Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura de carnicerías y prevalencia de Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga y Salmonella spp. aisladas en carne molida de carnicerías de Asunción, Paraguay

La inocuidad de la carne comercializada debe estar garantizada en la cadena de producción, para evitar enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA). Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (STEC) y Salmonella spp. pueden encontrarse en el tracto gastrointestinal de los bovinos y contaminar la carne de consumo humano, pudiendo causar enfermedades en el hombre. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de 52 carnicerías localizadas en Asunción y detectar la frecuencia de STEC y Salmonella spp. en muestras de carne molida. Las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias se evaluaron mediante la estimación del riesgo, utilizando una escala de clasificación por categorías. La detección de STEC y Salmonella spp. se realizó por PCR en tiempo real. En la evaluación inicial, se clasificaron a 33% de las carnicerías como de alto y moderado riesgo. Se detectó STEC no-O157 en un 50% (130/258) de las muestras y Salmonella spp. en un 11% (29/258). Se realizaron acciones de mejora. En la etapa post-intervención, no se detectaron carnicerías de alto riesgo. En el muestreo de seguimiento se detectó un 29% (66/237) de muestras positivas para STEC no-O157 y 7% (16 /237) para Salmonella spp. Este estudio permitió realizar recomendaciones específicas y detalladas a cada carnicería, lo que tuvo un efecto significativo en la mejora de sus condiciones. Esta situación resalta la importancia de continuar fortaleciendo la vigilancia multisectorial y multidisciplinaria. Es imperativo que los establecimientos que se dedican al rubro, implementen las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (BPM) como una medida para reducir los riesgos asociados.

The safety of marketed meat must be guaranteed in the production chain, to avoid foodborne illness. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella spp. can be found in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and contaminate meat for human consumption, potentially causing diseases in humans. This work aimed to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of 52 butcher shops located in Asunción and detect the frequency of STEC and Salmonella spp. in ground beef samples. Hygienic-sanitary conditions were evaluated by estimating risk, using a categorical classification scale. The detection of STEC and Salmonella spp. was performed by real-time PCR. In the initial evaluation, 33% of the butcher shops were classified as high and moderate risk. STEC non-O157 was detected in 50% (130/258) of the samples and Salmonella spp. in 11% (29/258). Improvement actions were carried out. In the post-intervention stage, no high-risk butcher shops were detected. In the follow-up sampling, 29% (66/237) of positive samples were detected for STEC non-O157 and 7% (16/237) for Salmonella spp. This study allowed specific and detailed recommendations to be made to each butcher shop, which had a significant effect on improving their conditions. This situation highlights the importance of continuing to strengthen multisectoral and multidisciplinary surveillance. It is imperative that establishments dedicated to the sector implement Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) as a measure to reduce associated risks.

Advances in Salmonella-mediated targeted tumor therapy / 药学学报

italic>Salmonella has emerged as a promising tumor-targeting strategy in recent years due to its good tumor targeting ability and certain safety. In order to further optimize its therapeutic effect, scientists have tried to modify Salmonella, including its attenuation and drug loading. This paper summarizes the mechanism and research progress of Salmonella-mediated targeted tumor therapy, and introduces the strategies and related progress of its modification and optimization. At the same time, the advantages, current challenges and future development directions of Salmonella-mediated tumor therapy are summarized.

Quiste esplénico epidérmico infectado. Reporte de caso

Los quistes esplénicos son infrecuentes y presentan una baja incidencia (0.07%). Las etiologías son varias, pero en su mayoría se deben a parasitarios y no parasitarios. Entre los primeros se encuentran los quistes hidatídicos por equinococosis que son más comunes sobre todo en zonas endémicas. En el siguiente trabajo se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 17 años de edad que consulta por un cuadro de 6 días de evolución que inicia con dolor, tipo puntada de moderada intensidad, localizado en hipocondrio izquierdo, acompañado de fiebre graduada en 38 grados con escalofríos.

Splenic cysts are uncommon and have a low incidence rate (0.07%). The etiologies are diverse, but mostly attributed to both parasitic and non-parasitic origins. Among the former, hydatid cysts due to echinococcosis are more prevalent, especially in endemic areas. This report describes the case of a 17-year-old female patient who presented with a 6-day history of pain, of moderate intensity and stabbing type, localized in the left hypochondrium. The pain was accompanied by a fever reaching 38 degrees Celsius and chills.

Caracterización de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido en aislamientos clínicos colombianos de Salmonella enterica no tifoidea de 1997 a 2022 / Characterization of extended spectrum ß-lactamases in Colombian clinical isolates of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica between 1997 and 2022

Introducción. Salmonella spp. es un agente patógeno zoonótico transmitido al humano por el agua o los alimentos contaminados. La presencia de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido es un creciente problema para la salud pública debido a que estas enzimas confieren resistencia contra las cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación. Objetivo. Caracterizar las ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido en aislamientos de Salmonella spp. recibidos por el programa de vigilancia de enfermedad diarreica aguda o enfermedad transmitida por alimentos del Grupo de Microbiología del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Materiales y métodos. Entre enero de 1997 y junio de 2022, se recibieron 444 aislamientos de Salmonella spp. resistentes, por lo menos, a una de las cefalosporinas de tercera generación. El fenotipo de las ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido se identificó con la prueba de doble disco. El ADN se extrajo por ebullición y mediante PCR se amplificaron los genes bla CTX-M, bla SHVy : ' a ILM. Resultados. Todos los aislamientos fueron positivos para la prueba de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido. Los resultados de la amplificación por PCR fueron: bla CTX-M + bla TLM (n=200), bla CTX-M (n=177), bla SHV(n=16), bla SHV + bla CTX-M (n=6), bla TLM (n=13) y bla SHV + bla CTX-M + bla TLM (n=3). Del total, 26 aislamientos fueron negativos para los genes evaluados. Los aislamientos positivos para ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido se identificaron en Bogotá y en 21 departamentos: Chocó, Magdalena, Meta, Bolívar, Casanare, Cesar, Córdoba, Quindío, Atlántico, Tolima, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Boyacá, Caldas, Norte de Santander, Risaralda, Antioquia, Nariño, Santander y Valle del Cauca. Conclusión. La resistencia a las cefalosporinas de tercera generación en aislamientos de Salmonella spp. fue generada principalmente por bla CTX-M. El 44 % (197/444) de los aislamientos presentó resistencia a ampicilina, tetraciclina, cloranfenicol y trimetoprim- sulfametoxazol Los serotipos portadores de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido más frecuentes fueron S. Typhimurium y S. Infantis.

