 % Urea foliar spray at 30 and 60 DAS.Results: According to the findings of the study, applying 100% of the recommended basal N + Nano urea foliar spray @ 2 ml/l at 30 and 60 DAS is advantageous to the crop and improves the growth and yield characteristics of hybrid castor under rainfed conditions. However, when compared to other treatments, foliar application of nano urea with 50% indicated basal N resulted in significantly lower growth and yield.Conclusion: The major objective is to increase hybrid castor growth and production under rainfed circumstances by foliar application of nano urea

CROPGRO-Cotton Model Application for Predicting Cotton Sowing Time in Nagarkurnool District of Telangana State, India

Aims: A study was carried out to find out the optimum sowing time with the validated CROPGRO-Cotton model using DSSAT v 4.7 seasonal analysis tool under rainfed situation at mandal level in Nagarkurnool district of Telangana state, India.Study Design: CROPGRO-Cotton model using DSSAT v 4.7 seasonal analysis tool.Place and Duration of Study: Nagarkurnool district, 2023.Methodology: Cotton production was affected with changing climate in several ways and its impact on rainfed agriculture was higher and influences the Indian economy. The prevailing weather conditions during different phenophases of the crop influences the seed cotton yield. There is a need to optimize the sowing time so that the timing of critical growth stages to minimize stresses and enhance resource utilization. The adjusting of sowing environment proved to be an adaptation management technique for realising higher seed cotton yield.A well calibrated and validated model was used for long term simulations using DSSAT seasonal analysis tool programme with Mallika Bt as test variety for 100 different scenarios (20 mandals × 5 sowing dates) using 32 years historical daily weather data from 1991 to 2022 starting sowing time from 1st June to 1st August at 15 days interval in twenty mandals of the district.Results: The simulation results showed, significantly higher seed cotton yield (1505 kg ha-1) was predicted with crop sown on 1st June followed by 1st July sown crop (1337 kg/ha) which was comparable with 16th June (1324 kg/ha) and significantly differed with delayed sowings of 16th July sown crop (1203 kg/ha) and 1st August sown crop (1192 kg/ha). Among the different mandals of the district, the model simulated higher seed cotton yield (2136-2530 kg/ha) in Amrabad mandal and lower yields in Thimmajipet mandal (596-997 kg/ha) under different sowing environments. Conclusion: Based on simulation scenarios, higher seed cotton yield can be obtained when crop sown between 1st June to 1st July in different mandals of the Nagarkurnool district of Telangana State. The mandals which have less yield potential and realising poor yields by the farmers can be advocated with location specific alternate best management practices to get the higher cotton yield.

Performance of Quinoa under Rainfed Alfisols of South Peninsular India

Quinoa, an ancient crop to contribute to world food security and it is a crop with high potential to contribute to food security in various Regions worldwide, especially in those countries where the population does not have access to protein sources or where production conditions are limited by low humidity, reduced availability of inputs, and aridity. An attempt was done at ARS, Ananthapuramu to study the feasibility to raise the quinoa under rainfed conditions during kharif, 2015 and 2016 under RBD with 6 treatments in four replications. The crop was grown on 24th standard week and harvested at 40th standard week. Among the different varieties highest yield was recorded with under transplanting with 2150 kg/ha, with water use efficiency of 7.32 kg hamm-1 with IC-411824. Further highest germination percentage was recorded with the vermicompost when compared with soil when germination was kept under trays.IC-411824 recorded highest germination percentage (98 %) with vermicompost. The seed vigour and viability characters viz., germination index, seedling length and seed vigour index was highest with IC-411824. Under transplanting all the varieties matures earlier than direct sowing. The vegetative characters viz., plant height increases from vegetative to flowering in all varieties and recorded highest with IC-411824.

