Área de Céntrica, Revisión del Concepto. Una Revisión Narrativa / Central Area, Review of the Concept. A Narrative Review

La búsqueda de una oclusión ideal es uno de los principales objetivos de los tratamientos rehabilitadores. Para que esta se cumpla, es necesario que se presenten ciertas características, en base a esto, se ha constituido el concepto de "tríada en céntrica", que se define como la coincidencia entre la relación céntrica fisiológica (RCF), posición muscular de contacto (PMC) y posición de máxima intercuspidación (PMI), existiendo de esta forma un equilibrio morfofuncional óptimo de los diferentes componentes del sistema estomatognático. Así nace la necesidad de analizar los conceptos que involucren la relación existente entre las distintas posiciones mandibulares, dentro de estos conceptos encontramos el "área de céntrica", que debido a sus características, se le atribuye relevancia y utilidad clínica cuando se entiende su aplicación. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el concepto de área céntrica, actualizar los conceptos oclusales asociados y proponer nuevas metodologías para su evaluación. En ocasiones existen interferencias oclusales que impiden que la mandíbula continúe su recorrido habitual para llegar a determinada posición, estas interferencias se conocen como contactos prematuros, cuando estos existen, naturalmente la mandíbula se desvía hacia una posición de acomodo. El deslizamiento en céntrica se define como el movimiento de la mandíbula mientras se encuentra posición retruida de contacto no forzada, es decir, la posición de contacto que se produce cuando la mandíbula se cierra en RCF, hasta llegar a PMI, este deslizamiento se produce debido a la presencia de contactos prematuros, cuando no existen contactos prematuros, esta posición coincidirá con PMI. El área de céntrica se define como el deslizamiento de la mandíbula entre la posición retruída ligamentosa (PRL) y PMI. Idealmente, la PMI se da cuando los cóndilos están en RCF y coincide con la PMC, debe existir siempre un área de céntrica, pues fisiológicamente ninguna articulación adoptara naturalmente una posición extrema como la PRL.

The search for an ideal occlusion is one of the main objectives of rehabilitation treatments. For this to be fulfilled, some characteristics need to be present, based on this, the concept of "centric triad" has been constituted, which is defined as the coincidence between the physiological centric relation (CR), muscular contact position (MCP) and maximum intercuspal position (MIP), thus existing an optimal morphofunctional balance of the different components of the stomatognathic system. In this way, the need arises to analyze the concepts that involve the relationship between the different mandibular positions, within these concepts we find the "centric area", which due to its characteristics, it is attributed relevance and clinical utility when its application is understood. The objective of this study was to analyze the concept of centric area, update the associated occlusal concepts and propose new methodologies for its evaluation. Sometimes there are occlusal interferences that prevent the jaw from continuing its usual path to reach a certain position, these interferences are known as premature contacts, when they exist, the jaw naturally deviates towards a position of accommodation. Centric slide is defined as the movement of the mandible when it is in a retruded contact position unforced, that is, the contact position that occurs when the mandible closes in CR, until reaching MIP, this sliding occurs due to in the presence of premature contacts, when there are no premature contacts, this position will coincide with PMI. The centric area is defined as the slippage of the mandible between the retruded ligamentous position (RLP) and MIP. Ideally, the PMI occurs when the condyles are in CR and coincides with the MCP, there should always be a centric area, since physiologically no joint will naturally adopt an extreme position like PRL.

Systematic Analysis of Artificial Intelligence in Pathology

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is an emerging modern technology within the health care sectors in the current era and it is the ability of computer software to mimic human judgment. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based modern image analysis methods have significant promise for enhancing the accuracy and efficacy of pathology diagnostic processes as well as for the discovery of new biomarkers. Objectives: In this article, we will discuss Artificial Intelligence, its usage in pathology in various ways such as for screening of various diseases, detection of prognostic markers or biomarkers, and various treatment modalities. Materials and Methods: Data were collected and analyzed from the recently published literature and electronic database searches of Cochrane and included the articles the year 2017 to 2021 by reading the title and the abstract. Artificial intelligence (AI), has a lot of potential for aiding in diagnosis with the advancement of information technology. For this purpose, few machine learning algorithms have been created to date. Given their capacity to evaluate complicated data in a quantitative and standardised manner to further improve the precision and scope of diagnoses, artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning technologies hold great promise for the field of pathology. Conclusion: The application of Artificial Intelligence tools in pathology has sharply increased in this era and it is anticipated to revolutionize the pathology field in the years ahead and can change the way the field of pathology is managed and make them not only more systematic but also effective in meeting the needs of the current age of precision medicine.