Introduction. Salmonella spp. is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted to humans through contaminated water or food. The presence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamases is a growing public health problem because these enzymes are resistant to third and fourth generation cephalosporins. Objective. To characterize extended-spectrum ß-lactamases in Salmonella spp. isolates received by the acute diarrheal disease/foodborne disease surveillance program of the Grupo de Microbiología of the Instituto Nacional de Salud. Materials and methods. A total of 444 Salmonella spp. isolates, resistant to at least one of the cephalosporins, were obtained between January 1997 and June 2022. The extended- spectrum ß-lactamases phenotype was identified by the double disk test. DNA extraction was carried out by the boiling method, and the bla CTX-M, bla SHV, and bla TLM genes were amplified by PCR. Results. All the isolates were positive for the extended-spectrum ß-lactamases test. The genes identified were: bla CTX-M + ba TLM (n=200), bla CTX-M (n=177), bla SHV(n=16), bla SHV + bla CTX-M (n=6), bla TLM (n=13) and bla SHV + bla CTX-M + bla TLM (n=3). Twenty-six isolates were negative for the evaluated genes. Positive extended-spectrum ß-lactamases isolates were identified in Bogotá and 21 departments: Chocó, Magdalena, Meta, Bolívar, Casanare, Cesar, Córdoba, Quindío, Atlántico, Tolima, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Boyacá, Caldas, Norte de Santander, Risaralda, Antioquia, Nariño, Santander y Valle del Cauca. Conclusion. Resistance to third generation cephalosporins in Salmonella spp. isolates was mainly caused by bla CTX-M. Isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (44 %; 197/444). The most frequent extended-spectrum ß-lactamases-expressing serotypes were Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Infantis.

Determination of pathogens and contamination indicatorsin fresh pork sausages in the state of São Paulo / Determinação de patógenos e indicadores de contaminação em linguiças frescais de origem suína no estado de São Paulo

The highest cost of beef and chicken meat justifies higher consumption of fresh sausage products, especially linguiça, due to their easy preparation and affordability for consumers, making necessary an evaluation of sanitary hygienic conditions of these products. The objective was to investigate the presence of pathogens such as Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter spp. in artisanal and inspected fresh pork sausages. It was found that 12% (6/50) of the artisanal sausage samples were contaminated with Salmonellaspp., 58% (29/50) presented coagulase-positive Staphylococcus levels above the acceptable limits for consumption and 76% (38/50) presented thermotolerant coliform levels above the acceptable limits. In sausage samples produced under inspected conditions, 6% (3/50) were contaminated with Salmonella spp., 24% (12/50) presented thermotolerant coliform levels above the acceptable limits, 2% (1/50) presented enteropathogenic E. coli. None samples showed coagulase-positive Staphylococcus counts above the limits, or presence of Campylobacter spp. Sensitizing traders and consumers about the importance of inspection service in food of animal origin is urgent for a sanitary acceptable production, since foodborne diseases continue to be a public health problem.

O alto custo das carnes de frango e bovina justifica maior consumo de produtos embutidos frescais, especialmente a linguiça, devido ao preço acessível ao consumidor e fácil preparo, tornando necessário estudos para avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias. Os objetivos foram verificar a presença de Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia colipatogênicas e Campylobacter spp. em linguiças suínas tipo frescal artesanais e fiscalizadas. Os resultados obtidos em linguiças artesanais foram de 12% (6/50) contaminadas com Salmonella spp., 58% (29/50) de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e 76% (38/50) nas quantificações de coliformes termotolerantes, dados que apresentam níveis de contaminação superiores aos da legislação vigente. Nas linguiças produzidas sob fiscalização detectou-se 6% (3/50) de contaminação por Salmonella spp.; 24% (12/50) de quantificação de coliformes termotolerantes acima dos limites aceitáveis, e 2% (1/50) de E. coli enteropatogênica. Nenhuma amostra apresentou contagens de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva fora dos padrões, ou contaminação por Campylobacter spp. Sensibilizar comerciantes e consumidores sobre a importância do serviço de inspeção em alimentos de origem animal é premente para que haja uma produção sanitária aceitável, pois doenças transmitidas por alimentos continuam sendo um problema à saúde pública.

MICROBIAL PROFILE AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM PAPER CURRENCIES CIRCULATING IN SOME RESTAURANTS AND BUTCHERIES IN HAWASSA, SIDAMA, ETHIOPIA, 2020-21

Currency notes could play a signicant role in transmitting pathogenic microorganisms amongst individuals in the society. This study was aimed to determine the microbial prole and Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from Ethiopian paper notes in circulation. 64 currency paper notes of different denomination were tested for bacterial contamination using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility proles of the isolates were determined with approved methods. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Overall mean AMBC was 4.08 log units, with the highest 6.58 log units recorded from denomination 5 followed by 4.50, 3.03, 2.20 log units from denominations 10, 50 and 100 respectively. Total Coliforms (TC) displayed the same pattern with the highest mean counts of 6.52 log units, from denomination 5 and lowest counts of 2.19 log units from denomination 100. Out of 64 currency notes, 35 (54.7%) were contaminated with bacteria. The predominant bacteria isolates were E. coli (60.5%), Salmonella spp. (23.6%) and Shigella spp. (13.2%). Each isolate was resistant to four or more antibiotics tested. All isolates were resistant against Cefepime and Tetracycline and sensitive to Ceftriaxone. This study revealed that currency notes are contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and in most cases these bacterial isolates were resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Therefore, contaminated notes are identied as potential public health threat, because pathogens can be spread by circulating the notes and become source of infection. Awareness creation is important among public in this regard.