Genetic Variability Analysis for Growth and Yield Parameters in Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) under Rainfed Conditions

The experiment was carried out to study the genetic variability among 56 genotypes of cluster bean at Central Horticultural Experiment Station (ICAR-CIAH), Godhra, Gujarat during the year 2020, 2021 and 2022. Significant inter- genetic differences were recorded for all the plant characters. The highest estimates of genotypic co- efficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic co- efficient of variation (PCV) were observed in case of pod yield per plant (86.50 and 86.30), pods per plant (65.27and 64.98) followed by pod weight (51.34 and 50.90), pods per plant (65.27and 64.98) and pod length (31.14 and 31.00) indicating that a greater amount of genetic variability which allow greater scope for selection in these traits. High heritability was recorded all the character under study viz., for plant height (98.60%), number of pods plant (99.10%), pod length (99.60%), pod girth (95.10%), pod weight (98.40%), days to first flowering (99.30), days to first harvest (95.60) and pod yield per plant (99.60%). High genetic advance as per cent mean was observed for plant height at (31.98%), number of pods per plant (133.30%), pod length (63.88%), pod girth (27.81%), pod weight (104.08%) and pod yield per plant (177.45%) whereas, the moderate genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for days to first flower (14.83%) and days to first harvest (11.38%). Both high heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance were high for pod yield/ plant (99.60% and 177.45%), number of pods/ plant (99.10% and 133.30%) followed by pod weight (98.40% and 104.08%). Such high heritability, followed by such rapid genetic advancement, suggests that selection may be beneficial for such qualities. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean traits were under the strong influence by additive gene action and hence simple selection based on phenotypic performance of these traits would be more effective and genetic improvement for these characteristics might be considered.

An Economic Analysis of Processing of Rainfed Cotton in Virudhunagar District of Tamil Nadu, India

The cotton processing industry holds a significant position in the Indian economy as the second-largest labor-intensive activity after agriculture, providing direct and indirect employment to the Indian population. Given the commercial importance of cotton at the national and State levels, there is a recognized need to thoroughly examine the cotton value chain, which includes producers and various stakeholders. Hence this study was proposed and conducted in 2022 covering 90 rainfed cotton growers, seven ginners, six spinners and twenty-seven weavers in Virudhunagar district. The findings of the study revealed that the cotton producers receive a share of (Rs.7006.1 per quintal) 48.37 per cent of the consumer rupee per quintal. The cost and returns analysis showed that, the stakeholders at different level i.e ginners, spinners and weavers incurred Rs.7591.11, Rs.18089.64 and Rs.31251.22 to process per quintal of product i.e kapas, lint, yarn and fabrics production and received as returns of Rs.10587, Rs. 27354.16 and Rs.48934.00 by them. The weavers had the highest financial profitability (1.52) in cotton value chain, followed by spinners (1.47), ginners (1.35) and farmers (1.11).

An Economic Analysis of Production of Rainfed and Irrigated Maize in Ariyalur District of Tamil Nadu in India

Maize is the most important cereal and it is mostly used as grain, feed, fodder, and industrial products. In the present study, an attempt was made to calculate the cost of cultivation and to evaluate the of maize conducted in Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu. Totally 98 respondents were purposively selected and interviewed from the district to examine the cost and returns of maize among the farmers in the study area. The data was gathered in the form of pre-structured interview schedule. Random sampling technique was adopted for selection of respondents. The study shows cost and returns of rainfed maize and irrigated maize cultivation per hectare and benefit cost ratio in different farm size groups. The total cost of cultivation of rainfed maize was identified as Rs.58338.54 for marginal farmers with benefit cost ratio 1.03, Rs.56301.69 for small farmers with benefit cost ratio 1.08 and Rs.54090.75 for semi-medium farmers with benefit cost ratio 1.15. The total cost of cultivation of irrigated maize was identified as Rs.94442.74 with benefit cost ratio 1.35 for marginal farmers, Rs.92473.29 with benefit cost ratio 1.38 for small farmers and Rs.91857.83 with benefit cost ratio 1.43 for semi-medium farmers. Those cost of cultivation includes all the expenses like, plant protection chemicals, land preparation, harvesting and other intercultural operations. This study clearly shows cost of cultivation decrease with increase in farm size.