Multi-tissue segmentation model of whole slide image of pancreatic cancer based on multi task and attention mechanism / 生物医学工程学杂志

Accurate segmentation of whole slide images is of great significance for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. However, developing an automatic model is challenging due to the complex content, limited samples, and high sample heterogeneity of pathological images. This paper presented a multi-tissue segmentation model for whole slide images of pancreatic cancer. We introduced an attention mechanism in building blocks, and designed a multi-task learning framework as well as proper auxiliary tasks to enhance model performance. The model was trained and tested with the pancreatic cancer pathological image dataset from Shanghai Changhai Hospital. And the data of TCGA, as an external independent validation cohort, was used for external validation. The F1 scores of the model exceeded 0.97 and 0.92 in the internal dataset and external dataset, respectively. Moreover, the generalization performance was also better than the baseline method significantly. These results demonstrate that the proposed model can accurately segment eight kinds of tissue regions in whole slide images of pancreatic cancer, which can provide reliable basis for clinical diagnosis.

The role of bronchoscopy in slide tracheoplasty in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the role of bronchoscopy in slide tracheoplasty.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was conducted on the diagnosis and treatment of four children with tracheal stenosis admitted to Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from 2017 to 2020. The role of bronchoscopy was summarized in the preoperative evaluation, intraoperative positioning and measurement, and postoperative wound evaluation and treatment during slide tracheoplasty.@*RESULTS@#Bronchoscopy evaluation before slide tracheoplasty showed that 3 of the 4 children had complete trachea rings, 2 had pulmonary artery sling, and 2 had multiple stenosis. Slide tracheoplasty was performed in the hospital on 3 children, and the midpoint of the stenosis segment was judged under bronchoscopy, and the length of the stenosis segment was measured, which assisted in the resection of the stenosis segment of the trachea. The pathogens were identified by lavage after the surgery. One child who developed scar traction 9 months after slide tracheoplasty in another hospital was improved by interventional treatment under bronchoscopy. Mucosal changes were found under bronchoscopy in 2 children 4 days after surgery, and the treatment plan was adjusted. One month after surgery, 2 children had granulation hyperplasia, which was improved by cryotherapy under bronchoscopy. One child abandoned treatment due to anastomotic necrosis and died. Three survivors were followed up for over 6 months with good prognosis, but all had tracheobronchial malacia.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Bronchoscopy can be used for the management of slide tracheoplasty in children with tracheal stenosis, which is helpful to postoperative rehabilitation and follow-up.

Different Types of 態ackground� of Illustration-based PowerPoint Slides: Anatomy Teachers� Preferences and Perceived Influence on Learning

Background: Teachers are often in dilemma on how to use illustrations effectively in teaching Anatomy using multimedia (for e.g., PowerPoint) slides. 態ackground� is an important element for creating illustration-based PowerPoint slides but is often overlooked when designing such slides. Some general guidelines on the PowerPoint slide background for presenting textual materials are available, but guidelines on the background for presenting illustrations in PowerPoint slides are almost nil. This descriptive type of observational study was part of a broader research that was designed to assess the preferences of Bangladeshi Anatomy teachers towards different types of background of illustration-based PowerPoint slides and their perceived influence on learning.Material & Methods:A survey was conducted among 39 Anatomy teachers from Bangladesh. Seven PowerPoint slides with one same pair of Neuroanatomy illustrations but seven different types of background dealing with the following characteristics were shown to them to collect their preferences and perceived influence on learning: White/Light-coloured homogeneous/Dark-coloured homogeneous; Slightly decorated/Heavily decorated; Related to subject/Not related to subject. Resultsand Conclusion:The survey revealed that most of the participants preferred either light-coloured homogeneous background (around 64%) or white background (around 60%). The least preferred (about 18%) one was the heavily decorated background not related to the subject. Some interesting trends of preference were also observed, including those related to male and female teachers as well as to their length of experience. In most Anatomy teachers� perceptions, learning would be influenced by using their preferred 慴ackgrounds�. Although the results of the present study reveal some insight into the preferences of Anatomy teachers and their perceived influence of different illustration-based PowerPoint slide 慴ackgrounds� on learning, further studies are recommended on larger samples focusing on more specific issues of PowerPoint slide backgrounds before making any conclusive comments on these issues.

