A SIMPLE GIBBS SAMPLER FOR THE STATE ESTIMATION IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

In the recent years, wireless communications are extremely useful in many disciplines including health monitoring, environment monitoring, signal processing etc. State estimation and prediction are quite challenging tasks in wireless communications. Traditionally, in the literature, dynamic state-space models have been used for the state estimation and predic- tion purpose. The estimation method is based on Kalman-Filter which is computationally demanding. In this work, we consider computationally simpler Gibbs sampler algorithm for the state estimation. We consider three different cases, (i) continuous state values, (ii) binary (0/1) state values, and (iii) categorical state values with more than two categories. We consider a simple linear model for the prediction purpose, and the underlying regression coefficients are estimated by Gibbs sampler. We compute the misclassification proportions for assessing the practical usefulness of our estimation approach. Areal dataset where 200 wireless sensor nodes are used for measuring the temperature of a chamber is analysed in this work

Isolation of fungi in indoor air environment of selected air-conditioned and non-airconditioned wards in a public tertiary hospital in Metro Manila, Philippines

Background and Objectives@#The hospital as health care facility has also become a source of infection that provides a place for different microbiological agents such as fungi. Exposure to these organisms is specifically detrimental to highly immunocompromised in-house patients. This study aimed to 1) detect the presence of fungi in a public tertiary hospital in Metro Manila; 2) determine the dominating fungal organism; and 3) describe the environmental conditions and physical factors affecting the proliferation of fungal organisms. @*Methodology@#Eight sampling sites were selected for this study. The hospital main lobby was the comparison site for the three non-air-conditioned surgery wards (NACWs) while the fourth level nurse station is the comparison site for the air-conditioned wards (ACWs). Meteorologic conditions such as environmental temperature and relative humidity were also determined. Andersen air sampler was utilized to conduct the environmental indoor air sampling. A total of 98 malt extract agar supplemented with chloramphenicol (0.01%) plates were utilized for the duplicate sampling in eight sites. After three to five days of incubation at 37° C, the isolated fungal organisms were culturally and morphologically characterized. @*Results@#Seven fungal organisms were isolated from the indoor air sampling conducted namely: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp. and Rhizopus sp.). The most dominant fungal species among the NACWs was A. niger. On the other hand, A. fumigatus was the most observed isolate among the ACWs. The air-conditioned wards showed a higher number of fungal isolates. In particular, A. fumigatus and A. flavus colonies in the ACWs were evidently higher than in the NACWs. @*Conclusion@#The ubiquitous nature of the Aspergillus species and slow settling rate due to small spore size make it the most dominant fungal organism retrieved in the air sampling conducted. No strict numerical guidelines were available for the spore counts of Aspergillus species to assess contamination rate. However, according to the Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2018, the values of CFU/m³ of most of the isolates not only by Aspergillus species showed non-compliance with the threshold level documented.

Representatividade da amostragem com emprego do trier na caracterização de leiras de compostagem de resíduos sólidos urbanos com base na Teoria da Amostragem de Pierre Gy / Sampling representativeness using trier in characterizing composting windrows of solid urban waste based on Pierre Gy's Sampling Theory

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho do amostrador trier (NBR 10007/2004) na representatividade das propriedades de leiras de compostagem confeccionadas com resíduos sólidos urbanos, no início da degradação dos resíduos (8 dias) e no composto orgânico pronto (120 dias), utilizando como referência um método adaptado à compostagem a partir da Teoria da Amostragem de materiais heterogêneos. A compostagem foi conduzida em sistema de leiras revolvidas, e cada unidade contou com aproximadamente 30 toneladas de resíduos. O método do trier mostrou-se adequado para a caracterização do composto (120 dias), pois não apresentou diferenças significativas em relação ao método de referência na estimativa dos teores de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio. Além disso, o revolvimento da leira antes da amostragem tem potencial para melhorar a representatividade do teor de água e do pH. Por outro lado, o amostrador trier mostrou-se limitado na amostragem de leiras em estágio inicial de compostagem, quando empregados resíduos com acentuada diferença de forma, tamanho e conteúdo de água das partículas. Embora reduza em menor magnitude os erros intrínsecos ao processo de amostragem, o método do trier é mais simples de ser conduzido e não demanda mecanização, espaço físico ou recursos humanos adicionais.

