Efficacy and safety of subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in uncontrolled glaucoma

Purpose: To determine the efficacy of subliminal cyclophotocoagulation in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) and to assess the safety profile of the procedure. Methods: We reviewed the charts of all patients who underwent subliminal cyclophotocoagulation between August 2019 and August 2020. The IOP, number of antiglaucoma medications, and visual acuity were compared at baseline and at 6 months. The post-laser complications were noted. Paired t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and McNemar test were used for analysis. Results: This study included 40 eyes of 40 patients. The most frequent diagnosis was neovascular glaucoma (55%), followed by primary open-angle glaucoma (17.5%). The mean IOP reduced from 32 to 21 mmHg (mean IOP reduction: 32%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 27%–37%, P < 0.001). Mean number of antiglaucoma medications declined from 3.2 to 1.9 (P < 0.001). Use of oral acetazolamide decreased from 62% to 5% (P < 0.001). The success rate of the procedure at 6 months was 55%. One patient had unexplained visual acuity decline after the procedure. Conclusion: Subliminal sub-cyclophotocoagulation is effective in treating refractory glaucoma in the Indian population. It decreases the medication burden. However, subliminal lasers can also cause vision-threatening complications such as hypotony, uveitis, and optic nerve hypoperfusion. So, clinicians should be cautious when using sub-cyclophotocoagulation in patients with good vision.

Efficacy of Conbercept combined with laser photocoagulation in the treatment of macular edema secondary to ischemic BRVO / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To observe and analyze the efficacy of Conbercept combined with 577nm yellow subliminal micropulse laser photocoagulation in the treatment of macular edema(ME)secondary to ischemic branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO).<p>METHODS: Totally 71 patients(71 eyes)diagnosed as ME secondary to ischemic BRVO during the period from March 2016 to March 2019 were retrospectively included, and they were divided into laser group(<i>n</i>=33, 33 eyes)and combined group(<i>n</i>=38, 38 eyes)according to the different treatment methods. The patients in the laser group all received 577nm yellow subliminal micropulse laser photocoagulation, and the patients in the combined group all received Conbercept combined with 577nm yellow subliminal micropulse laser photocoagulation. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), central macular thickness(CMT)and total macular volume(TMV)were compared between the two groups before treatment and at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12mo after surgery, and the therapeutic efficacy was observed and the occurrence of complications were recorded.<p>RESULTS:There were statistically significant differences in the BCVA, CMT and TMV between the two groups before and after treatment(<i>P</i><0.05), and the BCVA, CMT and TMV in the two groups at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12mo after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment(<i>P</i><0.05), and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(<i>P</i><0.05). During follow-up, there were 30 eyes with once laser photocoagulation, 7 eyes with twice and 1 eye with 3 times in combined group, and there were 16 eyes with once laser photocoagulation, 14 eyes with twice and 3 eyes with 3 times in laser group(<i>Z</i>=2.670, <i>P</i><0.05). There were 3 eyes of corneal epithelial exfoliation on the 1d after vitreous injection in combined group, and the symptoms disappeared after symptomatic treatment. All patients did not have serious complications such as persistent intraocular pressure increase, retinal detachment and intraocular inflammation.<p>CONCLUSION: Conbercept combined with 577nm yellow subliminal micropulse laser photocoagulation has a significant efficacy in the treatment of ME secondary to ischemic BRVO, and it can effectively improve the visual acuity and promote the macular edema absorption, and it is safe and reliable.

Subliminal thought according to Sabina Spielrein’s psychoanalytic theory / O pensamento subliminar segundo a teoria psicanalítica de Sabina Spielrein / El pensamiento subliminal según la teoría psicoanalítica de Sabina Spielrein

In recent decades, the importance and novelty of the ideas of the Russian psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein have been acknowledged. However, there are so far few works dedicated to a thorough analysis of her theory. Hence, a more precise assessment of the role she played in the history of psychological concepts has not yet been fully achieved. Throughout her work, Spielrein sought to understand the characteristics of subliminal mental functioning, which was one of her major contributions to psychology. The objective of this article is to analyze her main ideas regarding this type of mental process as she presented them during the course of her research. She developed such ideas in her attempts to understand schizophrenic symptoms and in her analyses of thought processes in children, dreams, hypnagogic phenomena, aphasic symptoms, and data resulting from research in the field of linguistics. We conclude that she formulated an original theory on subliminal thought, derived from her innovative psychoanalytic approach.