Different Types of 態ackground� of Illustration-based PowerPoint Slides: Anatomy Postgraduate Students� Preferences and Perceived Influence on Learning

Background: 態ackground� is an important visual element for creating multimedia (e.g., PowerPoint) slides on which text and illustrations are placed. Although some general guidelines for the background for textual materials on PowerPoint slides are available, detailed and specific guidelines on the background for illustrations are almost lacking. As part of a broader research, this qualitative study was designed to assess the preferences of Anatomy postgraduate students towards different types of background of illustration-based PowerPoint slides and their perceived influence on learning.Material & Methods:An FGD was conducted among eight Anatomy postgraduate students from two medical colleges of Bangladesh. Seven PowerPoint slides with one same pair of Neuroanatomy illustrations but seven different types of background dealing with the following characteristics were shown to them: White/light-coloured homogeneous/Dark-coloured homogeneous; Slightly decorated/Heavily decorated; Related to subject/Not related to subject. The discussion was on which background they liked most and why, and whether they think that the background would enhance students� learning.Resultsand Conclusion:Six broad 憈hemes� emerged from the FGD: 1. No single type of background yielded a unanimous preference. 2. Coloured homogeneous backgrounds seemed to be the most preferred type with no clear-cut difference between the light-coloured and dark-coloured ones. 3. Preferences for white or slightly decorated background was moderate. 4. Among the slightly decorated backgrounds, preference for those related to the subject was greater than for those not related. 5. No preference was shown for the heavily decorated background not related to the subject. 6. Despite some positive comments regarding the influence of slide background on learning, no definitive conclusion could be drawn. While these results provide some baseline answers to the research questions, further studies addressing more specific issues of background and viewer characteristics are recommended.

Morphologic improvements of trachea of children with congenital tracheal stenosis after slide tracheoplasty / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective:To study the changes of stenotic segment trachea diameter, trachea length and carina angle before and after slide tracheoplasty.Methods:From January 2010 to January 2018, 77 children with congenital tracheal stenosis(female=36) with complete clinical data accepted slide tracheoplasty in Shanghai Children's Medical Center were selected as the observation group. The diameter of stenosis segment, the length of stenosis segment, the full length of trachea and carina angle were measured by CT image, and the ratio of stenosis segment length to full trachea length was calculated. A group of children with normal trachea morphology and the same sample number, and they had no significant difference in age, height and weight were selected as the control group.Results:The median operative age of 77 children in the observation group was 1.3(1.1, 1.9)years old, the height was 76.0(72.0, 83.0)cm, and the weight was 9.0(7.9, 10.8)kg. The age, height and weight of 77 children in the control group were 1.5(1.0, 2.0) years old and 78.0(71.0, 85.0) cm, 9.2(7.9, 11.0) kg respectively. After slide tracheoplasty, the diameter of trachea in the stenotic segment of children increased from 2.7 mm to 4.4 mm, which was increased by 63.0%( P<0.001), but still smaller than that of children in the control group(6.1 mm). The average length of trachea was shortened by 0.7 cm( P<0.001), and there was no significant difference between the total length of trachea(5.4 cm) and the total length of trachea(5.5 cm). The postoperative carina angle decreased by 27.9°( P<0.001), there was no significant difference in postoperative carina angle between the observation group(93.0°) and the control group(90.7°). Conclusion:The diameter of reconstructed trachea in children with CTS is significantly increased, the length and carina angle of trachea become smaller after slide tracheoplasty. The morphology of trachea is more similar to children in the control group.

Slide laryngotracheoplasty for treating congenital subglottic stenosis: a case report and follow-up / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

The data of a case of congenital subglottic stenosis (C-SGS) who underwent slide laryngotracheoplasty in the Center for Respiratory Intervention, Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University in December 2021 was analyzed retrospectively.The patient was a girl aged 2 months and 15 days.She visited the hospital 23 days after tracheotomy due to dyspnea for more than 2 months.The bronchoscopy and annular cartilage B ultrasound results suggested subglottic stenosis and no scar hyperplasia.Based on the medical history, the child was diagnosed with C-SGS.Slide laryngotracheoplasty was performed 2 weeks after admission, and the tracheotomy tube was removed after surgery.The child was followed up 2 months after surgery, and she recovered well with no dyspnea.The study results suggest that early and safe slide laryngotracheoplasty after definite diagnosis can provide immediate and sufficient airway space for C-SGS patients, and protect their voice and swallowing function.