Hydrological Investigations in Red Soils of a Micro Catchment Area for Dugout Farm Pond at UAS Raichur Campus

Aims: To measure and characterize storm wise runoff for the catchment area of the farm pond and to correlate rainfall intensity and runoff relationship for the catchment area will help to design the appropriate size of the farm pond and waste weirs of the bunding system. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in a micro catchment (field sized area) of a dugout farm pond, having an area of 6 ha located in the new area of UAS campus Raichur, which comes under Zone II in Region-I of Karnataka state. Geographically it is located at 16° 12? N latitude and 77° 20? E longitude and at an elevation of 389 m above the mean sea level (MSL). The study was conducted for a period of one year during 2019. Methodology: The existing farm pond constructed was used for conducting hydrological studies. The detailed soil and rainfall characterization of the study area has been made through appropriate methods. The rainfall intensity for each storm has been measured using self-recording rain gauge. The runoff has been measured at the out let of the field sized micro catchment area of farm pond using hydraulic structures coupled with automatic runoff recorder. The event wise rainfall, rainfall intensity and runoff have been measured and analysed to see the relationship between rainfall intensity and runoff with prevailing soil and topographical characteristics of the study area. Results: The percent runoff varied from 6.79 to 50.42 and highest was 50.42 per cent occurred on 25-10-2019 followed by 44.03, 39.36 and 37.46 per cent. The data shows that the individual storm wise percent runoff was quite high as compared to annual percent runoff of 15.99 per cent. The storm wise high runoff percent was due to the fact that high intensity of rainfall followed by high AMC in the soil. Further the minimum runoff yield of 142.66 m3 was observed on 18-07-2019 against the rainfall of 35.00 mm and maximum of 2985.48 m3 was yielded on 25-09-2109 against rainfall of 113.00 mm and followed by 1086.64 m3, 944.24 m3, 665.61 m3 and 431.25 m3 against rainfall of 46.00 mm, 42.00 mm, 22.00 mm and 48.00 mm respectively. The total annual runoff yield was found to be 6255.90 m3 against the rainfall of 651.50 mm. Therefore, there is a scope for harvesting excess quantity of runoff which is going as a waste. The existing pond capacity of 547.77 m3 is insufficient to store prevailing runoff generated in the catchment area and hence, pond capacity may be enhanced. The maximum intensity of rainfall and runoff during six events were showed statistically insignificant relationship with R2 value of 0.370. There is no correlation between intensity of rainfall and runoff.

Agro-Techniques for Enhancing Wheat Productivity under Dry-land Conditions; An Overview

Wheat, being a most important stable food crop of the world and second most important food crop after rice in India, played vital role in food security of the country. Wheat is grown in India in 6 wheat growing zones, both under irrigated and dry land conditions with a lot of variation in yield. Agronomic practices such as planting pattern, seeding rate, nitrogen (N) application strategy as well as cultivars influences the pattern of use of soil water [1]. Despite sizeable area under dry land condition, production is very low mainly due to lack of proper adaptation of agro-technology. Although, there is sufficient scope to increase the dry land wheat productivity by treating seed with 1% Potassium salts, sowing drought tolerant varieties on or before 20th November in moist zone that gives more yield as compared to delayed sowing. Fertilizer application in the moist zone @ 50, 45 and 30 Kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1, and one foliar application @ 2 % urea performed best under dry-land condition. Intercropping of dry land wheat with legume and oilseed (4:1) give more wheat equivalent yield over sole wheat. Weed management during (30-45 DAS) critical period of crop-weed competition increase wheat productivity.

Response of Different Levels of Salicylic Acid on Growth Characteristics, Chlorophyll Content, Yield Attributes and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) under Rainfed Condition