Comprehensive evaluation of abattoirs with no Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point plan in Tucumán,Argentina / Evaluación integral de frigoríficos sin un plan de análisis de peligros y puntos críticos de control en Tucumán, Argentina

Abstract This work focused on the comprehensive study of two provincial transit abattoirs inTucumán, Argentina, with no Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan. Visits (n = 20)were conducted between 2016 and 2018 during the operational and post-operational processes.Risk was estimated and the bacteriological analysis of carcass and environmental samples wasperformed. Risk estimation showed the predominance of high risk in both abattoirs. The maindeviations from the HACCP plan were: deficient building conditions, deficient workflow, lack of sectorization of changing rooms and bathrooms, lack of implementation of Standardized Sanitary Operational Procedures, and no food safety training of workers. The counts of indi-cator microorganisms from both abattoirs were not significant. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 7.5% carcass and 7.3% environmental samples. The Salmonella serovars identified were Cerro, Corvallis, Havana and Agona. Shiga toxin (stx) genes were detected in 24.4% carcass and 30.9% environmental samples. The isolates were characterized as Escherichia coli O8:H7/stx1, O116:H49/stx2 and O136:H40/stx2. Based on these results, it would be possible to implement an improvement plan in Tucumán abattoirs together with the local health authorities. Still, the need to work jointly with the sanitary authority in search of a unique sanitary standard for Argentina remains unaddressed.

Resumen Este trabajo se centró en el estudio integral de dos frigoríficos de tránsito provincial en Tucumán, Argentina, carentes de un plan de análisis de peligros y puntos críticos de control (HACCP, por sus siglas en inglés). Las visitas (n = 20) se realizaron entre 2016 y 2018 durante los procesos operativos y posoperativos. Se realizó la estimación del riesgo y el análisis bacteriológico de medias reses y muestras ambientales. La estimación del riesgo demostró un predominio de riesgo alto en ambos frigoríficos. Las principales desviaciones del plan HACCP fueron las deficientes condiciones edilicias, un inadecuado flujo de trabajo, la falta de sectorización de vestuarios y banños, una implementación nula de procedimientos operativos estandarizados de saneamiento y una insuficiente capacitación en seguridad alimentaria de los operarios. Los recuentos de microorganismos indicadores de ambos frigoríficos no presentaron diferencias significativas. Salmonella spp. se aisló del 7,5% de muestras de medias reses y del 7,3% de muestras ambientales. Se identificaron las siguientes serovariedades de Salmonella: Cerro, Corvallis, Havana y Agona. Se detectaron genes de toxina Shiga (sfx) en el 24,4% de las muestras de medias reses y en el 30,9% de las muestras ambientales. Los aislamientos se caracterizaron como Escherichia coli O8:H7/sfx1, O116:H49/sfx2 y O136:H40/sfx2. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados, sería posible implementar un plan de mejoramiento en frigoríficos de Tucumán conjuntamente con las autoridades locales de salud. Aun así, sigue sin abordarse la necesidad de trabajar en vinculación con las autoridades sanitarias en la búsqueda de una norma integrada única para Argentina.

Antibiotic sensitivity profile of the Salmonella isolates in hospitalized children with enteric fever – A cross-sectional study

Background: Enteric fever is a major public health problem in developing countries like India. It affects all age groups but young children are at highest risk. Timely management with appropriate antimicrobial therapy can reduce both morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a significant challenge. Therefore, this study was undertaken to study antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the Salmonella isolates. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics in the Salmonella isolates. Materials and Methods: Children between 6 months and 14 years of age admitted for fever and whose blood culture was positive for Salmonella Typhi or Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, or C were included in the study over a period of 2 years (August 2018–July 2020). Results: There were 155 patients of enteric fever whose blood culture results were positive for S. Typhi/S. Paratyphi who were included in the study. Out of the 155 culture positive cases, S. Typhi was isolated in 135 (87.1%), S. Paratyphi A in 16 (10.3%) and S. Paratyphi B in 4 (2.6%) cases. All the 135 isolates of S. Typhi were sensitive to cephalosporins. High rate of sensitivity was noted for the first-line drugs – amoxicillin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All 16 isolates of S. Paratyphi A were sensitive to cephalosporins. All the isolates of S. Paratyphi B tested were sensitive to cephalosporins, azithromycin, nalidixic acid, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Conclusion: At present, there is low prevalence of resistance to first-line drugs and third-generation cephalosporins and high resistance to fluoroquinolones, nalidixic acid, and azithromycin as noted in this region. Rational antibiotic selection should be based on sensitivity pattern to prevent emergence of resistant strains.

In vivo Antisalmonellal and Antioxidant Activity of Hydroethanolic Extract of Bauhinia rufescens Leaves in Wistar Albino Rats Infected with Salmonella Typhi

Infectious diseases such as typhoid fever lead to the formation of free radicals which can have a detrimental effect on the body. Typhoid fever is caused by poor sanitation, lack of clean water and resistance of germs to antibiotics and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence an urgent needs to find alternative treatments with little or no toxicity for the treatment of this disease. Objective: This work aims to evaluate the in vivo antisalmonellal and antioxidant activity of the 95% hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of Bauhinia rufescens (Fabaceae) in rats experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhi ATCC6539, as an alternative therapy. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into twelve groups (six per sex) of animals. Thus 3 control groups: (T0) uninfected and untreated; (T-) infected and untreated; (T+) infected and treated with ciprofloxacin (14 mg/kg) and 3 test groups: T1, T2 and T3 infected and treated with different doses of the extract (40, 80 and 117.71 mg/kg respectively). The evolution of the infection and the effectiveness of the treatment were monitored by blood culture, food consumption and weight growth were assessed during the trial; at the end of which the animals were sacrificed and the different parameters were evaluated. Results: Infected animals treated with different doses of the extract showed zero bacterial loads from the twelfth day post infection in both sexes. Regardless of sex, animals treated with the extract at the dose of 117.71mg/Kg were cured by the seventh day after the start of treatment while those treated with the doses of 40 mg/Kg and 80 mg/kg were cured by the ninth day after the start of treatment. Infection induced a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in food consumption and weight growth, while treatment induced, at all doses, an increase in food consumption and weight growth. Infection also caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in NO and MDA levels, as well as a significant decrease in catalase and peroxidase activities in animal tissue homogenates. However, treatment resulted in a significant decrease in NO and MDA levels, and a significant (p < 0.05) increase in catalase and peroxidase activities. Conclusion: These results showed that the 95% hydroethanolic extract of Bauhinia rufescens leaves has mixed antisalmonellal and antioxidant activity in vivo and could be developed for the treatment of typhoid fever.