Perceptions of First-Year Medical Students on the Use of Whole SlideImaging in Learning Histology

Background: Traditional practice in histology teaching is to use the optical microscope for examination of the slides. Whole slide imaging (WSI) or virtual microscopy is an innovation that uses the scanned images of the histology slides that can be seen in any device that can be connected to the internet. WSI allows the user to pan and zooms the slide just like in a microscope, and the quality of the image is also reported to be superior to an optical microscope. The aim of the study was to assess the first-year medical students’ perceptions on the use of whole slide imaging in learning histology slides. Settings and Design is Cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey. Subjects and Methods : Students of phase I MBBS were the study participants. Practical sessions on the histology of the gastrointestinal tract were conducted using the whole slide imaging. Using a 10 item questionnaire, feedback was obtained at the end of the teaching sessions. Statistical analysis used Descriptive statistics were used to explain the data.Results: The students showed a positive response in embracing this new mode of histology teaching. There was uniform support to the fact that the image quality and ease of use of the pan and zoom feature were useful in identifying details of the tissues.Conclusions:WSI was accepted with enthusiasm as a much-needed innovation in histology learning. If not a supplant, WSI can be used as an adjunct to traditional glass slide teaching using an optical microscope

Surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis in children / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the common types, surgical treatment and effects of tracheal stenosis in children.Methods:A total of 23 children with tracheal stenosis in our hospital from December 2017 to August 2020 were retrospectively reviewed, including 14 males and 9 females. The mean age at operation was(8.9±5.8)months(range: 2-3 months) and the mean weight was(6.4±2.3)kg(range: 4.2-10.5 kg). The common types of tracheal stenosis were complete tracheal ring in 9 children, tracheomalacia in 10 and subglottic membranous annular hyperplasia in 4. The type of congenital heart diseases included 10 patients of pulmonary artery sling, 1 of tetralogy of Fallot, 5 of ventricular septal defect, 1 of pulmonary atresia, and 1 of right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery. Slide tracheoplasty was performed in 9 patients, external splint in 8, endotracheal stent in 2 and tracheal dilation in 4. All children were followed up after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of operation with CT and bronchoscopy.Results:There was 1 death in all 23 patients and the mortality was 4.3%, which died of granulation tissue hyperplasia after slide tracheoplasty. Reoperation was performed in 1 patient with endotracheal stent. All patients were followed for 1 to 24 months. Clinical symptoms of tracheal stenosis disappeared and the results of CT and bronchoscopy were satisfied.Conclusion:Slide tracheoplasty is the effective surgical method for complete trachea ring. 3D printing bioresorbable external splint is a promising method for the treatment of tracheomalacia.

Histopathological Diagnosis System for Gastritis Using Deep Learning Algorithm / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objective To develope a deep learning algorithm for pathological classification of chronic gastritis and assess its performance using whole-slide images (WSIs). Methods We retrospectively collected 1,250 gastric biopsy specimens (1,128 gastritis, 122 normal mucosa) from PLA General Hospital. The deep learning algorithm based on DeepLab v3 (ResNet-50) architecture was trained and validated using 1,008 WSIs and 100 WSIs, respectively. The diagnostic performance of the algorithm was tested on an independent test set of 142 WSIs, with the pathologists' consensus diagnosis as the gold standard. Results The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated for chronic superficial gastritis (CSuG), chronic active gastritis (CAcG), and chronic atrophic gastritis (CAtG) in the test set, respectively.The areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) of the algorithm for CSuG, CAcG, and CAtG were 0.882, 0.905 and 0.910, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the deep learning algorithm for the classification of CSuG, CAcG, and CAtG were 0.790 and 1.000 (accuracy 0.880), 0.985 and 0.829 (accuracy 0.901), 0.952 and 0.992 (accuracy 0.986), respectively. The overall predicted accuracy for three different types of gastritis was 0.867. By flagging the suspicious regions identified by the algorithm in WSI, a more transparent and interpretable diagnosis can be generated. Conclusion The deep learning algorithm achieved high accuracy for chronic gastritis classification using WSIs. By pre-highlighting the different gastritis regions, it might be used as an auxiliary diagnostic tool to improve the work efficiency of pathologists.