ABSTRACT This study was performed to assess the trier sampler performance (NBR 10007/2004) in representing the properties of windrows composting built with urban solid waste. It was evaluated in the beginning (8 days) and in the end of the composting process (120 days), using as a reference the Pierre Gy's Sampling Theory for heterogeneous materials. Composting windrows were built of 30 tons and carried out in turned windrow system. We found the trier method appropriate for characterizing mature compost (120 days) because it was similar to the reference method in estimating organic matter content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Besides, turning windrow before sampling might improve the representativeness of water content and pH. In contrast, more heterogeneous particles (shape, size, water content) may have influenced the trier's performance at the beginning of waste degradation and consequently the sample's accuracy. Although trier method is less efficient to reduce sampling errors than the method based on Sampling Theory, the former is simpler and does not need mechanization, extra space or additional human resources.

Clinical Progress in Negative-Pressure Endometrial Sampler for Endometrial Cancer Screening / 中国医科大学学报

Endometrial cancer is a common malignancy of the female reproductive system. Despite improvement in living standards, the incidence of endometrial cancer is increasing due to the lack of effective screening. Early detection of endometrial cancer and precancerous lesions can significantly improve prognosis and survival. At present, China lacks a method for screening endometrial lesions comparable to that for cervical cancer screening. A recently introduced endometrial sampler has the advantages of simple operation, low cost, and minimal trauma, and is gradually being accepted for clinical screening of endometrial cancer and precancerous lesions in other countries.This study aims to explore current screening methods for endometrial cancer and precancerous lesions and the clinical application of an endometrial sampler for screening.

Design and Evaluation of Online/offline Interface Based on Double Loop for Two-dimensional Chromatography / 分析化学

By using a double loop technique based on a set of mechanical transmission components and a flow path system,a double function of injection and fraction collection was realized. On the basis of double loop technique,a novel type of online/offline interface for two-dimensional liquid chromatography was designed to construct an efficient separation system coupling two different separation modes with a higher peak capacity, and the functions of the interface were evaluated. By means of connecting the interface to an HPLC system, the multiple functions of injection, fraction collection and injection again were fulfilled for preparation and purity analysis of 4 kinds of aromatic compounds. As for combination of 2 sets of HPLC system,5 kinds of protein samples were separated preliminarily by strong cation exchange chromatography, and the components difficult to separate were collected and injected into reversed phase chromatographic system for further separation. Furthermore, the interface was applied to coupling two chromatographic systems in both strong cation exchange mode and microcolumn reversed-phase mode for the two-dimensional separation of bovine serum albumin enzymatic digest. When 1 mAU was set as the integral threshold,a total number of 292 peaks were identified. With the help of the online/offline interface, the preparation of microscale samples, fine separation of hardly separated samples and two-dimensional separation of complex samples were achieved flexibly. The result indicated that the system was a potent tool for the construction of two-dimensional chromatographic system and separation research.

Assessment of benthic macroinvertebrates at Nile tilapia production using artificial substrate samplers / Avaliação da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em produção de tilápia-do-Nilo com uso de coletores com substrato artificial