Orquiepididimitis por Salmonella spp en un lactante bajo los tres meses de edad

El compromiso genitourinario en una infección causada por Salmonella spp es poco frecuente, especialmente en niños. Se presenta un paciente de 40 días de vida que presentó una orquiepididimitis por Salmonella entérica serotipo Newport, con documentación microbiológica en hemocultivos, cultivo de secreción escrotal y coprocultivo. No presentó compromiso del sistema nervioso central. Un tratamiento médico y quirúrgico tempranos permitieron la evolución favorable del paciente.

Genitourinary involvement in a Salmonella spp infection is rare, especially in pediatric patients. A 40-day-old patient who presented an orchiepididymitis due to Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport is reported, with microbiological documentation in blood cultures, culture of scrotal purulent material and stool culture. There was no involvement of the central nervous system. Early medical and surgical treatment allowed the favorable evolution of the patient.

Enumeration of Salmonella Species Isolated in Ready–to–Eat Fruits Vended in Bukuru Market, Jos South, Plateau State

Background: Despite control measures to curtailed salmonella fruit contamination over the years, pathogenic disease outbreaks caused by the ingestion of Salmonella contaminated fresh-cut-fruits pose a significant problem to human health by the consumption of fresh and minimally processed fruits. This study aimed to enumerate and determine the prevalence of Salmonella species isolated in ready-to-eat fruits vended in Bukuru Market Jos South, Plateau state. Methodology: A total of seventy-eight ready-to-eat vended fruit samples were purchased and cultured for the enumeration of bacterial isolates according to National Food Safety Standard for Microbiological Examination. Pulp pH value of each fruit was obtained by immersing litmus paper into the pulp and results recorded. Results: Of the 78 fruits specimen, 22 (28.2%) were Salmonella positive. The prevalence rates of salmonella isolated were found to be higher (22.7%) in both coconut and avocado followed by watermelon (18.2%) and sweetmelon (13.6%) as compared with other fruits in the study area. Lower rates of 4.5% were found in banana, pawpaw, and dates with a rise in apple with 9.1% respectively. Conclusion: The study showed a high p<0.05 (7.811) prevalence of pathogenic Salmonella species isolated in ready-to-eat fruits in the study area revealing that the spread of salmonella is not independent of fruits thereby suggestive of contamination made available by fruit vendors in this part of the world. Thus, epidemiological traceability and significant measures must be taken to check the safety of these vended products before consumption.

Factores asociados a la contaminación microbiológica de la carne de pollo comercializada en El Salvador / Factors associated with microbiological contamination of chicken meat marketed in El Salvador

Objetivo. Determinar los factores higiénico-sanitarios asociados a la contaminación microbiológica de la carne de pollo comercializada en los mercados municipales de El Salvador. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en los 33 mercados municipales de las cabeceras departamentales de El Salvador. La muestra se calculó a partir de 456 puestos de venta, obteniendo un total de 256 puestos. Por cada puesto se obtuvo una muestra de carne de pollo. El análisis microbiológico se realizó en el Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Pública. Se calcularon frecuencias, porcentajes, medidas de tendencia central y de asociación utilizando SPSS versión 21. Resultados. En el 74% de las muestras se encontró Escherichia coli, en el 24%, Staphylococcus aureus y en el 16%, Salmonela spp. La presencia de Salmonella spp, estuvo asociada con el no uso de desinfectante para las manos y no utilizar toalla para secarse las manos. La presencia de E. coli estuvo asociada al uso de accesorios personales y la inadecuada temperatura de almacenamiento. Mientras que la presencia de S. aureus, estuvo asociada a la falta de lavado de manos, no utilizar toalla para secarse las manos y no utilizar delantal. Conclusión. Las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de los manipuladores y de los puestos de venta están asociadas a la contaminación microbiológica en la carne de pollo comercializada en El Salvador.

Objective. To determine the hygienic-sanitary factors associated with the microbiological contamination of chicken meat sold at the municipal markets of El Salvador. Materials and methods. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 33 municipal markets of the 14 departmental capitals of El Salvador. The sample consisted of 256 out of 456 possible market stalls. A sample of chicken meat was obtained from each market stall. The microbiological analysis was conducted at the National Public Health Laboratory. Frequencies, percentages, measures of central tendency and association were calculated with SPSS version 21. Results. Escherichia coli was found in 74% of the samples, Staphylococcus aureus in 24% and Salmonella spp. in 1%. The presence of Salmonella spp. was associated with not using hand sanitizer and not using towels for drying the hands. S. aureus was associated with the use of personal accessories and improper storage. The presence of S. aureus was associated with the lack of hand washing, not using a towel to dry the hands and not wearing an apron. Conclusion. The hygienic-sanitary conditions of the handlers and the market stalls were associated with microbiological contamination of chicken meat marketed in El Salvador.

Evaluación de la calidad de los huevos / Evaluation of eggs quality

Introducción: En el ámbito de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos, la Salmonella spp. puede causar salmonelosis, principalmente, a través del huevo de gallina, integrante alimentario básico, del cual se pueden evaluar diversos parámetros cualitativos. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la calidad y la presencia de Salmonella spp. en huevos expendidos en Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos. Material y métodos: El estudio fue desarrollado en el Laboratorio de Nutrición de la Universidad Adventista del Plata en Libertador San Martín, y un Laboratorio de análisis químicos en Paraná, desde mayo hasta agosto de 2020. El diseño fue descriptivo, retrospectivo y de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 114 huevos obtenidos de 3 supermercados locales, en los cuales se encuentran representados todos los proveedores de huevos de la ciudad. Resultados: No se aisló Salmonella spp. En ninguna de las muestras analizadas. Cada unidad estuvo limpia, aunque 49 no presentaron yema céntrica, siendo el 57,01 % (n = 65) de calidad A, respecto de la cáscara y contenido. El peso promedio fue de 56,89 g, predominando los huevos grandes, DE ± 3,72. Para el Índice de forma la media fue 74,71, DE ± 2,45, destacándose los de forma óptima. Con referencia a la prueba de flotación, la mayoría fueron frescos del día. Respecto del Índice de yema, la media fue 0,38, DE ± 0,09, clasificándose la mayoría debajo de calidad B. Hubo una relación estadísticamente significativa entre este último parámetro y el estado de la cáscara y contenido (p = 0,010). El pH promedio de la clara fue 8,8, DE ± 0,39 y de la yema 8,0, DE ± 0,71. Conclusiones: Los parámetros cualitativos y el microbiológico son aceptables, excepto el Índice y pH de yema. Es imprescindible seguir procurando la inocuidad del huevo