To study the response of different levels of salicylic acid on growth characteristics, chlorophyll intensity, yields attributes and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) under rainfed conditions. The field experiment was conducted at Department of Crop Physiology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India during kharif season in the year 2017-18. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 Treatments replicated thrice and assigned in 30 plots. The treatment comprised as T1: Control, T2: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 50 ppm at 20 DAS, T3: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 50 ppm at 40 DAS, T4: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 50 ppm at 60 DAS, T5: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 100 ppm at 20 DAS, T6: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 100 ppm at 40 DAS, T7: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 100 ppm at 60 DAS, T8: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 150 ppm at 20 DAS, T9: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 150 ppm at 40 DAS, T10: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 150 ppm at 60 DAS. The results showed significant increments in Growth attributes, relative water content (%), chlorophyll intensity (SPAD meter value), yield and yield attributes viz., plant height (36.50 and 38.10 cm) at 70 DAS and maturity, number of leaves plant-1(8.66, 23.66 and 22.0) at 35, 70 DAS and maturity, number of branches plant-1 (3.9, 8.60 and 10.33) at 35, 70 DAS and maturity, dry weight of plant-1(2.76, 6.12 and 5.01 g) at 35, 70 DAS and maturity, dry weight of stem plant-1(2.76, 7.12 and 7.96 g) at 35, 70 DAS and maturity, total dry weight of plant (4.96, 13.24 and 21.97 g) at 35, 70 DAS and maturity, total leaf area plant-1 (211.33 and 384.87 cm-2) at pre and post flowering, Relative water content (51.50 and 43.43) at Pre and post flowering, Chlorophyll content (49.93 and 40.90) at pre and post flowering, Number of pods plant-1 (46.00) at maturity, Dry weight of pods plant-1 (8.99g) at maturity, seed yield plant-1 (6.66 g), 100-Seed weight (4.41 g), Harvesting index (30.30%), Grain Yield (10.35 q ha-1) with the foliar application of salicylic acid @ 150 ppm at 60 DAS while minimum in control. The addition of salicylic acid under rainfed conditions resulted in significant increments in growth parameters, chlorophyll intensity, yield and yield attributes of black gram in rainfed conditions. Thus, it may be concluded that the foliar application of salicylic acid @ 150 ppm was found to be optimum concentration in enhancing growth and yield of a black gram over rest of treatment under rainfed conditions.

Statistical modeling for analyzing grain yield of durum wheat under rainfed conditions in Azad Jammu Kashmir, Pakistan / Modelagem estatística para analisar o rendimento de grãos de trigo durum sob condições de chuva em Azad Jammu Kashmir, Paquistão

One of the most important traits that plant breeders aim to improve is grain yield which is a highly quantitative trait controlled by various agro-morphological traits. Twelve morphological traits such as Germination Percentage, Days to Spike Emergence, Plant Height, Spike Length, Awn Length, Tillers/Plant, Leaf Angle, Seeds/Spike, Plant Thickness, 1000-Grain Weight, Harvest Index and Days to Maturity have been considered as independent factors. Correlation ,regression, and principal component analysis (PCA) are used to identify the different durum wheat traits, which significantly contribute to the yield. The necessary assumptions required for applying regression modeling have been tested and all the assumptions are satisfied by the observed data. The outliers are detected in the observations of fixed traits and Grain Yield. Some observations are detected as outliers but the outlying observations did not show any influence on the regression fit. For selecting a parsimonious regression model for durum wheat, best subset regression, and stepwise regression techniques have been applied. The best subset regression analysis revealed that Germination Percentage, Tillers/Plant, and Seeds/Spike have a marked increasing effect whereas Plant thickness has a negative effect on durum wheat yield. While stepwise regression analysis identified that the traits, Germination Percentage, Tillers/Plant, and Seeds/Spike significantly contribute to increasing the durum wheat yield. The simple correlation coefficient specified the significant positive correlation of Grain Yield with Germination Percentage, Number of Tillers/Plant, Seeds/Spike, and Harvest Index. These results of correlation analysis directed the importance of morphological characters and their significant positive impact on Grain Yield. [...].

