Chlorella, ¿un potencial biofertilizante? / Chlorella, a potential biofertilizer? / Chlorella, um potencial biofertilizante?

Resumen Las microalgas son organismos fotoautótrofos con un rápido crecimiento y la habilidad de adaptarse a diversos ambientes. Convierten el dióxido de carbono en biomasa y debido a esto, se considera que tienen gran potencial biotecnológico. La biomasa algal puede usarse en la industria alimenticia y de compuestos bioactivos, en la producción de biocombustibles, en la bioremediación y biofertilización. Como biofertilizantes, las microalgas clorofitas y cianofitas, producen polisacáridos (mucílago) que pueden evitar la erosión, mejorar la estructura y el contenido de material orgánica de los suelos, y aumentar la concentración de iones en los cultivos. Reduciendo de esta forma la necesidad de fertilizantes químicos convencionales. El uso de estas microalgas como biofertilizantes se denomina algalización. Durante este proceso se usan principalmente clorofitas por su alta tasa de crecimiento, la facilidad de su cultivo a gran escala, y su adaptación a las condiciones del suelo. El género Chlorella es de gran interés porque diversos estudios han mostrado que puede ayudar en la fijación del nitrógeno, mejorar las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, y producir sustancias que promueven el desarrollo de la planta y el control de infecciones. Por esta razón, las microalgas del género Chlorella representan una alternativa viable para la biofertilización, generando beneficios no solo para la producción agrícola sino también para el medio ambiente.

Abstract Microalgae are photoautotrophic organisms with fast growth and the ability to adapt to different environments. They convert carbon dioxide into biomass and are considered to have great biotechnological potential because of it. Algal biomass can be used in food and bioactive compounds industry, in biofuels production, in bioremediation and biofertilization. As biofertilizers, chlorophytes and cyanophytes microalgae produce polysaccharides (mucilage) that can avoid erosion, improve the structure and organic matter content in the soil, and increase the ions concentration for crop plants. Thus, reducing the need for conventional crop chemical fertilizers. The use of this microalgae as biofertilizers is called algalization. Algalization uses mainly chlorophytes due to their high growth rate, their simple large scale cultivation, and their adaptation to soil conditions. Chlorella genus is of special interest because research has shown that it can help with nitrogen fixation, improve physical and chemical properties of the soil, and produce substances that can promote plant development and infections control. Therefore, microalgae from Chlorella genus are a viable alternative for biofertilization, generating benefits for agricultural production and the environment.

Resumo As microalgas são organismos fotoautotróficos com crescimento rápido e capacidade de adaptação a diferentes ambientes. Eles convertem dióxido de carbono em biomassa e, por isso, são considerados com um grande potencial biotecnológico. A biomassa de algas pode ser usada na indústria alimentar e de compostos bioactivos, na produção de biocombustíveis, na biorremediação e biofertilização. Como biofertilizantes, as microalgas clorófitas e cianófitas produzem polissacarídeos (mucilagem) que podem evitar a erosão, melhorar a estrutura e o conteúdo de matéria orgânica do solo, e aumentar a concentração de iões nas culturas, reduzindo assim a necessidade de fertilizantes químicos convencionais. O uso dessas microalgas como biofertilizantes é chamado de algalização. Durante este processo, usam-se eles ​​principalmente clorofíceas por sua alta taxa de crescimento, facilidade de cultura em larga escala, e sua adaptação às condições do solo. A Chlorella é de grande interesse porque vários estudos têm mostrado que pode auxiliar na fixação do nitrogênio, melhorar as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo, e produzir substâncias que promovem o crescimento das plantas e o controle de infecções. Por esta razão, as microalgas do gênero Chlorella representam uma alternativa viável para a biofertilização, gerando benefícios não só para a produção agrícola, mas também para o meio ambiente.

