Standard Value of Three-dimensional Joint Kinematics during Gait in Healthy People Collected Using an Inertial Sensor-based Motion Capture System / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

Objective：An inertial sensor-based motion capture system for rehabilitation therapy is feasible due to its simple measurement methods. However, a standard value must be used to evaluate or diagnose pathological gait kinematically. This study aimed to set a standard value by determining the averaged spatial-temporal parameter (STP) and range of motion (ROM) during gait in healthy participants.Methods：This study included 177 healthy individuals, who were grouped into six groups according to gender (male and female) and age (young, middle, and old). All participants walked under two speed conditions (NORMAL or FAST) and the gait was captured with an inertial sensor-based motion capture system. Eight types of STP and fourteen types of ROM were calculated.Results：Of the 132 variables (22 variables × 2 sexes × 3 ages), 123 variables for NORMAL and 112 variables for FAST followed the normal distribution. A main effect of age on walking velocity for FAST was noted but not for NORMAL. The middle and old ages depended on an increased cadence for maintaining walking velocity. Ankle and hip ROMs in the old were smaller than that in the young, and these differences were demonstrated more so during the FAST condition. There were gender differences in hip ROMs (men had greater internal-external rotation and women had greater flexion-extension).Conclusion：The standard value can be determined from variables in gait assessment, for young to elderly, and gender-specific.

The Effectiveness of Driving Evaluation Using a Driving Simulator in Patients with Higher Brain Dysfunction / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

Introduction：The relationship between the results of a driving simulator test and a paper-based evaluation of higher brain function were examined.Subjects：The subjects of this study were 203 patients with brain injury who received support to resume driving during hospitalization or outpatient treatment at our hospital between April 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018.Methods：The sex, age, and results of various higher brain function tests of the patients were investigated using medical records and the outcomes of the driving resumption support. The performance on a driving simulator test was compared between patients judged able to and those judged unable to resume driving.Results：In the group of 165 patients who passed the paper-based evaluation of higher brain function, 34 were judged unable to resume driving based on a driving simulator test. In the group that did not pass the paper-based evaluation of higher brain function, 4 patients were also judged unable to resume driving based on a driving simulator test. The results of the higher brain function evaluation were significantly better in the group permitted to resume driving compared with the group not permitted to resume driving in all items except for the Visual Reproduction subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised.Conclusions：Evaluations of actual automobile driving using driving simulators or other means are important in assessing driving resumption. Driving requires the use of various higher brain functions and the results of this study suggest that a higher level of ability is required for safe driving.

Establishment of standard values for indicators of care quality evaluation for benign prostatic hyperplasia / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To establish the standard values of indicators for care quality evaluation of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Methods To acquire data of nurses configuration in 24 hospitals nationwide by the status survey method. On-spot examination, questionnaire, case-review methods were applied to determine the standard values of 638 benign prostatic hyperplasia patients' care quality in Xi'an three major general hospitals. Department self-report, patients' complaints and quality inspection provided adequate information for determining the standard values. Results The standard values of indicators for care quality evaluation of benign prostatic hyperplasia were successfully established. Conclusions Taking the mean and percentile of indicators as reference can acquire true and reliable results.

A study on the 3-D standard value of mandible for the diagnosis of facial asymmetry / 대한치과교정학회지

For an accurate diagnosis and treatment planning of facial asymmetry, the use of 3-dimensional (3-D) image is indispensable. The purpose of this study was to get standard data for the 3-D analysis of facial asymmetry. Computerized tomography (CT) was taken in the 60 normal occlusion individuals (30 male, 30 female) who did not have any apparent facial asymmetry. The acquired 2D CT DICOM data were input on a computer, and the reformatted 3-D images were created using a 3-D image software. Twenty three measurements were established in order to evaluate asymmetry; 15 linear measurements (6 for ramus length, 1 for condylar neck length, and 8 for mandibular body length) and 8 angular measurements (4 for gonial angle, 2 for frontal ramal inclination, and 2 for lateral ramal inclination). The right and left difference of each measurement was calculated and analyzed. It is suggested that the right and left differences of the measurements obtained from the study could be used as references for the diagnosis of facial asymmetric patients.