Introduction: In the field of foodborne diseases, Salmonella spp. can cause salmonellosis through foods such as chicken eggs, a basic food component, of which various qualitative parameters can be evaluated. The objective of the study was to evaluate the quality and the presence of Salmonella spp. in eggs sold in Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos. Material and methods: The study was developed in the Nutrition Laboratory of the Universidad Adventista del Plata in Libertador San Martín, and a Chemical Analysis Laboratory in Paraná, from May to August 2020. The design was descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional. The sample consisted of 114 eggs obtained from 3 local supermarkets, in which all egg suppliers in the city were represented. Results: Salmonella spp. wasn´t isolated in none of the samples analyzed. Each unit was clean, although 49 did not present centric yolk, being 57.01 % (n = 65) of A quality, with respect to the shell and content. The average weight was 56.89 g, with a predominance of large eggs, SD ± 3.72. For the shape index, the mean was 74.71, SD ± 2.45, highlighting those with optimal shape. With reference to the flotation test, most were fresh from the day. Regarding the yolk index, the mean was 0.38, SD ± 0.09, with the majority classified below B quality. There was a statistically significant relationship between this last parameter and the state of the shell and content (p = 0.010). The average pH of the white was 8.8, SD ± 0.39 and of the yolk 8.0, SD ± 0.71. Conclusions: The qualitative and microbiological parameters are acceptable, except the index and pH of the yolk. It is essential to continue ensuring the safety of the egg

Biosseguridade na avicultura de corte: impactos na produção e alternativas para prevenção de doenças / Biosecurity in beef poultry: impacts on production and alternatives for disease prevention / Bioseguridad en avicultura: impactos en la producción y alternativas para la prevención de enfermedades

A avicultura de corte levou ao Brasil a ser o no líder exportador de carne de frango, desde 2011, e o terceiro produtor global desta proteína. Portanto, é importante que todo produtor possua e mantenha um programa de biosseguridade continuado, respeitando rigorosamente cada etapa ou prática de manejo a fim de obter o sucesso econômico de sua produção. Sustentado pela medicina veterinária preventiva, um programa de biosseguridade deve apresentar aspectos direcionados a cada sistema de proteção em particular, para prevenir e controlar a presença e/ou introdução de microrganismos patogênicos nos rebanhos. O objetivo deste trabalho e apresentar uma revisão atualizada de literatura sobre programas de biosseguridade para evitar a proliferação de agentes patogênicos na avicultura de corte como os dois tipos de Salmonella que causam riscos à saúde pública e à dos animais. A pesquisa é qualitativa de cunho exploratório bibliográfico-documental, com pesquisa em sites como o Google Acadêmico, da revista de veterinária da Unipar, SCIELO, portal CAPES e sites governamentais. O resultado da pesquisa apresentou um panorama real sobre emprego de programas de biosseguridade no Brasil, direcionados à avicultura de corte, demonstrando que os produtores estão se conscientizando sobre a importância destes programas, devido à pressão do mercado exportador global. Conclui-se que ainda falta uma maior conscientização por parte de todos os produtores brasileiros, para evitar que o plantel produzido seja contaminado por agentes patogênicos, principalmente a Salmonella, evitando que a saúde pública e animal esteja comprometida. Somente desta maneira, o Brasil conseguirá manter e expandir mais o mercado avícola a nível global.(AU)

Poultry farming has led Brazil to be the leading exporter of chicken meat, since 2011, and the third global producer of this protein. Therefore, it is important that every producer has and maintains a continuous biosecurity program, strictly respecting each stage or management practice in order to obtain the economic success of their production. Supported by preventive veterinary medicine, a biosecurity program must present aspects directed to each protection system in particular, to prevent and control the presence and/or introduction of pathogenic microorganisms in herds. The objective of this work is to present an updated review of the literature on biosecurity programs to prevent the proliferation of pathogenic agents in poultry farming, such as the two types of Salmonella that pose risks to public and animal health. The research is qualitative, bibliographical-documentary exploratory, with research on sites such as Google Scholar, Unipar's veterinary magazine, SCIELO, CAPES portal and government sites. The result of the research presented a real panorama on the use of biosecurity programs in Brazil, directed to poultry production, demonstrating that producers are becoming aware of the importance of these programs, due to the pressure of the global export market. It is concluded that there is still a lack of greater awareness on the part of all Brazilian producers, to prevent the produced herd from being contaminated by pathogenic agents, mainly Salmonella, preventing public and animal health from being compromised. Only in this way will Brazil be able to maintain and further expand the poultry market at a global level.(AU)

La avicultura llevó a Brasil a ser el principal exportador de carne de pollo, desde 2011, y el tercer productor mundial de esta proteína. Por ello, es importante que todo productor cuente y mantenga un programa de bioseguridad continuo, respetando estrictamente cada etapa o práctica de manejo para obtener el éxito económico de su producción. Apoyado en la medicina veterinaria preventiva, un programa de bioseguridad debe presentar aspectos dirigidos a cada sistema de protección en particular, para prevenir y controlar la presencia y/o introducción de microorganismos patógenos en los rebaños. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión actualizada de la literatura sobre programas de bioseguridad para prevenir la proliferación de agentes patógenos en la avicultura, como los dos tipos de Salmonella que presentan riesgos para la salud pública y animal. La investigación es cualitativa, bibliográfico-documental exploratoria, con pesquisa en sitios como Google Scholar, revista veterinaria de la Unipar, SCIELO, portal de la CAPES y sitios gubernamentales. El resultado de la investigación presentó un panorama real sobre el uso de programas de bioseguridad en Brasil, dirigidos a la producción avícola, demostrando que los productores están tomando conciencia de la importancia de estos programas, debido a la presión del mercado mundial de exportación. Se concluye que aún falta una mayor conciencia por parte de todos los productores brasileños, para evitar que el hato producido sea contaminado por agentes patógenos, principalmente Salmonella, evitando que se comprometa la salud pública y animal. Solo así Brasil podrá mantener y expandir aún más el mercado avícola a nivel mundial.(AU)

Control de la calidad y ensayos de rendimiento de CromoCen® SALM según la norma ISO 11133:2014/Amd. 1: 2018 / Quality control and performance testing of CromoCen® SALM according to ISO 11133: 2014 / Amd.1: 2018