Pivotal Technology of Panax notoginseng Continuous Cropping / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Research teams work together to solve the technical bottleneck in the Panax notoginseng industry.These research directions mainly focus on breeding of new variety,alleviating the continuous cropping obstacles,building standard system and so on.We used methods such as biotechnology,information technology and so on,to realize digitization,network and intellectualization in the process of selection of producing areas,field management,harvest storage,solved key issues of the precise selection of producing areas,variety breeding,soil improvement,fertilization management,and realized the precision and optimization of ginseng cultivation.We built the composite technology system of pollution-free notoginseng.This technology system mainly contained the breeding of new cultivar,the composite technology of soil improvement,the cultivation system of pollution-free notoginseng and quality traceability system.A new disease-resistant cultivar of notoginseng was bred,which offered feasibility for the notoginseng continuous cropping.We first presented composite improvement technology of notoginseng continuous cropping soil.This improvement technology has been used in the field.This technology system of soil restoration and improvement guaranteed notoginseng continuous cropping.A first standard system of pollution-free notoginseng was issued.It established standard of high-quality notoginseng materials.Finally,quality traceability system of notoginseng was finished,which safeguarded the controllable quality.This composite technology system offers references for the cultivation of other Chinese herbal medicines.

Soil improvement promoted micro-ecology of farmlands for ginseng cultivation / 中国中药杂志

This study has revealed the change of the soil micro-ecology of farmlands, which used for ginseng cultivation, brought by comprehensive soil improvement. The process of soil improvement was described as follows： soil was sterilized using trichloronitromethane, and then perilla seeds were planted. After growing up, the perillas were turned over into the field and fermented, then organic fertilizer was added. Rotary tillages were carried out during the intervals. Physical and chemical properties of treated soil were measured, as well as microbial diversity, which was illustrated using 16s high through-put sequencing. The survival rate and growth data of ginseng seedlings were recorded. The analysis showed that after improvement, the soil organic matter content was increased and soil bulk density was decreased, compare to the controls, and the fertility in 0-20 cm of soil layer was increased in the treatment. Additionally, the soil microbial diversity was changed greatly. In detail, alpha diversity of the soil decreased after soil improvement while the beta diversity increased. In order to verify the achievement of soil improvement, ginseng seedlings were planted. Compared to the untreated land blocks, the survival rate of ginseng on improved blocks was increased up to 21.4%, and the ginseng physiological index were all better than the controls. Results showed that comprehensive soil improvements including soil sterilization, green manure planting and organic fertilization application effectively improved the soil micro-ecology in farmlands. This study will pave the way for the future standardization of ginseng cultivation on farmlands.

A Discussion on the Pollution-Free Cultivation of Panax notoginseng / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Panax notoginseng (BurK.) F.H.Chen is a traditional Chinese medicinal material with a time-honored history of cultivation.There are a series of problems,such as high pesticide residues,serious disease and pest,and continuous cropping obstacles in the process of the cultivation of notoginseng.Pollution-free cultivation is an effective strategy for the sustainable development of notoginseng industry.We herein summarized three points of the pollution-free cultivation of notoginseng in this review.The standard of lands suitable for the cultivation of notoginseng was established on the basis of the analysis of medicinal plants around global producing areas.The integrated measures of soil improvement were put forward by cfficient rotation and soil disinfection with new varieties breeding combined with the management of water,light and fertilization,and the safe and low-toxic methods of disease and pest control.Additionally,the mode of wild tending should be carried out when the marker-assisted breeding of new varieties was developed,and the platform of comprehensive disease and pest control was founded.Above-mentioned points can effectively perfect and optimize the pollution-free cultivation of notoginseng and promote sustainable development of notoginseng industry.

A Research Progress on the Vantage of Cultivation of Ginseng in Farmlands / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

The cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey) in farmlands,remembered as an eco-friendly model,guaranteed the sustainable development of ginseng industry.In this study,we summarized the soil improvement and technologies of the cultivation of ginseng in farmlands and discussed the strategies,such as physical disinfection,chemical disinfection,fertilization and soil amelioration,and green manure returning fields,for improving the micro-ecological environment of ginseng.Furthermore,the new cuhivars of ginseng were introduced,compared with the cultivation patterns of ginseng between China,Japan and Korea,and strategies for controlling main diseases in the cultivation of ginseng were also involved.In conclusion,this study possessed guiding significance of the cultivation of ginseng in farmlands and laid a foundation for the wholesome development of ginseng industry.