Laboratory detection of bacterial pathogens and clinical and laboratory response of syndromic management in patients with cervical discharge: A retrospective study

Background: Cervical discharge as part of cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease is a cause of significant morbidity in sexually active women worldwide. Non-gonococcal and non- chlamydial bacterial pathogens are becoming more prevalent. Aims: This study aims to determine bacterial pathogens causing cervical discharge using culture and/or polymerase chain reaction and assess the clinical and laboratory response to the conventional syndromic kit regimen established by the World Health Organisation. Methods: A retrospective review of records of women with cervical discharge over one year period. Culture and/or polymerase chain reaction results of endocervical swabs of various bacterial pathogens at baseline and after four weeks of treatment with syndromic kit regimen were recorded. Results: A total of 70 case records were reviewed for clinical details, out of which results of bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction were available for 67 cases. Infectious aetiology was found in 30 (44.7%) patients with Ureaplasma species being the most common organism isolated on culture (18, 26.8%) and polymerase chain reaction (25, 37.3%), respectively. Polymerase chain reaction for Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis was positive in ten (14.9%) and four (6%) cases, respectively. None of the patients showed positive culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Coinfection was seen in eight (11.9%) patients with the majority showing Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma spp. coinfection (five patients). Forty one cases (58.5%) received tab. cefixime 400 mg and tab. azithromycin one gram stat (kit 1), while 29 cases (43.3%) received tab. cefixime 400 mg stat, tab. metronidazole 400 mg and cap. doxycycline 100 mg, both twice daily for 14 days (kit 6). Minimal to no clinical improvement with treatment was seen in 14 out of 32 cases (44%) at the end of four weeks with the conventional kit regimen. Post-treatment culture and/or polymerase chain reaction were positive in nine out of 28 cases (32.1%) with Ureaplasma spp. being the most common. Limitations: Retrospective study design, small sample size and fewer cases with follow-up data were the main limitations. Conclusion: Ureaplasma spp. was the most common infectious cause of cervical discharge in our patients. Treatment given as part of syndromic management led to a clinical and microbiological response in around half and two-third cases, respectively.

Vulnerability of the young university population to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections

Introduction: Brazilian universities receive annually thousands of young people who experience situations of vulnerability to the human immunodeficiency virus, sexually transmitted infections, and viral hepatitis. Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze the secondary data obtained from the attendance record of the rapid testing campaign for these health problems at a federal university in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2019. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with secondary data of students (n=1,113) obtained from the standard attendance form by the Ministry of Health during the campaigns Fique Sabendo (Be Aware) in the period between November 25 and 29, 2019. Analyses were performed with the support of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program, with the calculation of absolute and relative frequencies. Pearson's chi-square test (5%) was used for comparison. Results: The results revealed a young, heterosexual, white profile. More than half reported having consumed alcohol and drugs in their lives. Other findings were the non-use of condoms with steady partners (18.1%) and occasional partners (21.3%), oral sex (86.8%), and unprotected sex in the last intercourse (45.6%). Most declared never being tested for human immunodeficiency virus (74.5%), syphilis (67.4%), hepatitis B (76.1%), or hepatitis C (77.0%). Conclusion: The university population is vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections due to the number of sexual partners and discontinued use of condoms with occasional partners. Such vulnerability is increased by the use of alcohol and other drugs

Gynaecological bacterial infections: the physical and psychosocial consequences and challenges of management in resource-limited settings

