Physicochemical characterization of garcinia gummi-gutta (l.) robs. seed oil

The objective of the present study involves the evaluation of physicochemical characteristics of the oil extracted from Garciniagummi-gutta seeds. The seed oil is yellowish brown coloured without any characteristic odour and it is solid at room temperature with a melting point of 39.8oC and 9.27% of moisture content. The refractive index of the seed oil was determined as 1.460. G. gummi-gutta seed oil is soluble in non-polar solvents and its pH was determined as 4.69. The parameters such as acid value, saponification value, iodine value, peroxide value and ester value of G. gummi-gutta seed oil were determined by standard methods and they were 3.07±0.18 mg KOH/g oil, 185.94±0.32 mg KOH/g oil, 43.86±0.24 g/100 g oil, 3.47±0.18 meq/kg and 182.87±0.55 respectively. The results showed that the acid value, saponification value and peroxide value of G. gummi-gutta seed oil are within the range of edible oils. The present study points out that G. gummi-gutta seeds can be used as an alternate source for edible oil. Detailed nutritional and anti-nutritional studies of the seed oil are warranted to confirm its edibility

Analytical Standardization Of Triphaladi Taila

Analytical study plays an important role in the standardization of the drugs. Ayurveda, the ancient system of medicine is gaining recognition throughout the world and many herbal, metal and mineral drugs are now clinically tested and accepted. However, one of the impediments in the acceptance of the ancient systems of medical preparation is the lack of standard quality control profiles. The quality of the drugs, that is, the profile of the constituents in the final product has implication in efficacy and safety. The Sneha kalpa are par excellent to other dosage forms due to their wider advantages like increased absorption and extraction of fat soluble active principles. Sneha kalpas are the only dosage from which can be administered conveniently both internally as well as externally. Triphaladi Taila is an important herbo mineral formulation mentioned in Rasaratnakara indicated for the management of the disease Palitya as Kesharanjaka. The ingredients present in the 揟riphaladi Taila� are Sodhita Lauha churna, Triphala churna, Bhringaraja swarasa and Tila taila. Shodhana, Swarasa nirmana, Kalka nirmana, Churna nirmana and Snehapaka and are the main pharmaceutical procedures employed in the preparation of Triphaladi Taila. To assess the safety and to understand the physico chemical properties, organoleptic tests, moisture content, refractive index, fat, Iodine value, pH value, Saponification value, Acid value, ash value, weight/ml, viscosity, iron, volatile oil and microbial tests as well as chromatographically (TLC) for developing standards.

Hydrolytic efficiency and isomerization during de-esterification of natural astaxanthin esters by saponification and enzymolysis

Background: Astaxanthin from natural sources is typically esterified with fatty acids; hence, it must be hydrolyzed to remove esters before identification and quantification by conventional HPLC. Alkaline-catalyzed saponification and enzyme-catalyzed enzymolysis are the most commonly used de-esterification methods. However, information on the efficiency and isomerization during de-esterification of natural astaxanthin esters by these two methods remains scarce. Therefore, we conducted two HPLC-based experiments to determine which method is better for hydrolyzing astaxanthin esters. Results: To assess the effect of enzymolysis (0.67 U/mL cholesterol esterase, at 37°C) and saponification (0.021 M NaOH, at 5°C) conditions on free astaxanthin recovery and destruction or structural transformation of astaxanthin, we varied the total treatment time across a range of 195 min. The results showed that enzymolysis and saponification were complete in 60 min and 90 min, respectively. After complete hydrolysis, the maximum free astaxanthin recovery obtained by enzymolysis was 42.6% more than that obtained by saponification. The identification of by-products, semi-astacene and astacene, during the process of saponification also indicated that a more severe degradation of astaxanthin occurred during saponification. Moreover, the composition of astaxanthin isomers during saponification was similar to that of the isomers during enzymolysis between 30 min and 75 min (all-trans:9-cis:13-cis = 21:3:1, approximately) but dramatically changed after 90 min, whereas the composition in the enzymolysis treatment remained relatively stable throughout. Conclusion: Compared with saponification, enzymolysis with cholesterol esterase was recommended as a more accurate method for de-esterification of natural astaxanthin esters for further qualitative and quantitative HPLC analysis.

Comparative Study of the Physicochemical Properties of Vegetable Oil from Irvigna gabonesis and Citrullus colocynthis Dried Seeds Samples.