Abstract Biomonitoring is a cheap and effective tool for evaluation of water quality, and infer on the balance of aquatic ecosystems. The benthic macroinvertebrates are bioindicators sensitive to environmental changes, and can assist in detecting and preventing impacts such as organic enrichment and imbalance in the food chain. We compared the structure of benthic communities on artificial substrate samplers located in places near and far from net cages for production of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Samplers were manufactured with nylon net, using substrates such as crushed stone, gravel, loofah and cattail leaves. Samples were collected after 30 days of colonization, rinsed and then the specimens were identified and quantified. The following metrics were calculated: richness of Operational Taxonomic Units, Margalef richness, abundance of individuals, Shannon index and evenness index. The macrobenthic community structure was strongly modified according to the proximity of the net cages. Metrics showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between near and distant sites, for both periods (dry and rainy seasons). The position of the samplers significantly affected the structure of macroinvertebrate community, as near sites showed higher values for the community metrics, such as richness and diversity. Near sites presented a larger number of individuals, observed both in the dry and rainy seasons, with a predominance of Chironomidae (Diptera) in the dry season and Tubificidae (Oligochaeta) in the rainy season.

Resumo O biomonitoramento é uma ferramenta com custo relativamente baixo e eficaz para avaliação da qualidade da água, além de inferir sobre o equilíbrio dos ecossistemas aquáticos. Os macroinvertebrados bentônicos são bioindicadores sensíveis às mudanças ambientais, e podem auxiliar na detecção e prevenção de impactos como o enriquecimento orgânico e o desequilíbrio da cadeia alimentar. Como objetivo, foi comparada a estrutura das comunidades bentônicas em coletores com substrato artificial situados em locais próximos e distantes de tanques rede para produção de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Os coletores foram fabricados com rede de náilon, utilizando os substratos brita, cascalho, bucha vegetal e folhas de taboa. Foram realizadas coletas após 30 dias de colonização. As amostras foram lavadas e os espécimes identificados e quantificados. As métricas calculadas foram: riqueza de Unidades Taxonômicas Operacionais, riqueza de Margalef, abundância de indivíduos, índice de Shannon e índice de Pielou. A estrutura da comunidade macrobentônica foi fortemente modificada de acordo com a proximidade dos tanques-rede. As métricas apresentaram diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre os locais próximos e distantes, em ambos os períodos (estações seca e chuvosa). A posição dos amostradores afetou significativamente a estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados, na medida em que locais próximos dos tanques rede apresentaram valores mais elevados para as métricas de comunidade, como riqueza e diversidade. Amostras próximas aos tanques rede apresentaram um maior número de indivíduos em ambas as estações do ano, com predomínio de Chironomidae (Diptera) na estação seca e Tubificidae (Oligochaeta) na estação chuvosa.

Study and Compatible Design of Two Types of Liquid Auto Sampler for Gas Chromatographer / 分析化学

We carried out parallel design and development of two differently structured auto sampler based on a multi-axis and multi-mode high-precision closed-loop servo control system. An integrated embedded control drive module was developed based on the idea of compatibility and inter-changeability, so that DC motor and encoder were standardized into uniform models. Meanwhile, electric and mechanical interfaces were uniformed to a same standard. This allows the direct exchange of above-mentioned components between the two models. A 1-μL manual sample injection syringe was installed on both standard 110-sample and platform 40-sample liquid auto sample injectors connected with gas chromatographer. Approximately 0. 5μL of cetane-isooctyl was sampled for 6 consecutive times at six different positions in the sample bottle. The repeatability RSDs of the injection peak areas of the two systems were 1. 1% and 1. 5%, respectively. A linear correlation coefficient (0. 9947) of peak area with injection volume was achieved based on the gradient sampling volume of 0. 1, 0. 3, 0. 5, 0. 7 and 0. 9 μL.