Gynecological bacterial infections (GBIs) are prevalent in our environment and as a result pose a number of physical, social and psychological consequences. These infections are acquired through several ways. Treating GBIs is a daunting task making its control the most important strategy to alleviating its physical and psychosocial consequences. To highlight the physical, social, and psychological consequences of gynaecological bacterial infections in our resource limited setting. To highlight the hugely unresolved challenges associated with the management of gynecological bacterial infections in our resource-limited setting. Several databases (Medline, Google Scholar, Pubmed, WHO’s Hinari and Wikipedia) and some selected websites were searched using the following keywords: gynecological infections, vaginal infections and discharges, vaginal flora, sexually transmitted infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, syndromic management and challenges, psychosocial consequences, alternative medicine. A total of 5470 relevant articles were obtained between 1947 and 2018. Out of these only 256 relevant articles on the topic were reviewed. However, 213 were dropped for having an incomplete submission. Forty-three (43) articles were fully accessed and referenced. The high prevalence of GBIs poses a lot of burden on the reproductive and socio-economic lives of our women. This should be matched by behavioral changes, prompt diagnosis and early treatment; facilitated by accessible and affordable health care through improved government funding.

Syndromic management approach and wet mount microscopy of trichomonas vaginalis in pregnant women and sexually transmitted infection clinic attendants in Merawi Health Center, Merawi, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia.

Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated single cell protozoan parasite, which carries the distinction of being the only truly sexually transmitted parasitic infection in humans. Aim: To determine the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis among pregnant women and sexually transmitted infection clinic attendants in Merawi Health center. Syndromic management approach was also evaluated for its effective diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Methodology: In this study, a total of 222 women were enrolled. Majority of them were in the age group of 15-25 years (48.6%, 108). Identification of the Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites was performed by wet mount microscopy of vaginal samples (vaginal discharge and vaginal swab) and clinical diagnosis by the syndromic management approach was performed by health workers in the health center. Result: Syndromic management approach has identified 4 women (1.8%) who had selfreported symptoms related to trichomoniasis. However, the laboratory wet mount diagnosis has identified 14 (6.3%) women who were positive for the trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis. The sensitivity of syndromic management approach with respect to the wet mount microscopy was 21.4%. Conclusion: Syndromic management approach is highly insensitive in screening out trichomoniasis, even, as compared with the less sensitive laboratory test (wet mount microscopy). Hence, we support the need for improved diagnostic parameters to reduce adverse trichomoniasis associated reproductive health outcomes.

A Syndromic Approach to the Management of Genital Ulcers

Genital ulcer disease is a common presentation of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and can cause significant morbidity in patients. Syphilis (chancre of primary syphilis) and genital herpes are the two most significant ulcerative STIs and are occasionally indistinguishable clinically. Infectious syphilis is on the rise in Singapore particularly in men who have sex with men (MSM); whilst genital herpes although showing a decreasing incidence in recent years still presents with more than 500 notifications a year as first episode genital herpes. Due to the breaks in the mucosa of the skin caused by the ulcers, the risk of acquisition as well as transmission of HIV infection are both increased making timely treatment of genital ulcers of utmost importance. Although uncommon in Singapore, chancroid, LGV and granuloma inguinale remain endemic in some parts of Asia and there should be a high index of suspicion for patients who have returned from these regions presenting with ulcerative lesions. All patients who present with genital ulcers should have their blood tested for syphilis and HIV as well as a swab for culture or PCR testing taken from the ulcer to exclude genital herpes.

Prevalence and health-seeking behavior of reproductive tract infection/sexually transmitted infections symptomatics: A cross-sectional study of a rural community in the Hooghly district of West Bengal.

A community-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Purushottampur village of the Singur block, Hooghly, using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire, to find out the prevalence of RTI / STI symptomatics among the general population aged 15 to 49 years, and to assess their profiles and health-seeking behaviors. Prevalence of (Reproductive tract infection) RTI / STI (Sexually transmitted infections) symptoms in the last 12 months was found to be 13.9 and 13.6% among males and females, respectively. The most common symptom was dysuria and vaginal discharge among males and females, respectively. Almost half of the STI symptomatics (52% male, 50% female) did nothing for their symptoms. Better health-seeking behavior was observed among females. About 9.4% of the males and 47% of the females sought advice from the clinic / hospital / health workers. Strengthening of activities of the existing national program among the general population is needed to build a positive health-seeking behavior that will ensure success of the syndromic management of RTI / STI.

