Key points for the thermal comfort of water buffaloes in Eastern Amazon / Pontos-chave do conforto térmico de bubalinos na Amazônia Oriental

This study presented relevant aspects about the Amazonian environment and how it impacts the thermal comfort of domestic buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised in the Eastern Amazon. Furthermore, strategies for monitoring and mitigating animal heat stress are presented, based on research results with the species. Although domestic buffaloes are considered adaptable animals, exposure to intense solar radiation causes thermal discomfort. This condition is expressed in biophysical indicators, in metabolic, endocrine, behavioral responses, and in body thermographic patterns. Therefore, the biometeorological monitoring of production is crucial to support decision-making regarding environmental management strategies, genetic selection of thermotolerant individuals, and increase in animal welfare. Lastly, the use of silvopastoral systems can help to provide higher thermal comfort, which is a condition that directly impacts the productivity of milk and meat buffaloes when they are raised in tropical regions, such as in the Eastern Amazon.

Objetivou-se apresentar aspectos relevantes sobre o ambiente amazônico e como este impacta no conforto térmico de búfalos domésticos (Bubalus bubalis) criados na Amazônia Oriental. Adicionalmente, são apresentadas estratégias para monitoramento e mitigação do estresse térmico animal, a partir de resultados de pesquisa com a espécie. Apesar dos búfalos domésticos serem considerados animais adaptáveis, a exposição à intensa radiação solar provoca desconforto térmico. Essa condição é expressa em indicadores biofísicos, nas respostas metabólicas, endócrinas, comportamentais e nos padrões termográficos corporais. Assim, o monitoramento biometeorológico da produção é crucial para subsidiar tomadas de decisão em relação a estratégias de manejo ambiental, seleção genética de indivíduos termotolerantes e incremento do bem-estar animal. Por fim, o uso de sistemas silvipastoris pode auxiliar na oferta de maior conforto térmico, que é uma condição que impacta diretamente na produtividade de bubalinos de leite e carne, quando estes são criados em regiões tropicais, como na Amazônia Oriental.

Condiciones de alojamiento de los terneros en crianzas artificiales de tambo y su relación con el estrés por frío / Housing conditions of dairy calves and its relationship with cold stress

Resumen El estrés por frío en los terneros puede ser muy perjudicial para su salud y rendimiento futuro. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de las condiciones de manejo de la crianza artificial y su relación con estrés por frío en terneros de tambo. Se evaluaron 160 terneros durante las primeras horas de la mañana, y se registró si los animales poseían capa o no y si disponían o no de cama. Se observó si contaban con reparo para limitantes climáticas. También se registró la temperatura rectal y si temblaban o no. Se consideró que terneros con temperatura rectal igual o inferior a 37,2 °C se encontraban en estrés por frio. El análisis estadístico de los datos se hizo mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Chi cuadrado y se calculó la probabilidad de ocurrencia mediante Odds Ratio. Encontrándose que los terneros en condiciones de estrés presentaron 4,93 veces mayor probabilidad de temblar; que disponer de cama fue favorable para prevenir el estrés (0,027), que las capas plásticas incrementaron la probabilidad de sufrir de estrés (0,006) y que proveer reparo a los animales tiene un efecto positivo en la prevención del estrés por frío (p = 0,027) en los terneros de tambo.

Abstract Cold stress in calves can be very detrimental to their health and performance. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of artificial rearing management conditions and their relationship to cold stress in dairy calves. A total of 160 calves were evaluated during the early morning hours and it was recorded whether or not the animals had cape and whether or not they had bed in pens. Also, it was observed if they had protection for climatic limitations. Rectal temperature and whether or not they were shivering were also recorded. Calves with rectal temperature equal to or lower than 37.2 °C were considered to be in cold stress. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using the non-parametric Chi-square test and the probability of occurrence was calculated using Odds Ratio. It was found that calves under stress conditions were 4.93 times more likely to shiver; that having bed in pens was favorable for preventing stress (0.027), that plastic cape increased the probability of suffering from stress (0.006) and that providing shelter to animals had a positive effect on the prevention of cold stress (p = 0.027) in dairy calves.

Effects of Different Materials on Thermal Stress Field of Bipolar High-Frequency Electric Knife / 医用生物力学

Objective To analyze the influence of different materials on thermal stress field of the bipolar high-frequency electric knife. Methods The electric-thermal coupling simulation analysis was performed for thermal stress field in working process of the bipolar high-frequency electric knife. The influence patterns for 4 kinds of insulating layer materials 304 stainless steel, 316 stainless steel, 317 stainless steel, Ti6Al4V and 4 kinds of electrode materials polypropylene (PP), polyamide-6 (PA6), polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) on thermal stress field and thermal deformation field of insulating layer, electrode and coating of bipolar high-frequency electric knife and myocardial tissues were studied. Results The thermal deformation of myocardial tissues was much higher than that of the components of high-frequency electric knife in period of 2 s for continuous power. In terms of myocardial tissue protection, 304 stainless steel was the best electrode material for high-frequency electric knife. For choosing PP as the insulating layer material, thermal deformation of myocardial tissues caused by thermal stress was the smallest, which could better maintain the integrity of myocardial tissues. Conclusions The manufacturing materials of high-frequency electric knife have an important influence on thermal stress field in its working process. The regularity analysis results can provide guidance for the development of high-frequency electric knife.

