¿Cuál es el efecto en salud en las personas expuestas a gases lacrimógenos?: síntesis rápida de evidencia / What is the health effect on people exposed to tear gases?: rapid evidence synthesis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO Desde el 18 de octubre de 2019, Chile se encuentra en una crisis social relacionada a demandas de la ciudadanía para mejorar la calidad de vida. Frente a esto es que Chile lleva más de 5 meses de manifestaciones y concentraciones masivas y en las cuales Carabineros de Chile ha utilizado gases lacrimógenos como medida de control de masas. En este contexto el Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos (INDH) ha solicitado al Ministerio de Salud, el desarrollo de una síntesis de evidencia con el objetivo de informar sobre los riesgos para la salud como consecuencia del uso de gases lacrimógenos, así informando a la toma de decisiones. METODOLOGÍA Se utilizaron estrategias de búsqueda en las bases de datos Health Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos, EMBASE, y PUBMED, con el objetivo de identificar revisiones sistemáticas que abordaran la pregunta formulada. Como las revisiones sistemáticas no siempre reportaron adecuadamente los resultados presentados, se extrajeron los datos de los estudios primarios contemplados en estas revisiones. Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas que evaluaran el efecto del gas CS o combinados de gas CS con otro tipo de sustancias sobre la salud de la población. Se excluyeron estudios que evaluaran los efectos de gases lacrimógenos diferentes a CS, como gas pimienta o cloroacetopheno. RESULTADOS -Los efectos en salud inmediatos reportados son la irritación de mucosas, a mediano y largo plazo son asma, disnea, estrés postraumático, depresión, alteración funcional, estado vegetativo y muerte como consecuencia de impactos de dispositivos lacrimógenos.

The Little India riot: experience of an emergency department in Singapore

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Singapore experienced its second riot in 40 years on 8 December 2013, in the area known as Little India. A retrospective review of 36 casualties treated at the emergency department was conducted to evaluate injury patterns.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Characteristics including the rate of arrival, injury severity, type and location, and disposition of the casualties were analysed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The injuries were predominantly mild (97.2%), with the most common injuries involving the head (50.0%) and limbs (38.9%). 97.2% of the casualties were managed as outpatient cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The majority of the injuries in this incident were mild and could be managed as outpatient cases. Important lessons were learnt from the incident about the utilisation of manpower and safety of staff in the emergency department.</p>

A Crisis of Ginseng Capital and the Countermeasures of the Ginseng-cultivating People during Daehan Empire / 의사학

This thesis examines a crisis of ginseng capital and the source of crisis during Daehan empire. After the China-Japan war of 1894, the Japanese merchants actively engaged in taking over the ginseng fields, so that ginseng-cultivating Koreans suffered substantial economic losses. After the Russo-Japanese war, the Japanese imperialists undertook the 'Currency Arranging Business'(CAB) in order to set a cornerstone for their invasion of Korea. The CAB eventually provoked a wide depression which in turn produced massive number of Korean merchants going bankrupt. The Kaesong merchants were no exception, since CAB stroke a severe blow on the ginseng industry, which relied heavily on the commercial capitals of the Kaesong merchants. Moreover, the Japanese imperialists broke the previous promise and bought ginseng at a dirt-cheap price, which put ginseng-cultivating Koreans in serious trouble. In order to combat such crisis, ginseng field-owners protested against such injustice by petitioning or stirring up Kaesong popular riot in vain, and consequently the number of ginseng field-owners decreased sharply. A few of the ginseng field-owners survived, and managed to maintain and even flourish more than before. These successful owners were characterized with their strong link with the official circle, utilizing their influence in ginseng industry. Their original background was not identical as some came from the influential families of Kaesong area for generations, while others made their own fortunes and continue to prosper through the difficult times of the late of the Daehan empire period.