Frecuencia de infecciones del tracto genital femenino en mujeres sintomáticas y uso de pruebas rápidas para su diagnóstico en dos poblaciones de Bogotá (Colombia) 2008: estudio piloto / A pilot study of the frequency of genital tract infection in symptomatic women and the use of rapid diagnostic tests in two groups of women from Bogotá, Colombia, 2008

Objetivo: describir la frecuencia y etiología de las infecciones del tracto genital (ITG), en mujeres con flujo vaginal. Metodología: este fue un estudio de corte transversal en el que participaron mujeres de 14 a 49 años con sintomatología genital que consultaron durante 2007 y 2008 a tres centros de atención especializada en Bogotá (Colombia). Se excluyeron mujeres que presentaban condiciones médicas severas, con antecedente de histerectomía, embarazadas y aquellas que hubieran recibido algún tipo de tratamiento antibiótico en los últimos 14 días. En este estudio se realizó un muestreo secuencial consecutivo. El diagnóstico sindromático se realizó de acuerdo con las guías de la OMS y el diagnóstico definitivo se determinó por medio de PCR (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa) para C. trachomatis, cultivo para N. gonorrhoeae y Candida, pruebas treponémicas para sífilis, examen directo para Trichomonas vaginalis, test de Nugent para vaginosis bacteriana (VB) y detección serológica de virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Resultados: en este estudio se incluyó un total de 131 pacientes. La VB se presentó en el 46% de las pacientes, seguida por la infección por Candida con el 16%. La sífilis fue la infección de transmisión sexual(ITS) mas frecuente con el 7% de los casos mientras que C. trachomatis se aisló en el 6%. La Trichomonas vaginalis se observó en 2 pacientes y no hubo aislamientos para N. gonorrhoeae. Las pruebas rápidas estudiadas mostraron una especificidad cercana al 100%; la sensibilidad mostró gran variabilidad con valores elevados del 90% para sífilis, 81% para la prueba utilizada para VB y menores del 60% para el frotis en fresco para Candida. La frecuencia de aislamientos de Chlamydia y N. gonorrhoeae fue muy baja como para poder evaluar sus características operativas. Conclusiones: las ITG en las mujeres sintomáticas estudiadas fueron principalmente de causa endógena. La frecuencia global de ITS en las poblaciones ...

Objectives: describing the frequency and etiology of genital tract infections in two selected groups of women. Methodology: this was a cross-sectional study which included females having symptoms of vaginal discharge or itching who consulted during 2007-2008 at three sites in Bogotá, Colombia. They were aged 14 to 49. The following exclusion criteria were used: females having severe medical conditions, a history of hysterectomy, being pregnant, presenting menstrual discharge, having no history of sexual activity or those who reported having received antibiotic therapy during the previous 14 days. Sequential sampling. Syndromic diagnosis was stablished according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Definitive diagnosis was made by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) for C. trachomatis, culturing for N. gonorrhoeae and Candida, treponemal tests for syphilis, direct exam for Trichomonas vaginalis, nugent’s test for bacterial vaginosis and serological detection for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Sensitivity and specificity of the rapid diagnostic tests used were determined against the “gold standard” diagnostic test for each infection. Results: one hundred and thirty-one females were included. Bacterial vaginosis was present in 46% of the patients, followed by candidiasis in 16%. Syphilis was the most frequently diagnosed sexually-transmitted infection in 7% of cases and C. trachomatis in 6%. Trichomonas vaginalis was observed in two patients but no cases of N. gonorrhoeae were identified. The most frequent syndromic diagnosis was vaginitis. The rapid diagnostic tests had close to 100% specificity; sensitivity varied from 90% for syphilis, to 81% for bacterial vaginosis and 60% for Candida. The frequency of positive cases for Chlamydia and gonorrhoeae was too low to assess the rapid tests’ diagnostic precision.