Effects of Magnetic Rewarming on Mechanical Properties of Vitrified Umbilical Artery / 医用生物力学

Objective To study the effect of magnetic rewarming on the morphology and biomechanical properties of vitrified umbilical artery. Methods The vitrified umbilical artery was rewarmed by magnetothermal method and traditional water bath. The temperature distribution and stress in the solution system were analyzed, and the rewarming effect was evaluated by tissue staining and mechanical test. Results Compared with water bath rewarming, the temperature gradient and thermal stress generated by magnetic rewarming were smaller, which could effectively reduce the thermal stress damage during the rewarming stage and achieve rapid and uniform rewarming. Magnetic rewarming could effectively avoid umbilical artery fractures and micro-cracks. After rewarming, the extracellular matrix, collagen fibers, elastic fibers and muscle fibers of the umbilical artery were evenly distributed, which preserved the macro and micro structures of the umbilical artery. The umbilical artery showed different degrees of hardening after water bath and magnetic rewarming, but the elastic modulus and limit stress of the latter were not significantly different from those of fresh umbilical artery, and the latter had unidirectional stretching characteristics similar to that of fresh umbilical artery, showing good elasticity and toughness. Conclusions Compared with water bath rewarming, magnetothermal method can effectively reduce the damage of rewarming stage, ensure the macroscopic, microscopic structure integrity of umbilical artery and better biomechanical properties. The research findings provide important references for cryopreservation of large tissues or organs such as umbilical artery.

Sistema de confinamento Compost barn: interações entre índices de conforto, características fisiológicas, escore de higiene e claudicação / Compost barn housing systems: interactions among comfort indexes, physiological characteristics, hygiene score, and claudication / Sistema de confinamiento Compost barn: interacciones entre índices de confort, características fisiológicas, puntuación de higiene y claudicación

O objetivo desse artigo foi avaliar o conforto térmico de bovinos leiteiros confinados em instalações Compost Barn com base em índices de conforto térmico, parâmetros fisiológicos, escore de higiene e claudicação. A pesquisa foi realizada, em uma propriedade do município de Três Corações no estado de Minas Gerais no período de verão e inverno de 2016. As variáveis microclimáticas e os escores de limpeza e de locomoção foram analisadas por meio da estatística descritiva. Os parâmetros fisiológicos foram submetidos a um delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em parcela subdividida no tempo, por meio da análise de variância e teste de Scott-Knott. Pode-se concluir que não ocorreu estresse térmico nos animais na estação de verão e inverno. Os parâmetros fisiológicos se encontraram dentro dos limites de conforto animal. Existe um relacionamento maior entre a frequência respiratória, temperatura superficial e temperatura retal e os índices de conforto animal no verão, quando comparada com o inverno. Para a análise dos escores, as vacas apresentaram uma melhoria na limpeza e um número muito baixo de vacas com problemas de cascos.(AU)

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the thermal comfort of dairy cattle confined in compost barn facilities based on thermal comfort indexes, physiological parameters, hygiene score, and claudication. The research was carried out in a property in the city of Três Corações in the state of Minas Gerais during the summer and winter of 2016. The microclimatic variables and the cleaning and locomotion scores were analyzed through a descriptive statistics analysis. The physiological parameters were submitted to an experimental design in randomized blocks in a subdivided plot, using analysis of variance and Scott-Knott's test. It can be concluded that no thermal stress occurred on the animals during the summer and winter seasons. There is a greater relationship between respiratory rate, surface and rectal temperature, and the animal comfort indexes in summer compared to winter. For the analysis of the scores, the cattle showed an improvement in cleaning and a very low number of cows presented hoof problems.(AU)

El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar el confort térmico de bovinos lecheros confinados en instalaciones Compost Barn con base en índices de confort térmico, parámetros fisiológicos, puntuación de higiene y claudicación. La investigación se realizó en una propiedad del municipio de Tres Corações en el estado de Minas Gerais, en el período de verano e invierno de 2016. Las variables microclimáticas y los escores de limpieza y de locomoción fueron analizados por medio de estadística descriptiva. Los parámetros fisiológicos fueron sometidos a un delineamiento experimental en bloques casualizados en parcela subdividida en el tiempo, por medio del análisis de varianza y prueba de Scott-Knott. Se puede concluir que no ocurrió estrés térmico en los animales en la estación de verano e invierno. Los parámetros fisiológicos se encontraron dentro de los límites de confort animal. Hay una relación mayor entre la frecuencia respiratoria, la temperatura superficial y la temperatura rectal y los índices de confort animal en verano, en comparación con el invierno. Para el análisis de los escores, las vacas presentaron mejora en la limpieza y un número muy bajo de vacas con problemas de cascos.(AU)