Comparison of volatile constituents in two types of mugwort leaves (produced in Qichun and Nanyang) using the headspace GC-MS / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective:To compare the volatile constituents in mugwort leaves produced in Qichun, Hubei Province and Nanyang, Henan Province. Methods:The volatile constituents were extracted using headspace heating and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Then a qualitative analysis was made according to the standard database provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the relative contents of each constituent were calculated using the peak area normalization method. Results:A total of 59 compounds were identified from the mugwort leaves from Qichun and 51 compounds were identified from the mugwort leaves from Nanyang. These mainly include monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, CxHyOz and other compounds involving the aldehyde, ketone, alkane and benzene. The mugwort leaves from Qichun and Nanyang share 32 common volatile constituents. The chromatographic peak area of identified compounds accounting for 96.38% of GC-MS total chromatographic peak areain Qichun mugwort leaves, versus 95.54% of that in Nanyang mugwort leaves. Conclusion:The headspace heating extraction combined with GC-MS technology can evidently display similarities and differences of volatile constituents in mugwort leaves produced in different areas and thus provide scientific basis for the quality and screening of mugwort leaves.

A Study on the Prevalence of Indoor Mycoflora in Air Conditioned Buses.

Aim: To study the presence of indoor mycoflora in A/c Buses to know the commuters risk of exposure to fungal spores. Place and Duration: Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT), Koyambedu, Chennai, India. Study was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012. Methodology: Airborne fungi from 50 A/c buses were studied using Reuter Centrifugal Sampler (Biotest, Germany), fungi from the surfaces of air vents through swab sample and bus seats by rubbing sterile petridishes on the seats. Sabourauds Dextrose Agar (SDA) was used for the isolation of fungi from different buses. The collected data were statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 38 species classified in 21 genera were recorded. Among which, Zygomycetes was represented by 4 species, Ascomycetes and Coelomycetes by single species each and the remaining belongs to Hyphomycetes. The genus, Aspergillus was represented by maximum number of species (11 species) followed by Penicillium (5 species). A total average of 713 CFU/m3 of air was recorded within the buses. Aspergillus niger was the first dominant fungi in the order of dominance followed by Chrysonilia sitophila, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus flavus in that order. From the surface of bus seats, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer and A. japonicus were recorded as dominant. However, different mycofloral composition was recorded from air vents. Cladosporium chlorocephalum and Curvularia lunata dominated the surface of air vents. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the presence of potential fungal species which pose exposure risk to the immune compromised commuters.

Depositional characteristics of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers on tree barks

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to determine the depositional characteristics of several tree barks, including Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Pine (Pinus densiflora), Platanus (Platanus), and Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). These were used as passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). METHODS: Tree barks were sampled from the same site. PBDEs were analyzed by highresolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometer, and the lipid content was measured using the gravimetric method by n-hexane extraction. RESULTS: Gingko contained the highest lipid content (7.82 mg/g dry), whereas pine (4.85 mg/g dry), Platanus (3.61 mg/g dry), and Metasequoia (0.97 mg/g dry) had relatively lower content. The highest total PBDEs concentration was observed in Metasequoia (83,159.0 pg/g dry), followed by Ginkgo (53,538.4 pg/g dry), Pine (20,266.4 pg/g dry), and Platanus (12,572.0 pg/g dry). There were poor correlations between lipid content and total PBDE concentrations in tree barks (R2=0.1011, p =0.682). Among the PBDE congeners, BDE 206, 207 and 209 were highly brominated PBDEs that are sorbed to particulates in ambient air, which accounted for 90.5% (84.3-95.6%) of the concentration and were therefore identified as the main PBDE congener. The concentrations of particulate PBDEs deposited on tree barks were dependent on morphological characteristics such as surface area or roughness of barks. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, when using the tree barks as the PAS of the atmospheric PBDEs, samples belonging to same tree species should be collected to reduce errors and to obtain reliable data.