Introducción: En Cuba, se desarrolló un medio de cultivo cromogénico y fluorogénico, para la detección, aislamiento y diferenciación de Salmonella de otras bacterias Gram negativas. El método que emplea el medio fue validado y su uso se adoptó en una norma cubana. El aseguramiento de la calidad y el control del rendimiento de los medios garantizan la confiabilidad de los resultados analíticos. La norma ISO 11133 establece criterios mínimos y métodos para evaluarlos. Objetivo: Evaluar los criterios de control de la calidad y de rendimiento de CromoCen® SALM, establecidos en la ISO 11133:2014/Amd.1:2018, para demostrar su fiabilidad para el análisis microbiológico de los alimentos de consumo humano. Métodos: Se evaluaron los indicadores de calidad físico-químicos de tres lotes y se definió un conjunto de ellos que caracteriza la calidad del medio antes y después de terminado, así como la consistencia entre lotes. Para el ensayo de rendimiento se seleccionaron 10 cepas de diferentes géneros. Se determinó la relación de productividad, el factor de selectividad y la electividad de CromoCen® SALM, según la ISO 11133. Resultados: La evaluación físico-química mostró una consistencia entre lotes en color, homogeneidad, apariencia del polvo y del medio preparado. Los valores de contenido de humedad y pH se encontraron dentro de los valores establecidos para este producto. La relación de productividad de CromoCen® SALM con respecto al agar triptona soya, fue superior al 50 por ciento, mientras que el factor de selectividad resultó de 4. Se demostró que en el medio de cultivo se puede diferenciar un grupo representativo de géneros microbianos de Salmonella. Conclusiones: CromoCen® SALM cumple con los requisitos de calidad establecidos para este tipo de productos, según la ISO 11133 vigente. La correcta formulación de los lotes, así como el cumplimiento de los requisitos de calidad aseguran el funcionamiento adecuado para lo que fue diseñado(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba, a new chromogenic and fluorogenic culture medium was developed for the detection, isolation and differentiation of Salmonella from other Gram negative bacteria. The method and medium were validated and their use was adopted as a Cuban standard. Quality assurance and control of media is essential and mandatory to ensure the reliability of the results of the analysis in which they are used. ISO 11133 establishes minimum criteria and methods to evaluate them. Objective: To evaluate the quality and performance criteria of CromoCen® SALM, as recommended in ISO 11133:2014/Amd.1:2018 to demonstrate its reliability for the microbiological analysis of food for human consumption. Methods: The physical-chemical quality indicators of three batches were evaluated and a group of them was defined to characterize its quality before and after finishing, as well to evaluate the consistency between batches. For the performance test, 12 strains of different genera were selected. The productivity ratio, the selectivity factor and the electivity of CromoCen® SALM were determined. Results: The physico-chemical evaluation showed a consistency between batches in color, homogeneity, appearance of the powder and of the prepared medium. The moisture content and pH values ranged within the established values for this product. The productivity ratio of CromoCen® SALM with respect to tryptone soy agar was greater than 50 percent, while the selectivity factor was 4. It was shown that in the culture medium a representative group of Salmonella microbial genera can be differentiated. Conclusions: CromoCen® SALM meets the quality requirements established for this type of products, according to the current ISO 11133 standard. The correct formulation of the batches, as well as the fulfillment of the quality requirements ensure the proper functionality and match the design purpose(AU)

Preparation and evaluation of formalized bivalent Newcastle and Salmonella poultry vaccine

This study was conducted to prepare and evaluate the potency of different inactivated vaccine formulations that protect chickens against Salmonella Enteritidis and Newcastle disease virus using Montanide as adjuvant. Protection and the humoral immune response of prepared vaccines against Salmonella Enteritidis and Newcastle disease virus was evaluated and compared to imported vaccine. In this study, different formulae of Salmonella Enteritidis and Newcastle disease vaccines were prepared and compared with the imported one by measuring the antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus by hemagglutination inhibition test and the antibody titer against Salmonella Enteritidis using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. On the other hand, the protection percentages against Newcastle disease and Salmonella Enteritidis were recorded to determine the best effective formula. The highest hemagglutination inhibition antibody level against NDV at first week was recorded for the prepared combined Newcastle disease and Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine (4.2 log2) followed by the prepared monovalent Newcastle disease (3.4 log2); the lowest antibody level (3.1 log2) was obtained with the imported vaccine. A gradual increase was observed in all groups to 7.1 log2, 6.8 log2 and 6.4 log2 at fourth week post vaccination, respectively. The antibody titer against Salmonella Enteritidis was 552 for the prepared combined Salmonella Enteritidis and Newcastle disease, followed by the prepared monovalent Salmonella Enteritidis (477) at first week post vaccination; the antibody titer obtained for the imported vaccine was 477. There was a gradual increase to 1456, 1406 and 1130 at fourth week post vaccination, respectively. Prepared combined vaccines gave the highest protection percentage, followed by prepared monovalent types and finally imported vaccines. Vaccination by the prepared combined Salmonella Enteritidis and Newcastle disease vaccine may be a way to increase the resistance of birds to Salmonella and Newcastle and to decrease the shedding rate(AU)

Este estudio se llevó a cabo para preparar y evaluar la potencia de diferentes formulaciones de vacunas inactivadas que protegen a los pollos contra Salmonella Enteritidis y el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle utilizando Montanide como adyuvante. Se evaluó la protección y la respuesta inmune humoral de las vacunas preparadas contra Salmonella Enteritidis y el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle y se comparó con la vacuna importada. En este estudio se prepararon diferentes fórmulas de vacunas contra Salmonella Enteritidis y la enfermedad de Newcastle y se compararon con la importada midiendo el título de anticuerpos contra el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle mediante la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación y el título de anticuerpos contra Salmonella Enteritidis mediante ELISA. Por otra parte, se registraron los porcentajes de protección contra la enfermedad de Newcastle y Salmonella Enteritidis para determinar la fórmula más eficaz. El mayor nivel de anticuerpos inhibidores de la hemaglutinación contra el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle, en la primera semana, se registró con la vacuna combinada preparada contra la enfermedad de Newcastle y Salmonella Enteritidis (4,2 log2), seguida de la vacuna monovalente preparada contra la enfermedad de Newcastle (3,4 log2); el menor nivel de anticuerpos (3,1 log2) se obtuvo con la vacuna importada. Se observó un aumento gradual en todos los grupos hasta alcanzar 7,1 log2, 6,8 log2 y 6,4 log2 en la cuarta semana tras la vacunación, respectivamente. El título de anticuerpos contra Salmonella Enteritidis fue de 552 para la vacuna combinada preparada contra la Salmonella Enteritidis y enfermedad de Newcastle, seguida por la vacuna monovalente preparada contra Salmonella Enteritidis (477) en la primera semana después de la vacunación; el título de anticuerpos obtenido con la vacuna importada fue de 477. Hubo un aumento gradual hasta 1456, 1406 y 1130 en la cuarta semana después de la vacunación, respectivamente. Las vacunas combinadas preparadas dieron el mayor porcentaje de protección, seguidas por los tipos monovalentes preparados y, por último, por las vacunas importadas. La vacunación con la vacuna combinada preparada contra la Salmonella Enteritidis y la enfermedad de Newcastle puede ser una forma de aumentar la resistencia de las aves a la Salmonella y Newcastle y de disminuir la tasa de excreción(AU)

