RESUMO
BACKGROUND@#Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the standard of care for the treatment of renal stones >2cm and staghorn calculi. This minimally invasive procedure however has intraoperative hemorrhage as one of its most dreaded complications.@*OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the rate of hemorrhage and transfusion requirements among patients undergoing either PCNL or open stone surgery (OSS).@*METHODS@#This was a retrospective study conducted at the National Kidney and Transplant Institute Medical Records Department. Data were collected for the period of January 2018 to December 2019.@*RESULTS@#One hundred forty cases were included, 102 patients in the PCNL group and 38 in the OSS. The mean age 50.84±11.89 vs. 50.50±10.09 with male to female ratio of 1.2:1 for PCNL and open surgery, respectively. The most common comorbidity was hypertension (89, 63.6%). As regards stone size, majority had >4 cm stone size (61; 43.9%). In PCNL, there was no significant change noted in the hemoglobin (14.69±13.3 vs 12.03±1.91, p= 0.099) as compared to OSS, where there was significant decline (12.77±2.64 vs. 11.06±2.52; = .000. The number of packed red cell units for transfusion was also significantly higher in OSS compared to PCNL group (.526±.861 vs. 159±.502, p .020.)@*CONCLUSION@#In the treatment of staghorn calculi, PCNL incurs less blood loss and lower transfusion requirements compared to open stone surgery.
Assuntos
Nefrolitotomia Percutânea , Transfusão de Sangue , HemorragiaRESUMO
Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of retrograde flexible ureteroscopy combined with visual minimally channel percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( mPCNL) in the treatment of staghorn calculi.Methods A total of 23 patients with staghorn calculi were treated by retrograde flexible ureteroscopy combined with visual mPCNL from January to June, 2015.Of all the 23 patients, 20 were males and 10 were females ( ages ranged from 26 years to 79 years ) with mean age of 39.6 years.The calculi ranged from 3.5 cm to 6.5 cm [average (5.35 ±0.16) cm].Under general anesthesia or epidural anesthesia, the stones were shattered within the visual field through mPCNL firstly, then the stones in upper calyx, lower calyx and/or calyx which parallel with the percutaneous renal access were shattered by retrograde flexible ureteroscopy.F5 or F6 double-J tubes and nephrostomy tubes were routinely indwelled postoperatively.KUB and CT were performed at the first day postoperatively.A second-stage retrograde flexible ureteroscopy combined with visual mPCNL were performed for patients with residual stone fragments larger than 4 mm at the first week follow-up.Re-examinations with B-ultrasonography or CT was performed at the fourth week follow-up postoperatively to evaluate the stone free rate.Residual stones ≥ 4 mm were considered as clinical significance of residual stone.Results All the procedures were successful.The stone free rate was 91.3%(21/23) at one-stage and 100% (23/23) after the second stage.The operation time was 75-217 min [average (125 ±13.2) min] for one-stage procedure.Seven patients experienced with mild complications ( Clavien-Dindo classification: gradeⅠ-Ⅱ) , and no patient experienced grade Ⅲ or above complications.Conclusions Retrograde flexible ureteroscopy combined with visual mPCNL are safe and effective for the treatment of staghorn calculi.