Detection of airborne psychrotrophic bacteria and fungi in food storage refrigerators

The purpose of this study was to determine the microbiological air quality (psychrotrophic bacteria and airborne fungi) and distribution of fungi in different types of ready-to-eat (RTE) food-storage refrigerators (n=48) at selected retail stores in the city of Edirne, Turkey. Refrigerators were categorized according to the type of RTE food-storage: meat products, vegetables, desserts, or a mix of food types. Microbiological quality of air samples was evaluated by using a Mas-100 Eco Air Sampler. Four refrigerators (all containing meat products, 8.3%) produced air samples with undetectable microorganisms. The highest detected mean value of airborne psychrotrophic bacteria and fungi was 82.3 CFU/m³ and 54.6 CFU/m³, respectively and were found in mixed-food refrigerators. The dominant airborne fungal genera found were Penicillium (29.0%), Aspergillus (12.0%), Mucor (9%), Cladosporium (8%), Botyrtis (7%), and Acremonium (6%). By definition, RTE food does not undergo a final treatment to ensure its safety prior to consumption. Therefore, ensuring a clean storage environment for these foods is important to prevent food-borne disease and other health risks.

Human Health Risk Assessment of Trichloroethylene from Industrial Complex A

This study investigated the human health risks of trichloroethylene from Industrial Complex A. The excessive carcinogenic risks for central tendency exposure were 1.40 x 10(-5) for male and female residents in the vicinity of Industrial Complex A. The excessive cancers risk for reasonable maximum exposure were 2.88 x 10(-5) and 1.97 x 10(-5) for males and females, respectively. These values indicate that there are potential cancer risks for exposure to these concentrations. The hazard index for central tendency exposure to trichloroethylene was 1.71 for male and female residents. The hazard indexes for reasonable maximum exposure were 3.27 and 2.41 for males and females, respectively. These values were over one, which is equivalent to the threshold value. This result showed that adverse cancer and non-cancer health effects may occur and that some risk management of trichloroethylene from Industrial Complex A was needed.

Relationship between PAHs Concentrations in Ambient Air and Deposited on Pine Needles

OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to determine whether or not pine needles can be used as passive samplers of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using the correlation between accumulated PAH concentrations in air (Ca, ng/m3) and those deposited on pine needles (Cp, ng/g dry). METHODS: PAHs in ambient air was collected using low volume PUF sampler and pine needles was gathered at same place for 7 months. RESULTS: good correlation (R2=0.8582, p<0.05) was found between Ca and Cp for PAHs with a higher gaseous state in air (AcPy, Acp, Flu, Phen, Ant, Flt, Pyr, BaA and Chry), but there was a poorer correlation (R2=0.1491, p=0.5123) for the PAHs with a lower gaseous state (BbF, BkF, BaP, DahA, BghiP and Ind123). A positive correlation (R2=0.8542) was revealed between the logarithm of the octanol-air partitioning coefficient (logKoa) and Cp/Ca for the PAHs with a higher gaseous state in air, but there was a negative correlation (R2=0.8131) for the PAHs with a lower gaseous state. The Ca-Cp model could not be used to estimate PAHs concentrations in air using deposited PAHs concentrations on pine needles, but the logKoa-Cp/Ca model could be used. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that pine needles can be used as passive samplers of atmospheric PAHs.

Design and Speech Synthesis of CIS Strategy Based on Multi-channels for Cochlear Implants Speech Signal Processing / 中国医学物理学杂志

Purpose:Cochlear implant is a sort of device which is used to restore normal heating for the profoundly deaf by electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve.Simulation of multiple channels demonstrates that the number of channels has significant influence on sound effect.Method:This paper reviews the Continuous Interleaved Sampling (CIS) strategy for cochlear implants,and simulates it in PC.The audible sound of cochlear implanter is synthesized,and preliminary analysis of the speech identification rate of CIS strategy in different channels has also been done based on the simulation.Result:CIS strategy using 6 or 8 channels can achieve better sound effect .Conclusion:Simulation results show that CIS strategy with envelope extraction and high number of channels can produce satisfactory speech synthesis effect

Effect of different sampling solutions on viability of bacteriophages / 军事医学科学院院刊