Measurement of maxillary sinus volume using Computed Tomography / 대한구강악안면방사선학회지

PURPOSE: To propose a standard value for the maxillary sinus volume of a normal Korean adult by measuring the width and height of the sinus and analyzing their correlation and the difference of the sinus size respectively between sexes, and on the right and left sides. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two(95 maxillary sinuses) out of 20 years or over aged patients who had taken CT in the Department of Dental Radiology, Yonsei University, Dental Hospital, between February 1997 and July 1999 who were no specific symptom, prominent bony septa, pathosis, clinical asymmetry and history of surgery in the maxillary sinus were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The mean transverse width, antero-posterior width, height and volume of the normal Korean adult's maxillary sinuses were 28.33 mm, 39.69 mm, 46.60 mm and 21.90 cm3, respectively. There was a significant sex difference in the sinus volume(p<0.05). In the mean antero-posterior width, height and volume of the sinus, no significant difference was observed between both sides. All four measurements showed a significant correlation between both sides(p<0.0001). The widths and height of the sinus all showed a significant correlation with the sinus volume(p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: In the Korean normal adult's maxillary sinus, males tended to be larger than females. Except for the transverse width, all of the measurements showed no significant difference between the right and left side, but significant correlations in the four measurements between both sides were observed. Thus, the overgrowth or undergrowth in the unilateral maxillary sinus may suggest a certain pathosis or developmental abnormalities in the maxillary sinus.

The Characteristics of Current Whole Blood, Blood Components and Its Standard Values / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: Current blood and blood components are prepared from 320ml or 400ml blood collection. The analytic values and standard values of blood and blood components were evaluated at Seo-Bu Blood Center, The Republic of Korea National Red Cross, Seoul, Korea. METHODS: Blood and blood components were analyzed with weight, specific gravity, content volume, RBC counts, WBC counts, platelets counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, pH, total protein, albumin, factor VII and bacterial culture. RESLUTS: The volume, hemoglobin, hematocrit and pH of 320ml and 400ml standard unit of whole blood was 328 +/- 31ml and 405 +/- 22ml, 12.7 +/- 1.7g/dl and 14.8 +/- 2.0g/dl, 38.0 +/- 4.0% and 40.8 +/- 4.6%, mean of 7.16 and 7.13, respectively. The volume and hematocrit of packed red cells prepared from 320ml and 400ml standard unit of whole blood was 188 +/- 23ml and 248 +/- 23ml, 73.2 +/- 4.7% and 72.6 +/- 5.4%, respectively. Leukocytes poor red cells from 400ml standard unit of whloe blood showed 225 +/- 12ml of volume, 71 +/- 2.4% of hematocrit, and WBC removal was 87 +/- 5%. The volume, hematocrit and total protein in washed red cells was 224 +/- 11ml, 59 +/- 6.0% and 0.10 +/- 0.05g/unit, respectively. Leukocytes concentrates revealed 50 +/- 4.6ml of volume, 2.0 +/- 0.5x109/unit of WBC count and WBC recovery was 78 +/- 6.0%. Platelet concentrates prepared from 320ml and 400ml standard unit of fresh whole blood showed 38 +/- 3ml and 48 +/- 3ml of volume, 4.68 +/- 1.60x1010 and 5.55 +/- 1.80x1010 of platelet per unit, and 7.05 +/- 0.25 and 6.95 +/- 0.34 of pH, respectively. The fresh frozen plasma from 320ml standard unit of whole blood contained 143 +/- 25ml of volume, and that from 400ml whole blood showed 161 +/- 27ml of volume and 112 +/- 33 IU/unit of factor VII. The cryoprecipitate from 320ml whole blood showed 42 +/- 3ml of volume and 81 +/- 9 IU/unit of factor VII. There were no bacterial growth for all the components inoculated. CONCLUSION: At Seo-Bu Blood Center, we evaluated the characteristics of current blood and blood components, and established the standard values for whole blood (320ml, 400ml) as well as packed red cells, leukocytes poor red cells, washed red cells, leukocyte concentrates, platelet concentrates, fresh fozen plasma and cryoprecipates from 320ml and 400ml whole blood based on the present studies. Compared to the Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services, American Association of Blood Banks, values of evluated items of current blood and blood components showed comparable results, but platelet counts from 320ml collection did not meet to those standards.