Mecanismos plasmídicos de resistencia a quinolonas, betalactámicos y colistina en Salmonella enterica. Paraguay 2020-2021

Las bacterias son capaces de desarrollar mecanismos de resistencia a los antimicrobianos, aquellos adquiridos y transmisibles son los más significativos debido al potencial de diseminación. La aparición de Salmonella enterica con resistencia a C3aG, quinolonas y a colistina representa una amenaza progresiva. El objetivo fue determinar la resistencia a los antimicrobianos y la presencia de los mecanismos de resistencia plasmídicos a quinolonas, ß-lactámicos y colistina en aislados de Salmonella provenientes de la vigilancia integrada de enteropatógenos. Fueron estudiadas 501 cepas de Salmonella spp. colectadas entre los años 2020 y 2021, por la red de enteropatógenos del Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública. Se investigó la resistencia a las C3aG, quinolonas y colistina, en aislamientos de humanos, alimentos, animales de consumo y ambiente. Las cepas estudiadas exhibieron resistencia a tetraciclina (32,5%), ácido nalidíxico (29%), ampicilina (13,2%), nitrofurantoína (11,6%), C3aG (7,2%), cotrimoxazol (5,8%), ciprofloxacina (2,2%). El 18% (90/501) presentaron resistencia trasferible por plásmidos, fueron detectados 111 genes (71 cepas con un gen, 17 cepas dos genes y 2 cepas tres genes diferentes). Qnr B: 41,1% (37/90), mcr-1: 38,9% (35/90), CMY: 23,3% (21/90), CTX-M: 16,7% (15/90) y Qnr S: 3,3% (3/90). Heidelberg fue el serovar predominante en muestras de pollo y el mayor portador de genes de resistencia de tipo CMY y mcr-1. La detección de genes en alimentos y animales de consumo, que pueden transmitirse fácilmente al ser humano es motivo de alerta y resalta la importancia de continuar fortaleciendo la vigilancia multisectorial y multidisciplinaria.

Bacteria can develop antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, those acquired and transmissible being the most significant due to the potential for dissemination. The emergence of Salmonella enterica with resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, quinolones, and colistin represents a progressive threat. The objective was to determine antimicrobial resistance and the presence of plasmid resistance mechanisms to quinolones, ß-lactams, and colistin in Salmonella isolates from integrated surveillance of enteropathogens. Five hundred and one strains of Salmonella spp. collected between 2020 and 2021 were studied by the enteropathogen network of the Laboratorio Central de Salud Publica (Central Public Health Laboratory). Research was conducted on the resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, quinolones, and colistin, isolated from humans, foodstuffs, animals for consumption, and the environment. The strains studied exhibited resistance to tetracycline (32.5%), nalidixic acid (29%), ampicillin (13.2%), nitrofurantoin (11.6%), third-generation cephalosporins (7.2%), cotrimoxazole (5.8%), and ciprofloxacin (2.2%). Eighteen percent (90/501) presented plasmid-transferable resistance, 111 genes were detected (71 strains with one gene, 17 strains with two genes, and 2 strains with three different genes). Qnr B: 41.1% (37/90), mcr-1: 38.9% (35/90), CMY: 23.3% (21/90), CTX-M: 16.7% (15/90), and Qnr S: 3.3% (3/90). Heidelberg was the predominant serovar in chicken samples and the largest carrier of CMY and mcr-1 resistance genes. The detection of genes in foodstuffs and animals for consumption, which can be easily transmitted to humans, is a cause for alarm and highlights the importance of continuing to strengthen multisectoral and multidisciplinary surveillance.

Multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. in fecal samples of pigs with suspected salmonellosis in Antioquia, Colombia, 2019-2021 / Salmonella spp. multirresistentes en muestras fecales de cerdos con presunta salmonelosis en Antioquia, Colombia, 2019-2021 / Salmonella spp. multirresistente em amostras fecais de suínos com suspeita de salmonelose em Antioquia, Colômbia, 2019-2021