Uma das características mais importantes que os produtores de plantas visam melhorar é o rendimento de grãos, que é uma particularidade altamente quantitativa e controlada por várias características agromorfológicas. Foram considerados 12 traços morfológicos como fatores independentes, como Porcentagem de Germinação, Dias para Emergência da Espiga, Altura da Planta, Comprimento da Espiga, Comprimento da Aresta, Perfilhos /Planta, Ângulo da Folha, Sementes /Espiga, Espessura da Planta, Peso de 1000 Grãos, Índice de Colheita e Dias até a Maturidade. A correlação, regressão e análise de componentes principais (em inglês Principal Component Analysis (PCA)) são usadas para identificar as diferentes características do trigo duro, que contribuem significativamente para o rendimento. As suposições necessárias exigidas para a aplicação da modelagem de regressão foram testadas e todas as suposições são adequadas de acordo com os dados observados. Os outliers são detectados nas observações de características fixas e rendimento de grãos. Algumas observações são detectadas como outliers, mas as observações outliers não mostraram qualquer influência no ajuste da regressão. Para selecionar um modelo de regressão parcimonioso para o trigo duro, foram aplicadas tanto a melhor regressão de subconjunto quanto as técnicas de regressão stepwise. A melhor análise de regressão de subconjunto revelou que a porcentagem de germinação, perfilhos /planta e sementes /espiga tem um efeito de aumento acentuado, enquanto a espessura da planta tem um efeito negativo sobre o rendimento do trigo duro. Enquanto a análise de regressão passo a passo identificou que as características, porcentagem de germinação, perfilhos/planta e sementes /espiga contribuem significativamente para aumentar a produtividade do trigo duro. O coeficiente de correlação simples especificou a correlação positiva significativa do [...].

Statistical modeling for analyzing grain yield of durum wheat under rainfed conditions in Azad Jammu Kashmir, Pakistan

Abstract One of the most important traits that plant breeders aim to improve is grain yield which is a highly quantitative trait controlled by various agro-morphological traits. Twelve morphological traits such as Germination Percentage, Days to Spike Emergence, Plant Height, Spike Length, Awn Length, Tillers/Plant, Leaf Angle, Seeds/Spike, Plant Thickness, 1000-Grain Weight, Harvest Index and Days to Maturity have been considered as independent factors. Correlation, regression, and principal component analysis (PCA) are used to identify the different durum wheat traits, which significantly contribute to the yield. The necessary assumptions required for applying regression modeling have been tested and all the assumptions are satisfied by the observed data. The outliers are detected in the observations of fixed traits and Grain Yield. Some observations are detected as outliers but the outlying observations did not show any influence on the regression fit. For selecting a parsimonious regression model for durum wheat, best subset regression, and stepwise regression techniques have been applied. The best subset regression analysis revealed that Germination Percentage, Tillers/Plant, and Seeds/Spike have a marked increasing effect whereas Plant thickness has a negative effect on durum wheat yield. While stepwise regression analysis identified that the traits, Germination Percentage, Tillers/Plant, and Seeds/Spike significantly contribute to increasing the durum wheat yield. The simple correlation coefficient specified the significant positive correlation of Grain Yield with Germination Percentage, Number of Tillers/Plant, Seeds/Spike, and Harvest Index. These results of correlation analysis directed the importance of morphological characters and their significant positive impact on Grain Yield. The results of PCA showed that most variation (70%) among data set can be explained by the first five components. It also identified that Seeds/Spike; 1000-Grain Weight and Harvest Index have a higher influence in contributing to the durum wheat yield. Based on the results it is recommended that these important parameters might be considered and focused in future durum wheat breeding programs to develop high yield varieties.

