Chemical constituents from Paris rugosa rhizomes and their antimicrobial activities / 中国中药杂志

Paris rugosa(Melanthiaceae) only grows in Yunnan province of China at present, and its chemical constituents have not been systematically studied. In this study, nine compounds, including one new compound pariposide G(1) and eight known compounds of cerin(2), stigmast-4-en-3-one(3), β-ecdysone(4), ophiopogonin C'(5), methyl protogracillin(6), gracillin(7), parissaponin H(8), and parisyunnanoside G(9), were isolated and identified from the ethanol extract of P. rugosa rhizomes by column chromatography methods and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Compounds 1-9 were isolated from this plant for the first time. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of all the compounds were evaluated. The results showed that ophiopogonin C' had strong inhibitory effects on Candida albicans [MIC_(90)=(4.68±0.01) μmol·L~(-1)] and the fluconazole-resistant strain of C. albicans [MIC_(90)=(4.66±0.02) μmol·L~(-1)].

Comparative Repellency of Selected Plants to Adult Anopheles gambiea complex (Gilles) in the Laboratory

Aims: The study evaluated the repellency effects of some tropical plants and shrubs found in semi- rural communities of Badagry Area of Lagos state; which are acclaimed to have the potentials of repelling mosquitoes from human dwellings. The repellency effects of Moringa oleifera, Morinda lucida, Magnifera indica and Phyllanthus muellerianus to adult Anopheles gambiea was evaluated in the Laboratory. Study Design: The study was carried out at Central Research Laboratory of Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria and Central Research Laboratory of University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. Powdered of dried test plants were prepared and admix with coconut husk as inert, different concentrations were rubbed on the forearm of volunteers and repellency to blood starved female Anopheles mosquitoes was observed. Methodology: Test plants were collected from Badagry area of Lagos State, they were identified at University of Lagos Herbarium and given numbers. They were dried between 10 and 14 days at temperature of 25-27oC and powdered. Different concentrations of the powder mixed with powdered coconut husk was used to treat volunteers forearms and they were exposed to 0-2 two day old adult unfed mosquitoes in an aluminum glass cage fitted with net as arm entrance and repellency was observed for a period of 180 minutes, with landing counts taken every 30 minutes. The test plants were also subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis at University of Lagos Central Research Laboratory. Results: Results showed that all test plants were able to repel Anopheles mosquitoes in the study, repellency was shown in descending order Moringa oleifera with 88%, Magnifera indica 83%, Phyllantus muellerianuss 80% and Morinda lucida 72%. There was no statistical significance in percentage repellency at 95% CL. The result of phytochemical screening of the test plants showed that only M .indica indicated presence of saponing (36.99%). While M.oleifera has highest phenol content (45.6%3), Alkaloid (38.68%), steroid (24.89%) and Tannin (33.19%). Flavonoid and reducing sugar quantity was highest in M. indica (39.39%) and (55.18%) respectively. Conclusion: The plants were able to show repellency to Anopheles gambiae a nuisance malaria vector of serious medical importance. These plants are available in all tropical areas of Africa, they can therefore be used to prevent nuisance and painful mosquito bites which could be a sustainable way to prevent mosquito vectored diseases

Determination of three saponins in rhizoma and fibrous root of Trillium tschonoskii and Trillium kamtschaticum / 中国中药杂志

To compare the differences of main components between in rhizoma and fibrous root of Trillium tschonoskii and T. kamtschaticum, a simple, accurate and reliable high performance liquid chromatography coupled with the charged aerosol detector (HPLC-CAD) method was developed and then successfully applied for simultaneous quantitative analysis of three compounds, including polyphyllin Ⅶ (T1),pennogenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2) [α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (T2),polyphyllin Ⅵ (T3), in 16 batches of rhizome and 14 batches of fibrous root. The analytes were well separated from other constituents on TSK gel ODS (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) with acetonitrile-water (43∶57) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL•min⁻¹. The injection volume was 20 μL. The nitrogen inlet pressure for the CAD system was 35 psi and the nebulizer chamber temperature was 35 ℃.The method was validated for linearity (r>0.999 0), intra and inter-day precision (0.29%-3.0%), repeatability (0.45%-1.4%), stability (1.9%-2.6%), recovery (100.1%-100.2%, 1.2%-1.8%), limits of detection (0.002 g•L⁻¹), and limits of quantification (0.005 g•L⁻¹).The obtained datasets were processed by principal component analysis (PCA) and it showed that there was almost no difference in rhizoma of T. tschonoskii and T. kamtschaticum from different areas of China. However, the 3 major compounds existed in rhizoma were different from those in fibrous root of T. tschonoskii and T. kamtschaticum.

HPLC-TOF/MS in identifying steroidal saponins in rat urine after oral administration of Paris polyphylla extract / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To use high-performance liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-TOF/ MS) for examining the steroidal saponins in rat urine after oral administration of Paris polyphylla extract, so as to lay a foundation for studying the metabolism of steroidal saponins in vivo. Methods SD rats were administered with an oral dose of 1 6 g Paris polyphylla extracts/kg body weight. The urine samples were collected 24 h after administration by oral gavage. The sample analysis was carried out on a reverse phase MG-C18 column (3. 0 mm× 100 3. 0μm) using a gradient mobile phase system of acetonitrile-water containing 0. 1% formic acid. TOF/MS was applied for qualitative analysis under positive and negative ion modes. The steroidal saponins in rat urine were identified by using the accurate molecular weight obtained by TOF/ MS and formula database. Results A total of 20 steroidal saponins were identified in the rat urine, and two pairs of isomers were deduced through their fragment ions and standards: polyphyllin VI and pennogenin-3-0-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(l →4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 3)-[-α--rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside; and gracillin and pennogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyKl → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 4)-β-D-glucopyranoside. Conclusion The established analysis method is accurate, reliable for identifying steroidal saponins in vivo, which paves a way for further pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics study of Paris polyphylla.