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine the proportion of Salmonella enterica in fecal samples of live pigs with suspected salmonellosis analyzed at the diagnostic unit of the University of Antioquia, Colombia between 2019 and 2021, and examine the serotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns. Methods. This was a laboratory-based cross-sectional study of routine data on fecal samples received from pig farms in all nine subregions of Antioquia state, Colombia. Salmonella spp. detection at the university is done using enrichment, selective culture, and polymerase chain reaction. Serotypes were identified using the Kauffmann-White scheme and isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using broth microdilution. Results. Of 653 samples tested, 149 (23%) were positive for S. enterica. Nine serotypes were identified. The most common were Salmonella Typhimurium (56%) and its monophasic variant (35%). Resistance to ampicillin (70%) was most frequently observed, followed by ciprofloxacin (55%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (52%). No isolates were resistant to amikacin and gentamicin. Multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antibiotics) was observed in 61 (44%) isolates. Multidrug resistance was highest in S. Typhimurium (57%) compared with the other serotypes. Serotype was associated with multidrug resistance (p = 0.01), but age of the pig and sub-region were not. Conclusions. The proportion of Salmonella spp. and the associated high levels of multidrug resistance are of concern and may indicate irrational use of antimicrobials and poor management practices in pig production systems in the region. Strengthened surveillance is needed to monitor and improve farm management practices and the use of antimicrobials in farms in Colombia.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar la proporción de Salmonella enterica en muestras fecales de cerdos vivos con presunta salmonelosis analizadas en la unidad de diagnóstico de la Universidad de Antioquia (Colombia) entre el 2019 y el 2021, así como examinar los serotipos y los patrones de resistencia a los antimicrobianos. Métodos. Se trata de un estudio transversal de laboratorio sobre datos ordinarios de muestras fecales provenientes de granjas porcinas de las nueve subregiones del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia). La detección de Salmonella spp. en la universidad se realiza mediante el enriquecimiento, el cultivo selectivo y la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Se identificaron los serotipos con el esquema de Kauffmann-White y se examinaron las cepas aisladas para determinar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana mediante microdilución en caldo. Resultados. De las 653 muestras analizadas, 149 (23%) dieron un resultado positivo para S. enterica. Se identificaron nueve serotipos. Los más comunes fueron Salmonella typhimurium (56%) y su variante monofásica (35%). La resistencia a la ampicilina fue la observada con mayor frecuencia (70%), seguida de la resistencia al ciprofloxacino (55%) y al sulfametoxazol-trimetoprima (52%). Ninguna cepa aislada fue resistente a la amikacina y la gentamicina. Se observó resistencia a múltiples fármacos (resistencia a tres o más clases de antibióticos) en 61 cepas (44%). La resistencia a múltiples fármacos fue más elevada en el caso de S. typhimurium (57%) en comparación con los otros serotipos. Se asoció el serotipo con la resistencia a múltiples fármacos (p = 0,01), a diferencia de la edad del cerdo y la subregión. Conclusiones. La proporción de Salmonella spp. y los elevados niveles asociados de resistencia a múltiples fármacos son preocupantes y pueden ser un indicativo de uso irracional de antimicrobianos y malas prácticas de gestión en los sistemas de producción porcina de la región. Es necesario reforzar la vigilancia para dar seguimiento y mejorar las prácticas de gestión agropecuaria y el uso de antimicrobianos en las granjas en Colombia.

RESUMO Objetivos. Determinar a proporção de Salmonella enterica em amostras de fezes de suínos vivos com suspeita de salmonelose analisadas na unidade de diagnóstico da Universidade de Antioquia, Colômbia, entre 2019 e 2021, e examinar seus sorotipos e padrões de resistência a antimicrobianos. Métodos. Estudo transversal, de base laboratorial, utilizando dados de rotina de amostras de fezes recebidas de suinocultores em todas as nove sub-regiões do estado de Antioquia, Colômbia. A detecção de Salmonella spp. na Universidade é feita por enriquecimento, cultura seletiva e reação em cadeia da polimerase. Os sorotipos foram identificados usando o esquema de Kauffmann-White, e os isolados foram testados quanto à suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. Resultados. Das 653 amostras testadas, 149 (23%) foram positivas para S. enterica. Foram identificados nove sorotipos. Os mais comuns foram Salmonella Typhimurium (56%) e sua variante monofásica (35%). A resistência à ampicilina (70%) foi observada com maior frequência, seguida pela resistência ao ciprofloxacino (55%) e ao sulfametoxazol/trimetoprima (52%). Nenhum isolado apresentou resistência à amicacina ou gentamicina. Multirresistência (resistência a ≥ 3 classes de antibióticos) foi observada em 61 isolados (44%). A multirresistência foi mais comum em S. Typhimurium (57%), em comparação aos outros sorotipos. Foi constatada associação da multirresistência com sorotipos (p = 0,01), mas não com idade do suíno ou sub-região. Conclusões. A proporção de Salmonella spp. e os níveis elevados associados de multirresistência a antimicrobianos aqui constatados são preocupantes, e podem indicar uso irracional de antimicrobianos e práticas inadequadas de manejo nos sistemas de suinocultura da região. É preciso fortalecer a vigilância para monitorar e melhorar as práticas de manejo agrícola e o uso de antimicrobianos em fazendas na Colômbia.

Screening for oxacillin resistant salmonella species isolated from palms of some primary school pupils within Kaduna south lga, Nigeria

Salmonella species is the causative agent of typhoid fever which is a disease characterized by high mortality and morbidity worldwide. This study was carried out to screen oxacillin resistantSalmonella species isolated from palms of some primary school pupils and food vendors within Kaduna South LGA, Nigeria. Three hundred (300) swab samples were collected from pupils and food vendors of the three selected primary schools as the sampling location. Salmonella enterica was isolated and identified using standard bacteriological methods. Isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin 28 (70.0%), Augmentin® 25 (65.0%) amoxicillin 25 (62.5%) and vancomycin 22 (55.0%) but showed resistance to oxacillin 9 (22.5%), ampicillin 12 (30.0%), chloramphenicol 15 (37.5%) and tetracycline 16 (40.0%). Antibiotics that exhibited intermediate susceptibility were methicillin 8 (20.0%) and gentamicin 11 (27.5%). Ciprofloxacin was the most effective antimicrobial agent against Salmonella enterica. The presence of oxacillin-resistant Salmonella enterica was detected via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. The study recommends that regular monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility pattern and good hygiene practices such as hand washing with soap and water and the use of alcoholic based hand sanitizers should be encouraged.

Influence of toilet revolution on pathogen spectrum of foodborne diseases in Yichang / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To master the changes of foodborne disease pathogen spectrum in Yichang during 2014-2020, and to understand the impact of the toilet revolution on the pathogen spectrum of foodborne diseases in Yichang. Methods The basic information on the cases of foodborne diseases in Yichang from 2014 to 2020 was collected. The fecal specimens were collected to detect pathogens, including Salmonella , Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Shigella, and diarrheogenic Escherichia coli and Norovirus. The distribution of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in food was obtained from the surveillance project report of food microorganisms and their pathogenic factors in Yichang. From 2017 to 2020, water samples from the Yangtze River were collected from May to October with frequent intestinal diseases to detect pathogenic bacteria of foodborne diseases. Results The monitoring results of foodborne diseases showed that the detection rate of norovirus increased to 6.12% year by year from 2015 to 2017, and plummeted to 0.43% in 2018, with a statistically significant difference (χ2＝60.962，P2＝106.47，P2＝44.036 , P<0.05). Conclusion The toilet revolution can reduce the detection rate of pathogens of foodborne diseases in Yichang and reduce the detection rate of Salmonella in Yangtze River water, but it has little impact on the composition of foodborne disease pathogen spectrum.