Nas últimas décadas, a importância e o ineditismo das ideias da psicanalista russa Sabina Spielrein têm sido reconhecidos. No entanto, ainda são poucos os trabalhos que se dedicam a uma análise minuciosa de sua teoria, de forma que uma avaliação mais precisa do papel desempenhado por ela na história das ideias psicológicas ainda não foi plenamente alcançada. Ao longo de toda a sua obra, Spielrein procurou compreender as características do funcionamento mental subliminar, e essa foi uma de suas principais contribuições para a psicologia. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as ideias centrais que a autora elaborou sobre esse tipo de processo mental. Essas ideias foram desenvolvidas através de suas tentativas de compreensão dos sintomas esquizofrênicos, do pensamento infantil, dos sonhos, fenômenos hipnagógicos e sintomas afásicos, assim como a partir de dados fornecidos por pesquisas na área da linguística. Argumenta-se que ela formulou uma teoria original sobre o pensamento subliminar a partir de uma abordagem inovadora no âmbito da psicanálise.

En las últimas décadas, la importancia y la originalidad de las ideas de la psicoanalista rusa Sabina Spielrein han sido reconocidas. Sin embargo, son todavía pocos los trabajos que se dedican a un análisis minucioso de su teoría, de modo que una evaluación más precisa del papel que ella desempeñó en la historia de las ideas psicológicas aún no ha sido alcanzado plenamente. A lo largo de toda su obra, Spielrein intentó comprender las características del funcionamiento mental subliminal y esa fue una de sus principales contribuciones a la psicología. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las ideas centrales que la autora elaboró en su obra sobre ese tipo de procesos mentales. Estas ideas fueron desarrolladas por ella en sus intentos de comprensión de los síntomas esquizofrénicos, en el análisis del pensamiento infantil, sueños, fenómenos hipnagógicos y síntomas afásicos, así como a partir de datos proporcionados por investigaciones en el área de la lingüística. Se argumenta, en fin, que ella formuló una teoría original sobre el pensamiento subliminal, que resultó de un enfoque innovador en el ámbito del psicoanálisis.

Non-Conscious Perception of Emotions in Psychiatric Disorders: The Unsolved Puzzle of Psychopathology

Psychophysiological and functional neuroimaging studies have frequently and consistently shown that emotional information can be processed outside of the conscious awareness. Non-conscious processing comprises automatic, uncontrolled, and fast processing that occurs without subjective awareness. However, how such non-conscious emotional processing occurs in patients with various psychiatric disorders requires further examination. In this article, we reviewed and discussed previous studies on the non-conscious emotional processing in patients diagnosed with anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression, to further understand how non-conscious emotional processing varies across these psychiatric disorders. Although the symptom profile of each disorder does not often overlap with one another, these patients commonly show abnormal emotional processing based on the pathology of their mood and cognitive function. This indicates that the observed abnormalities of emotional processing in certain social interactions may derive from a biased mood or cognition process that precedes consciously controlled and voluntary processes. Since preconscious forms of emotional processing appear to have a major effect on behaviour and cognition in patients with these disorders, further investigation is required to understand these processes and their impact on patient pathology.

Reconhecimento de expressões faciais e cenas de valência emocional apresentadas em alta restrição temporal / Recognition of facial expressions and scenes of emotional valence presented at high temporal constraint / Reconocimiento de expresiones faciales y escenas de valencia emocional presentadas con alta restricción temporal

Este estudo investigou o reconhecimento de flashes de imagens de conteúdo afetivo de diferentes modalidades (faces e cenas) e valências emocionais (agradáveis, desagradáveis e neutras). Os resultados evidenciaram que a diferença de saliência perceptual entre os estímulos pode se sobrepor aos efeitos da valência emocional. O reconhecimento de cenas e de faces agradáveis não se diferenciou; o mesmo aconteceu para cenas e faces desagradáveis. Por outro lado, as valências apresentaram diferenças: imagens agradáveis foram reconhecidas mais rapidamente em relação às desagradáveis e faces agradáveis foram mais reconhecidas que as neutras. Suspeita-se, conforme literatura existente, que imagens desagradáveis apresentadas rapidamente enfraqueçam a ativação da amígdala e intensifiquem a ativação do córtex pré-frontal, que realiza um processamento de informações utilizando um tempo maior...