Resumo Uma das características mais importantes que os produtores de plantas visam melhorar é o rendimento de grãos, que é uma particularidade altamente quantitativa e controlada por várias características agromorfológicas. Foram considerados 12 traços morfológicos como fatores independentes, como Porcentagem de Germinação, Dias para Emergência da Espiga, Altura da Planta, Comprimento da Espiga, Comprimento da Aresta, Perfilhos /Planta, Ângulo da Folha, Sementes /Espiga, Espessura da Planta, Peso de 1000 Grãos, Índice de Colheita e Dias até a Maturidade,. A correlação, regressão e análise de componentes principais (em inglês Principal Component Analysis (PCA)) são usadas para identificar as diferentes características do trigo duro, que contribuem significativamente para o rendimento. As suposições necessárias exigidas para a aplicação da modelagem de regressão foram testadas e todas as suposições são adequadas de acordo com os dados observados. Os outliers são detectados nas observações de características fixas e rendimento de grãos. Algumas observações são detectadas como outliers, mas as observações outliers não mostraram qualquer influência no ajuste da regressão. Para selecionar um modelo de regressão parcimonioso para o trigo duro, foram aplicadas tanto a melhor regressão de subconjunto quanto as técnicas de regressão stepwise. A melhor análise de regressão de subconjunto revelou que a porcentagem de germinação, perfilhos /planta e sementes /espiga tem um efeito de aumento acentuado, enquanto a espessura da planta tem um efeito negativo sobre o rendimento do trigo duro. Enquanto a análise de regressão passo a passo identificou que as características, porcentagem de germinação, perfilhos/planta e sementes /espiga contribuem significativamente para aumentar a produtividade do trigo duro. O coeficiente de correlação simples especificou a correlação positiva significativa do rendimento de grãos com a porcentagem de germinação, número de perfilhos/planta, sementes / espiga e índice de colheita. Esses resultados da análise de correlação direcionaram a importância dos caracteres morfológicos e seu impacto positivo e significativo no rendimento de grãos. Os resultados da PCA mostraram que a maior parte da variação (70%) entre o conjunto de dados pôde ser explicada pelos cinco primeiros componentes. Também identificou que Sementes / Espiga, Peso de 1000 Grãos e Índice de Colheita têm uma maior influência na contribuição para o rendimento do trigo duro. Com base nos resultados, recomenda-se que esses importantes parâmetros possam ser considerados e focados em futuros programas de melhoramento de trigo duro para desenvolver variedades de alto rendimento.

Statistical modeling for analyzing grain yield of durum wheat under rainfed conditions in Azad Jammu Kashmir, Pakistan / Modelagem estatística para analisar o rendimento de grãos de trigo durum sob condições de chuva em Azad Jammu Kashmir, Paquistão

One of the most important traits that plant breeders aim to improve is grain yield which is a highly quantitative trait controlled by various agro-morphological traits. Twelve morphological traits such as Germination Percentage, Days to Spike Emergence, Plant Height, Spike Length, Awn Length, Tillers/Plant, Leaf Angle, Seeds/Spike, Plant Thickness, 1000-Grain Weight, Harvest Index and Days to Maturity have been considered as independent factors. Correlation, regression, and principal component analysis (PCA) are used to identify the different durum wheat traits, which significantly contribute to the yield. The necessary assumptions required for applying regression modeling have been tested and all the assumptions are satisfied by the observed data. The outliers are detected in the observations of fixed traits and Grain Yield. Some observations are detected as outliers but the outlying observations did not show any influence on the regression fit. For selecting a parsimonious regression model for durum wheat, best subset regression, and stepwise regression techniques have been applied. The best subset regression analysis revealed that Germination Percentage, Tillers/Plant, and Seeds/Spike have a marked increasing effect whereas Plant thickness has a negative effect on durum wheat yield. While stepwise regression analysis identified that the traits, Germination Percentage, Tillers/Plant, and Seeds/Spike significantly contribute to increasing the durum wheat yield. The simple correlation coefficient specified the significant positive correlation of Grain Yield with Germination Percentage, Number of Tillers/Plant, Seeds/Spike, and Harvest Index. These results of correlation analysis directed the importance of morphological characters and their significant positive impact on Grain Yield. The results of PCA showed that most variation (70%) among data set can be explained by the first five components. It also identified that Seeds/Spike; 1000-Grain Weight and Harvest Index have a higher influence in contributing to the durum wheat yield. Based on the results it is recommended that these important parameters might be considered and focused in future durum wheat breeding programs to develop high yield varieties.