Objective To investigate the endurance or resistance of different bacteriophages to bubbling stress in different sampling solutions,to select the optimum sampling solution from three different ones and to select relatively stress-resistant bacteriophages from five different ones.Methods AGI-10(all glass impinger)was used as the representative for all the impingers that would bubble during operation to fulfill the bubbling experiment.Three different sampling solutions used,such as distilled water(DW),phosphatic buffer solution(PBS),and suspension medium(SM),were divided into two groups by adding olive oil(50 μl) or otherwise(0 μl).The impingers were operated 30 min at a flow rate of 7.0 L/min.The titers of bacteriophages and the volume of final sampling solutions were determined before the corrected survival probability was used to evaluate the stress resistance of several different bacteriophages.Results It was found that the survival probability of the same bacteriophage bubbling with different sampling solutions was different except for bacteriophage F2.The use of SM as the collection fluid was related to a high survival probability which remained unchanged between 50 μl and 0 μl olive oil.The corrected survival probability was 79%,77%,86%,50% and 71% for phage SM701,SM702,PhiX174,EcP1 and F2 respectively after 60 minutes of impingement at a flow rate of 7.0 L/min.Conclusion The endurance or resistance of different kinds of bacteriophages in the same sampling solution is different.SM might be an optimum sampling solution for phages.Bacteriophage SM701,SM702 and PhiX174 are more resistant to bubbling stress than EcP1 and F2.

Análise bayesiana do modelo de herança monogênica no melhoramento vegetal: um exemplo com abobrinha / Bayesian analisys of monogenic inheritance model in plant breeding: a case study with zucchini

Uma estratégia comum em programas de melhoramento é conduzir estudos básicos de herança para investigar a hipótese de controle do caráter por um ou poucos genes de efeito principal, associados ou não a genes modificadores de pequeno efeito. Neste trabalho, foi utilizada a inferência bayesiana para ajustar modelos de herança genética aditiva-dominante a experimentos de genética vegetal com várias gerações. Densidades normais com médias associadas aos efeitos genéticos das gerações foram consideradas em um modelo linear em que a matriz de delineamento dos efeitos genéticos tinha coeficientes indeterminados (precisando ser estimada para cada indivíduo). A metodologia foi ilustrada com um conjunto de dados de um estudo de herança da partenocarpia em abobrinha (Cucurbita pepo L). Tal ajuste permitiu explicitar a distribuição a posteriori das probabilidades genotípicas. A análise corrobora resultados anteriores da literatura, porém foi mais eficiente que alternativas prévias que supunham a matriz de delineamento conhecida para as gerações. Conclui-se que a partenocarpia em abobrinha é governada por um gene principal com dominância parcial.

A common breeding strategy is to carry out basic studies to investigate the hypothesis of a single gene controlling the trait (major gene) with or without polygenes of minor effect. In this study we used Bayesian inference to fit genetic additive-dominance models of inheritance to plant breeding experiments with multiple generations. Normal densities with different means, according to the major gene genotype, were considered in a linear model in which the design matrix of the genetic effects had unknown coefficients (which were estimated in individual basis). An actual data set from an inheritance study of partenocarpy in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) was used for illustration. Model fitting included posterior probabilities for all individual genotypes. Analysis agrees with results in the literature but this approach was far more efficient than previous alternatives assuming that design matrix was known for the generations. Partenocarpy in zucchini is controlled by a major gene with important additive effect and partial dominance.

Inferência Bayesiana na análise genética de populações diplóides: estimação do coeficiente de endogamia e da taxa de fecundação cruzada / Bayesian inference in genetic analysis of diploid populations: inbreeding coefficient and outcrossing rate estimation

Neste estudo, utilizou-se a metodologia Bayesiana para estimar o coeficiente de endogamia e a taxa de fecundação cruzada de uma população diplóide por meio do modelo aleatório de COCKERHAM para freqüências alélicas. Um sistema de simulação de dados foi estruturado para validar a metodologia utilizada. O algoritmo Gibbs Sampler foi implementado no software R para obter amostras das distribuições marginais a posteriori para o coeficiente de endogamia e para a taxa de fecundação. O método Bayesiano mostrou-se eficiente na estimação dos parâmetros, pois os valores paramétricos utilizados na simulação encontravam-se dentro do intervalo de credibilidade de 95 por cento em todos os cenários considerados. A convergência do algoritmo Gibbs Sampler foi verificada, validando assim os resultados obtidos.