This study investigated the recognition of affective images flashes of different stimuli modalities (faces and scenes) and emotional valences (pleasant, unpleasant and neutral). Results showed that the difference among stimuli's perceptual salience can overlap the effects of emotional valence. As the recognition between pleasant scenes and faces, unpleasant ones did not differ. On the other hand the emotional valences showed differences: pleasant images were recognized faster compared to unpleasant images and pleasant faces were more recognized than neutral faces. Taking into account literature these results suggest that unpleasant images rapidly presented weaken activation in the amygdala and intensify it in the prefrontal cortex, which takes longer to process information...

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el reconocimiento de flashes de imágenes con contenido afectivo de diferentes modalidades (rostros y escenas) y valencias emocionales (agradables, desagradables y neutras). Los resultados mostraron que la diferencia de saliencia perceptiva entre los estímulos se puedes obre poner a los efectos de la valencia emocional. No hubo diferencia entre el reconocimiento de escenas y de rostros agradables; lo mismo ocurrió para escenas y rostros desagradables. Por otra parte, las valencias presentaron diferencias: imágenes agradables fueron reconocidas más rápidamente en comparación a las desagradables, y caras agradables fueron más reconocidas que las neutras. Según la literatura existente, inferimos que imágenes desagradables presentadas rápidamente debilitan la activación de la amígdala e intensifican la activación del córtex pre-frontal, que realiza el procesamiento de información en un tiempo mayor...

Gender Difference in Event Related Potentials to Masked Emotional Stimuli in the Oddball Task

OBJECTIVE: We investigated gender differences in event-related potential (ERP) responses to subliminally presented threat-related stimuli. METHODS: Twenty-four participants were presented with threat-related and neutral pictures for a very brief period of time (17 ms). To explore gender differences in ERP responses to subliminally presented stimuli, we examined six ERP components [P1, N170, N250, P300, Early Posterior Negativity (EPN) and Late Positive Potential (LPP)]. RESULTS: The result revealed that only female participants showed significant increases in the N170 and the EPN in response to subliminally presented threat-related stimuli compared to neutral stimuli. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that female participants exhibit greater cortical processing of subliminally presented threat-related stimuli than male participants.

A comparative study between supraliminal and subliminal emotional Stroop effects / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate and compare mechanisms underlying supraliminal and subliminal emotional Stroop effects.Methods 52 college students were recruited to distinguish the color of each emotional picture,which was either supraliminal (30 students) or subliminally (22 students) presented to the students; and their reaction time(RTs) and accuracy(ACC) in each condition were assessed.Results ①In supraliminal task,the main effect of emotion on RT was significant(F(4.116) =3.63,P=0.008),such that RT in high arousing positive ( ( 781 ± 60 ) ms ) and negative ( ( 787 ± 63 ) ms ) conditions were larger than those in neutral ( ( 733 ± 62 ) ms)condition; ②In supraliminal task,the main effect of arousal on RT was significant(F(1,29) =5.14,P=0.031 ),such that RT in high arousing( (784 ± 59 ) ms) conditions were larger than those in low arousing( (761 ± 55 ) ms)conditions; ③In subliminal task,the main effect of emotion on RT was significant (F(4,84) =2.50,P =0.049 ),such that RT in high arousing positive ( ( 661 ± 52 ) ms) and negative ( ( 667 ± 56) ms) conditions were larger than those in neutral ( (633 ± 49 ) ms) condition.④ In subliminal task,the main effect of arousal on RT was significant (F(1,21) =9.97,P=0.005),such that RT in low arousing( (664 ±51 ) ms) conditions were larger than those in high arousing( (638 ± 50)ms) conditions.ConclusionSupraliminal and subliminal emotional Stroop effects may be involved in different mechanisms.

A Comparative Study of Pictures and Words in Subliminal Affective Priming Effect / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective:To explore whether there is a significant difference between the affective priming effect of pictures and words.Methods:The study used pictures taken from the international picture system and Chinese words as the priming-stimuli, and took college students as subjects, then primed positive, negative and neutral emotions, and asked subjects to accomplish stroop task and self-rating emotion task.The study took the design between 2(types of material) ?3(types of emotion).Results:①In the stroop task, there were significant differences between the reaction time and error rate of different emotions(F=36.216,P=0.000