Uma das características mais importantes que os produtores de plantas visam melhorar é o rendimento de grãos, que é uma particularidade altamente quantitativa e controlada por várias características agromorfológicas. Foram considerados 12 traços morfológicos como fatores independentes, como Porcentagem de Germinação, Dias para Emergência da Espiga, Altura da Planta, Comprimento da Espiga, Comprimento da Aresta, Perfilhos /Planta, Ângulo da Folha, Sementes /Espiga, Espessura da Planta, Peso de 1000 Grãos, Índice de Colheita e Dias até a Maturidade,. A correlação, regressão e análise de componentes principais (em inglês Principal Component Analysis (PCA)) são usadas para identificar as diferentes características do trigo duro, que contribuem significativamente para o rendimento. As suposições necessárias exigidas para a aplicação da modelagem de regressão foram testadas e todas as suposições são adequadas de acordo com os dados observados. Os outliers são detectados nas observações de características fixas e rendimento de grãos. Algumas observações são detectadas como outliers, mas as observações outliers não mostraram qualquer influência no ajuste da regressão. Para selecionar um modelo de regressão parcimonioso para o trigo duro, foram aplicadas tanto a melhor regressão de subconjunto quanto as técnicas de regressão stepwise. A melhor análise de regressão de subconjunto revelou que a porcentagem de germinação, perfilhos /planta e sementes /espiga tem um efeito de aumento acentuado, enquanto a espessura da planta tem um efeito negativo sobre o rendimento do trigo duro. Enquanto a análise de regressão passo a passo identificou que as características, porcentagem de germinação, perfilhos/planta e sementes /espiga contribuem significativamente para aumentar a produtividade do trigo duro. O coeficiente de correlação simples especificou a correlação positiva significativa do rendimento de grãos com a porcentagem de germinação, número de perfilhos/planta, sementes / espiga e índice de colheita. Esses resultados da análise de correlação direcionaram a importância dos caracteres morfológicos e seu impacto positivo e significativo no rendimento de grãos. Os resultados da PCA mostraram que a maior parte da variação (70%) entre o conjunto de dados pôde ser explicada pelos cinco primeiros componentes. Também identificou que Sementes / Espiga, Peso de 1000 Grãos e Índice de Colheita têm uma maior influência na contribuição para o rendimento do trigo duro. Com base nos resultados, recomenda-se que esses importantes parâmetros possam ser considerados e focados em futuros programas de melhoramento de trigo duro para desenvolver variedades de alto rendimento.

Farmers’ Perception of Climate Change and Livelihood Vulnerability in Rainfed Regions of India: A Gender-environment Perspective

This study has attempted to investigate the nature and magnitude of livelihood vulnerability in the Bundelkhand region, India. A multistage sampling technique has been used to select study sites and collect farm-level data of 200 households using a well-structured and pre-tested schedule. The findings revealed that female-headed households are relatively more exposed to changing climate than are the male headed households. Due to the lack of basic amenities and common-pool resources, the livelihood vulnerability score was highest for female-headed households. Therefore, to improve the livelihood security of vulnerable households’ measures like identifying vulnerable groups, providing innovative, practical and easy to use methods to visualize the extent and dimensions of livelihood vulnerability are imminent. The framework used to analyze and identify specific interventions would help in building livelihood resilience for the most vulnerable people within a community.

Diversity among Stylosanthes species: Habitat, edaphic and agro-climatic affinities leading to cultivar development.

Since the introduction of Stylosanthes, a range legume, in India in early seventies extensive efforts have been made for its evaluation and adaptation. However, limited germplasm and narrow genetic base were major impediments in its wider adaptations. Of late, introduction of several new improved germplasm including newly identified species, cultivars and bred materials from Australia, Colombia, Brazil and Ethiopia and their evaluation at selected centers under different agro-climatic conditions improved the existing scenario as many lines including S. scabra RRR as well as newly introduced species S. seabrana has shown great promise for diverse agro-climatic zones. Because of concerted efforts which was largely generated from the recently concluded Austrialian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) stylo project and background study during the period of early eighties Stylosanthes has been considered as the most important tropical legume which not only improve the soil fertility but also provide nutritive forage. Two species namely S. hamata and S. scabra largely contribute to the supply of forages for cattle, buffalo, goats and sheep. As a nitrogen fixing legume, the plant helps replenish soil nutrients when used in ley farming, mixed and inter-cropping systems. The scenario has largely changed due to the better performance of newly introduced S. seabrana species which possessed high seedling vigour, high nutritional parameters and better adaptation under rainfed situations in heavy clay and cracking soil types. It provides good foliage and being erect and low sticky in nature showed compatibility for mixed cropping. Results also demonstrated reasonable yield in first year by all four major species which ultimately geared up in second year of growth. This was stable in S. hamata and S. viscosa for another two years whereas other two species namely S. scabra and S. seabrana indicated enhanced yield in consecutive years.