The Bayesian methodology was used to estimate the inbreeding coefficient and outcrossing rate in diploid populations by COCKERHAM random model to allelic frequency. The proposed methodology was evaluated by data simulation. The Gibbs Sampler algorithm was implemented in the R statistical software to obtain the random samples of the inbreeding coefficient and outcrossing rate posteriors marginal distributions. The Bayesian method showed good results, because the 95 percent credible intervals contained the true parameter values to all of the selected scenes. The Gibbs Sampler convergence was checked and this validated the estimation results.

Sampler collection gadget for epilithic diatoms

This work present a new gadget for sampling epilithic diatoms from both lentic and lotic enviroments. The sampler consists of a polystyrene cylinder, left to float on the surface of the water, to which stone substrates are attached. This epilithic diatom sampler (EDS) can be used to detect spatial and temporal richness and density variation in the study of the diatom community, as well as in water quality monitoring.

Apresenta-se um novo dispositivo para amostragem de diatomáceas epilíticas a ser empregado em ambientes lênticos e lóticos. O amostrador é constituído por cilindro de polietileno flutuante na superfície da água onde são fixados substratos rochosos. Este amostrador de diatomáceas epilíticas (EDS) pode ser usado tanto para detectar variações espaciais e temporais de riqueza e densidade da comunidade de diatomáceas como para o monitoramento da qualidade da água.

Badge-type Passive Personal Sampler Used in Determination of Styrene in Air / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To make a passive personal sampler for the determination of the styrene in the air. Methods To make a passive personal sampler for the determination of the styrene in the air. Results Under the condition of wind velocity of 100-600 cm/s, relative humidity of 40%-80% and temperature of 10-40 ℃, the sampling flux of the passive sampler was 61.8 ml/min, the capacity was 5.95 mg, the shortest sampling time was 30 min, the self life was at least 30 days, the storage stability was at least 14 days, the RSDs were 8.07%-9.37%. Conclusion This new kind of passive personal sampler can be used as a new device for the determination of the styrene in the air.

Comparison of the solution of ThinPrep(TM) Pap test with the Cervical Sampler(TM) of Hybrid Capture (HC) II for detecting Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to compare the difference and the positivity rate between Preserv Cyt(TM) solution of Thin-Prep(TM) Pap test and Cervical Sampler(TM) of Hybrid Capture II for detecting HPV DNA. METHODS: We collected samples of the cervix by using Preserv Cyt(TM) solution of Thin-Prep(TM) Pap test and a Cervical Sampler(TM) of Hybrid Capture II from ninety one women who screened for cervical carcinoma and precancerous cervical lesions between January 2003 and March 2003. At the same time, we tested the sample using the Preserv Cyt(TM) solution left over with a sample conversion kit. The cut off value for positive test result was above 1 pg/mL. RESULTS: The results of comparing the test using the Preserv Cyt(TM) solution of Thin-Prep(TM) Pap test with the one using Cervical Sampler(TM) showed negative results and 34 patients showed positive results with a significant high kappa coefficient of 0.674. The HPV titer of 10. Agreement rates of Preserv Cyt(TM) solution according to the HPV titer of Cervical Sampler(TM) were as follows: 97.7% in values below 1, 96.8% in values above 10, but 17.6% in values 1 to 10. So, the agreement rate was low between Cervical Sampler(TM) and Preserv Cyt(TM) solution in low value of HPV of Cervical Sampler(TM). CONCLUSION: Comparing the test using Preserv Cyt(TM) solution with Cervical Sampler(TM), there was a high correspondence and the Preserv Cyt(TM) solution was facilitated to detection for HPV at a time.