Functional and Hemodynamic Efficacy of Non-Poliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment by Endonasal Electrophoresis of Tanakan

Aims: To study the effectiveness of the treatment of patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy by tanakan endonasal electrophoresis according to functional and hemodynamic data.Study Design: Cross-sectional comparative analysis.Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, clinic of Tashkent Medical Academy, between 2017 and 2020.Methodology: We included 66 patients (123 eyes), 23 men and 43 women; age range 18-75 years with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The patients were divided into 2 groups: to receive daily tablets of Tanakan (control), or daily endonasal electrophoresis of Tanakan (main) within ten days. Before and after the course of therapy, the patients underwent determination of visual acuity, Doppler ultrasound imaging of the eye and computer static perimetry.Results: Improvements in visual acuity were observed in 87,3% of the main group patients, and in 22% of the control group. Statistically significant increase in blood flow velocity and a decrease in the resistance index were observed in the main group (P < 0.05). Retinal photosensitivity increased by 22% in the main group, and by 10% in the control group. The mean deviation from the age norm decreased by 33% in the main group and by 12% in the control group. Among the patients of the main group, 30% experienced a decrease in absolute scotomas and 100% in relative scotomas. Among the patients of the control group, 21% and 83% experienced a decrease in absolute and relative scotomas, respectively.Conclusion: Treatment with tanakan endonasal electrophoresis significantly improved visual acuity, eye hemodynamics, and retinal photosensitivity. This treatment is more effective than the traditional use of ginkgo- biloba tablets.

Current research of acute zonal occult outer retinopathy / 中华实验眼科杂志

Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) is a relatively rare ocular disease that is characterized by the rapid loss of one or more zones of outer retinal function.AZOOR usually occurs in young women.AZOOR patients typically present with the sudden onset of photopsia and acute scotomas related to loss of sectors of outer retinal function.Early in the course of AZOOR,funduscopic appearance was often normal;however,most patients developed zones of retinal pigment epithelial atrophy or pigment clumping over time.Changes in electroretinogram (ERG) and persistent visual field defects were usually observed.Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed that inner segment (IS)/outer segment (OS) regional abnormal changes corresponding to the visual field defect location area,at the same time the morphology and position of the visual field defect and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) shown in retinal amplitude density decreased regions coincide.The visual function of some patients can permanently damage.Fundus examination,mfERG and fluorescein angiography (FA),indocyanine green angiography (ICGA),autofluorescence (AF) and frequency domain OCT imaging techniques has an important significance for the diagnosis of AZOOR.Ever since the lack of understanding,AZOOR is often missed or misdiagnosed.In order to improve the understanding of the disease,this paper reviewed the definition,etiology,the epidemiological characteristics,clinical manifestation,classification,diagnosis,differential diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of AZOOR.

Fundamentos de campo visual / Visual field fundaments

Las investigaciones sobre campo visual se han venido realizando desde el siglo V antes de Cristo y con el transcurrir del tiempo se ha ido avanzando en el estudio tanto de sus métodos de exploración como los tipos de defectos campimétricos. Actualmente se utilizan métodos de exploración campimétrica como el método de confrontación cinético: en el que se presenta un estímulo que se mueve desde la periferia hasta el centro tanto horizontal como verticalmente; perímetro cinético y cualitativo de Goldman: en el que se emiten estímulos de luminancia variable para determinar el umbral en cada punto; campímetro visual computarizado: es un tipo de perimetría estática y cuantitativa que emite estímulos inmóviles de diferente intensidad para determinar el valor de umbral en cada punto. Por medio de estos instrumentos se puede realizar un estudio de campo visual y detectar alteraciones campimétricas como: depresiones del campo visual; contracciones del campo visual y escotomas absolutos o relativos. Estos escotomas se pueden clasificar de acuerdo a su morfología en: hemianopsias y cuadrantanopsias; y escotomas de acuerdo a su ubicación en: centrales, paracentrales, cecales, centrocecales, arciformes y anulares. Teniendo un conocimiento previo sobre la forma de medición del campo visual, la anatomía de la vía óptica y tipos de defectos campimétricos el analista tiene las herramientas necesarias para realizar una lectura adecuada de campo visual y poder correlacionar el resultado con las diferentes afectaciones que se pueden presentar de acuerdo a su ubicación desde el ojo siguiendo el recorrido de la vía óptica hasta la corteza occipital.

Research about the visual field have been done sincethe fifth century before Christ, and through the time,the study has advanced in its exploration methodsand in the campimetric defect types. Nowadays, thereare some campimetric exploration methods such asthe kinetic confrontation method where a stimulusis presented from the periphery to the center bothhorizontally and vertically; Goldman’s kinetic andqualitative perimeter where variable light stimulusare emitted to determine the threshold in each point;computerized visual campimeter is a kind of staticand quantitative perimetry which emits immobilestimulus with different intensity to determinethe value of threshold in each point. With theseinstruments a visual field study may be done and alsodetect campimetric alterations such as: visual fielddepressions, visual field contractions and absolute orrelative scotomas. These scotomas can be classifiedregarding their morphology as hemianopsias andcuadrantanopsias; and regarding their location ascentral, paracentral, caecal, centrocaecal, arciformand annular. Based on a previous knowledge of theway to measure the visual field, the eye’s anatomyand types of field-metric defects, the analyst has thenecessary tools to give an appropriate reading of thevisual field and to be able to correlate the result withdifferent affectations may be present regarding thelocation from the eye following the way through theoptic via to the occipital cortex.