Use of Palmer’s Point in Creation of Pneumoperitoneum in Patients of Previous Abdominal Surgeries and To Check Efficacy of the Visceral Slide Technique for Detection of Abdominal Wall Adhesions

In patients with history of previous abdominal surgery, creation of pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopicprocedure involves risk of complications as there is association of underlying adhesions at the umbilicus site.Palmer’s point is alternative site of primary port insertion. For creating pneumoperitoneum, visceral slidetechnique is used to detect the movement of viscera immediately deep to the abdominal wall. This techniqueis reliable in identifying adhesion-free areas of the abdominal wall. This study was undertaken to evaluate useof Palmer’s point in creation of pneumoperitoneum in patients of previous abdominal surgeries and to checkthe efficacy of the visceral slide technique for detection of umbilical adhesions in these patients. This one-yearstudy was conducted on 30 patients with previous history of abdominal surgery in the Government MedicalCollege, Jammu. Visceral slide test was conducted using a real time ultrasonography machine with a 7.5 MHzabdominal transducer placed in a sagittal plane at the umbilicus and the ultrasound scan focused on theinfraumbilical region between the anterior abdominal wall and the aortocaval complex. A normal visceral slide(positive test) is movement of the viscera more than 1 cm. An abnormal visceral slide (negative test) is definedas movement of the viscera less than 1 cm. At the end of the surgery, intra-operative, early and late complicationswere evaluated. Adhesions under the umbilicus were present and absent in 15 (50%) patients each. Thevisceral slide technique was negative in 9 (30%) and positive in 21 (70%) patients. Sensitivity, specificity,positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of visceral slide technique was 60%, 100%,100%, 72% and 70% respectively. Definitive evidence of the efficacy of Palmer’s point in creation ofpneumoperitoneum could not be established due to the small sample size and patients with limited spectrum ofabdominal surgeries. Further studies in the form of multicenter randomized control trials are needed to verifythe utility of Palmer’s point for creation of pneumoperitoneum and to evaluate the role of visceral slidetechnique in diagnosing intra-abdominal adhesions preoperatively.

Comparative Evaluation of Widal Slide Agglutination Test and Widal Tube Agglutination Test in Diagnosing Enteric Fever among Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Odisha.

BACKGROUND Enteric fever is a feco-orally transmitted disease with significant morbidity and mortality in India. Isolation of responsible bacteria from blood or bone marrow is the gold standard method for Enteric fever but it is seldom used now a days due to long turnaround time and higher cost. In developing country like India, relatively cheaper Widal test is used to diagnose Enteric fever. There are two methods of Widal test- slide agglutination test and tube agglutination test. The present study was done to compare efficacy of the slide agglutination test and tube agglutination in diagnosing enteric fever.METHODSAn OPD and IPD based cross sectional study was conducted from May 2019 to Oct 2019. A total of 100 patients with clinical suspicion of Enteric fever were included in the study. 15 ml blood was collected. Blood culture of all the samples were also performed by inoculating 10 ml of blood into appropriate blood culture media. Serum was separated from rest of the blood and serum was tested by both slide agglutination test and Widal tube agglutination test.RESULTSAmong 100 patients, slide agglutination test demonstrated positive result in 40(40%) samples and Widal tube agglutination test demonstrated positive result in 27 (27%) samples only. Among 40 samples positive by slide test 12 samples were negative by blood culture test. The slide test had a sensitivity of 93.33%, specificity of 82.86%, positive predictive value of 70% and negative predictive value of 96.67% and tube test had a sensitivity of 86.67%, specificity of 98.57% positive predictive value of 96.30% and negative predictive value of 94.52% considering blood culture as gold standard.CONCLUSIONSDue to higher sensitivity but poor specificity, slide Widal test should be used for rapid screening test and positive samples should be confirmed by Widal tube agglutination test.