Extraction and analysis of the physicochemical properties of vegetable oil from Irvigna gabonesis and Citrullus colocynthis were carried out to predict possible applications. Study Design: It was designed to extract oil from the seeds and investigate the properties to indicate their performance and potentials in industrial applications. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, between October and December, 2012. Methodology: Fresh seeds were collected, dried and ground to smaller particle size. Soxhlet apparatus method was used in extraction with petroleum ether (40-60ºC) while standard official methods were employed in the analysis. Results: The result revealed that both were oil seeds yielding Irvigna gabonesis 36.43±2.60% and Citrullus colocynthis 28.03±1.20% oil. Physicochemical properties of the oil showed that the total fatty matter in both samples were very high at about 98%. The refractive index was 1.46 and 1.43 for Citrullus colocynthis and Irvigna gabonesis respectively. The acid values of 2.02 and 20.2mgKOH/g were respectively low and high in Citrullus colocynthis and Irvigna gabonesis. The free fatty acid content of 6.97% in Irvigna gabonesis was higher than 2.15% in Citrullus colocynthis. Consequently, the peroxide value of 1.20meq/g was also higher in Irvigna gabonesis than the low amount of 0.45meq/g in Colocynthus. The iodine value of 7.90±1.00 Wij’s was low in Irvigna gabonesis compared to 114.30±1.06 Wij’s in Citrullus colocynthis. The saponification values of 208.10 and 202.90mgKOH/g were high. Conclusion: Irvigna gabonesis oil had high acid value, free fatty acids and peroxide value compared to Citrullus colocynthis. The low iodine number of the Irvigna gabonesis oil indicates high degree of saturation while the high level of iodine value in Citrullus colocynthis was indicative of high unsaturation. The saponification values showed presence of saponifiable lipids. The oils can be useful in nutrition and manufacturing industry.

Determination of linolic acid and oleic acid in Persicae Semen from different habitats by precolumn saponification HPLC method / 中草药

Objective: To develop a precolumn saponification HPLC method for determining linolic acid and oleic acid in Persicae Semen from different habitats and to provide the basis for controlling the herb quality quickly and accurately. Methods: The linolic acid and oleic acid in Persicae Semen were saponified with 0.5 mol/mL KOH/EtOH as saponifier. HPLC method was used to determine the contents of linolic acid and oleic acid. The column was Waters-Symmetry-RP-C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1% aqueous phosphoric acid (92:8); The flow rate was 1.0 mg/mL; The absorbance was monitored at 205 nm; The column temperature was 30°C. Results: The calibration curves of linolic acid and oleic acid were in a good linearity over the ranges of 8.193 2-163.864 μg/mL (r = 0.999 7) and 26.4-528.0 μg/mL (r = 0.9995), and the average recoveries of linolic acid and oleic acid were 97.3% and 98.0% with RSD values of 2.7% and 2.3%, respectively (n = 6). Conclusion: This method is simple, sensitive, and accurate, which is suitable for the simultaneous determination of linolic acid and oleic acid in Persicae Semen.

Preparation of high-purity solanesol from tobacco / 中成药

AIM:To discuss the technique for preparing high-purity solanesol from tobacco. METHODS:The pre-treated tobacco leaves were extracted with mixed solvent of petroleum ether and ethanol,and saponified to obtain solanesol extract; The solanesol extract got through redissolution and dewaxing,then crystallized in the temperatare of -18 ℃; Finally purified by macroporous resin(YPR-Ⅱ,D-1300,HZ-816,HZ-802). RESULTS:The ratio of mixed solvent of petroleum ether and ethanol was 1 ∶ 4,ratio of liquid to materials was 1 ∶ 12,solanesol purity was about 32% after saponification,then crystallization made the purity up to 63. 4% ,finally purified through macroporous resin,the solanesol purity reached above 93. 6%. CONCLUSION:Through the general solvent extraction,saponification,crystallization and macroporous resin adsorption process,the solanesol purity of the product reaches higher than commonly expected values.

Preparation and Clinical Observation of Sterilized Medical Bone Wax / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To prepare the sterilized medical bone wax and to establish the standard of quality control.METHODS:The bone wax was identified with chemical approach and the quality of bone wax was evaluated by saponification value.RESULTS:The bone wax was appropriate in formula,feasible in preparing technique and satisfactory in therapeutic efficacy with a satisfication rate of 98%.CONCLUSION:There are no obvious differences between the bone wax developed by our hospital and imported bone wax in quality,therefore the prepared bone wax can take the place of imported products.