Antagonistic and antiadhesive effects of two Lactobacillus probiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients

@#Aims: Today, probiotic bacteria can be used as safe and suitable candidates for the prevention of pathogenic bacterial infections. They produce antimicrobial components and compete with pathogens for host cell receptors. The present study aimed at evaluating probiotic lactobacilli antagonistic and antiadhesive activities against multi-antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burned patients. Methodology and results: This study examined 100 strains of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa isolated from patients, who were admitted to the burn units of hospitals. Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum against P. aeruginosa was determined by a modified double layer and well diffusion methods. The antiadhesive effects of two probiotic lactobacilli and co-aggregation assay were determined by the microtiter plate method. Finally, the expression of two main adhesion genes, algD, and pelA was investigated in 100 MDR P. aeruginosa isolates via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Based on the results, the algD gene was detected in 97 out of 100 P. aeruginosa isolates, and the pelA gene was found in all of the isolates. Based on our findings, lactobacilli bacteria exerted good inhibitory effects on P. aeruginosa, especially on algD and pelA expression. Also, co-aggregation and antiadhesive results showed the positive effects of lactobacilli on P. aeruginosa. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Probiotic lactobacilli can be a new suitable candidate for controlling P. aeruginosa infections.

Randomized cross-over study and a qualitative analysis comparing virtual microscopy and light microscopy for learning undergraduate histopathology

Background: Virtual microscopy (VM) use in teaching and learning is increasing worldwide. However, there is a paucity of information comparing it to light microscopy (LM) in learning undergraduate histopathology. We investigated whether VM or LM had a higher impact on student learning and performance in histopathology. In addition, we investigated whether students preferred VM over LM, and whether VM use provided a platform to fulfill the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies. Materials and Methods: We used a sequential exploratory mixed method study design. A qualitative phase inquiring about student preference for VM or LM was followed by a randomized cross-over study. Student preference was measured by an online survey based on a Likert scale. In the cross-over study, students were randomized to either the VM or the LM arm, and their mean scores in standardized exams were compared after using VM and LM. Results: A total of 152 students completed the qualitative study and a total of 64 students participated in the cross-over study. Eighty-three percent (83%) of the students preferred to use VM over LM. Students who used VM scored significantly (P < 0.001) higher [(87.1% vs. 72.4%) and (85.3% vs. 76.1%)], respectively, in both phases of the cross-over study compared to those who used LM. Conclusions: Using VM to learn histopathology has significantly increased student learning and performance compared to using LM.

An optimized method for embedding undecalcified mouse tibias in plastic blocks / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To optimize the method for embedding multiple undecalcified mouse tibias in plastic blocks, improve the efficiency and stability of plastic embedding and reduce the detachment rate of plastic slides.@*METHODS@#Thirty undecalcified tibias from 15 B6 mice were used for plastic embedding after calcein labeling, fixation, dehydration and infiltration. The tibias were embedded in cylindrical plastic blocks with a diameter of 4 mm. For each bone, the 1/4 proximal tibia was cut off, and the remaining 3/4 was used for re-embedding. Five bones were embedded in a single block with each bone standing closely on the surface of a flat plate. The samples were randomized into control and experimental groups in all the processes of embedding, sectioning and staining. In the 3 groups with modified embedment, flowing CO was added into the embedding solution, embedding solution was applied to the section surface, and the slides were heated at 95 ℃ for 15 min. The polymerization time, slide detachment rate, bone formation and osteoblast parameters were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#We prepared 6 plastic blocks, each containing 5 tibias, whose cross sections were on the same plane. The blocks were completely polymerized and suitable for sectioning. Flowing CO into the embedding solution reduced the polymerization time and increased the rate of complete polymerization. Application of the embedding solution on the section surface significantly reduced the detachment rate of the sections ( < 0.05) without affecting bone formation analysis ( > 0.05). Heating the slides significantly lowered the detachment rate of the sections ( < 0.05) without affecting osteoblast analysis ( > 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The optimized method allows effective embedding of multiple undecalcified mice tibias in the same block and can be an ideal method for histological analysis of undecalcified bones.

Results of microscopic examinations and blood slide re-examinations of malaria elimination evaluation in ten prefectures of Yunnan Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the laboratory technicians’ abilities in blood slide making and reading in 10 prefectures of Yunnan Province which have passed the provincial malaria elimination evaluation, so as to provide the evidence for improving the malaria elimination surveillance and parasite examination. Methods Thirty negative blood slides were randomly sampled to evaluate coating, dyeing and clean quality and reading results, and 4 laboratory technicians were sampled to evaluate their reading abilities from each prefecture level and its 2 subordinate counties (districts) respectively, and then the results were analyzed. Results A total of 869 negative blood samples were evaluated. The coincidence rate was 100%. The proportions of good coating, dyeing and clean quality were 96.09%, 91.71% and 96.89%, respectively. Totally 576 blood slides were used to evaluate the reading ability. The number of correct reading was 505, and the correct rate was 87.67%. Among them, the Plasmodium vivax correct reading rate was 87.76%, the P. falciparum correct reading rate was 87.50%, and the correct reading rate of mixed infections was 47.62%. The laboratory technicians’ ability to the mixed infections was significantly lower than the ability to the others (χ2 = 37.169, P < 0.05), however, in the laboratory technicians’ abilities, there was no significant difference among the center (s) for disease control and prevention, general hospitals and township hospitals (χ2 = 2.782, P > 0.05), and the prefecture, county and township levels (χ2 = 0.358, P > 0.05) . Conclusion The 10 prefectures have passed the provincial evaluation in blood slide making and microscopic examination skill indicators requested, but the medical and public health institutions at all levels still should further improve their laboratory technicians’ abilities in blood slide making and microscopic examination skills.

Results of microscopic examinations and blood slide re-examinations of malaria elimination evaluation in ten prefectures of Yunnan Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the laboratory technicians’ abilities in blood slide making and reading in 10 prefectures of Yunnan Province which have passed the provincial malaria elimination evaluation, so as to provide the evidence for improving the malaria elimination surveillance and parasite examination. Methods Thirty negative blood slides were randomly sampled to evaluate coating, dyeing and clean quality and reading results, and 4 laboratory technicians were sampled to evaluate their reading abilities from each prefecture level and its 2 subordinate counties (districts) respectively, and then the results were analyzed. Results A total of 869 negative blood samples were evaluated. The coincidence rate was 100%. The proportions of good coating, dyeing and clean quality were 96.09%, 91.71% and 96.89%, respectively. Totally 576 blood slides were used to evaluate the reading ability. The number of correct reading was 505, and the correct rate was 87.67%. Among them, the Plasmodium vivax correct reading rate was 87.76%, the P. falciparum correct reading rate was 87.50%, and the correct reading rate of mixed infections was 47.62%. The laboratory technicians’ ability to the mixed infections was significantly lower than the ability to the others (χ2 = 37.169, P < 0.05), however, in the laboratory technicians’ abilities, there was no significant difference among the center (s) for disease control and prevention, general hospitals and township hospitals (χ2 = 2.782, P > 0.05), and the prefecture, county and township levels (χ2 = 0.358, P > 0.05) . Conclusion The 10 prefectures have passed the provincial evaluation in blood slide making and microscopic examination skill indicators requested, but the medical and public health institutions at all levels still should further improve their laboratory technicians’ abilities in blood slide making and microscopic examination skills.

Research progress of artificial intelligence convolutional neural network in whole slide image analysis / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Histopathology is still the golden standard for the diagnosis of clinical diseases. Whole slide image (WSI) can make up for the shortcomings of traditional glass slices, such as easy damage, difficult retrieval and poor diagnostic repeatability, but it also brings huge workload. Artificial intelligence (AI) assisted pathologist's WSI analysis can solve the problem of low efficiency and improve the consistency of diagnosis. Among them, the convolution neural network (CNN) algorithm is the most widely used. This article aims to review the reported application of CNN in WSI image analysis, summarizes the development trend of CNN in the field of pathology and makes a prospect.

Digital whole slide helps artificial intelligence in pathological imaging strategies / 第二军医大学学报

Artificial intelligence technology based on pathological slice images promotes the development of medicine, and the development of artificial intelligence technology in pathological imaging benefits from the digital whole slide. The digitization of whole slide can provide a large amount of data that can be freely amplified and conveniently labeled, which is conducive to deep learning and clinical application. Digital whole slide is not only applied to human pathology, but also to animal and plant pathology. In this paper, we systematically discussed the role of digital whole slide combined with artificial intelligence technology in pathological recognition, feature extraction, animal models and plant morphology, aiming to provide new clues for the clinical practice of digital pathology.