Speed and heart rate variation during marathon running in a hot environment / Variación de la velocidad y la frecuencia cardiaca durante un maratón en un ambiente caluroso

Abstract The purpose of the study was to analyze the variation of running speed and heart rate in amateur runners during a marathon in a hot environment. Eighteen runners (weight: 65.2 ± 12.21 kg, height: 168.4 ± 10.6 cm, VO2max: 52.9 ± 7.1 ml/kg/min) took part of a beach-side marathon (42195 m) under a temperature of 27.8 ± 3.52 ºC and at 0-80 m altitude. Pearson's correlation showed a significant linear relationship between the increase in thermal stress index (WGBT) and the speed variation (r= 0.168, p= 0.049). In this respect, the total duration of the race revealed a direct relationship with speed (r= 0.675, p= 0.003) and heart rate (r= 0.631, p= 0.007) variation. Multiple regressions analysis showed that 61.6% of the final race time was explained by the speed variation in the 26 to 30 km course section (r 2 = 0.61; F= 26.17; p< 0.001) and 37% by the heart rate variation in the 31 to 35 km section (r 2 = 0.37; F= 10.38; p< 0.001). In conclusion, an increase in the environmental temperature provoked a decrease in running pacing, with a stronger effect in the second half of the race. Therefore, coaches should take these aspects into account in training and strategies to mitigate the impact of these conditions on the physical and physiological performance of amateur runners.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a variação da velocidade da corrida e a frequência cardíaca em corredores amadores durante uma maratona em um ambiente de alto índice térmico. Dezoito corredores amadores (peso: 65,2 ± 12,21 kg, altura: 168,4 ± 10,6 cm, VO2max: 52,9 ± 7,1 ml/kg/min) correram uma maratona (42195 m) em proximidade ao mar, sob um índice térmico de 27,8 ± 3,52 ºC e com percurso de 0-80 metros acima do nível do mar. O teste de Pearson apresentou uma correlação significativa entre o aumento do índice de estresse térmico (IBUTG) e a variação da velocidade (r= 0,168, p= 0,049). Neste sentido, a duração total da corrida apresentou uma relação direta com a velocidade (r= 0,675, p= 0,003) e a variação da frequência cardíaca (r= 0,631, p= 0,007). O tempo final da corrida se interpretou em 61,6% e 37% pela variação da velocidade de 26 a 30 km (r 2 = 0,61; F= 26,17; p< 0,001) e pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca no lapso de 31 a 35 km (r 2 = 0,37; F= 10,38; p< 0,001), respectivamente. Em suma, o índice térmico provoca uma diminuição no ritmo da velocidade, sendo esse efeito maior na segunda metade da corrida. Devido a isso, os preparadores devem planejar treinamentos e estratégias para mitigar o impacto dessas condições no desempenho físico e fisiológico dos corredores amadores.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la variación de la velocidad de carrera y la frecuencia cardíaca en corredores aficionados durante un maratón en un entorno de alto índice térmico. Dieciocho corredores aficionados (peso: 65.2 ± 12.21 kg, altura: 168.4 ± 10.6 cm, VO2max: 52.9 ± 7.1 ml/kg/min) corrieron un maratón (42 195 m) en cercanía al mar bajo un índice térmico de 27.8 ± 3.52ºC y con recorrido de 0-80 m.s.n.m. La prueba de Pearson mostró una correlación significativa entre el aumento del índice de estrés termal (TGBH) y la variación de la velocidad (r = 0.168, p = 0.049). En este sentido, la duración total de la carrera presentó una relación directa con la velocidad (r = 0.675, p = 0.003) y la variación de la frecuencia cardíaca (r= 0.631, p = 0.007). El tiempo final de carrera se explicó en un 61.6% y 37% por la variación de la velocidad de 26 a 30 km (r 2 = 0.61; F = 26.17; p < 0.001) y por la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en el lapso de 31 a 35 km (r 2 = 0.37; F= 10.38; p < 0.001) respectivamente. En conclusión, el índice térmico provoca una disminución en el ritmo de la velocidad, este efecto mayor en la segunda mitad de la carrera. Por lo anterior, entrenadores deben planificar entrenamientos y estrategias para mitigar el impacto de estas condiciones en el desempeño físico y fisiológico de los corredores amateur.

Ameliorative effect of Argyreia boseana Sant. & Pat. on stress in C. elegans

Background: Pathyashadangam kwath, a classical ayurvedic polyherbal formulation is used for thetreatment of cluster head ache, migraine, upper respiratory diseases, ear ache and night blindness. Review of literature suggested that characterization parameters of Pathyashadangam kwath are notreported.Objective: To report characteristic parameters of Pathyashadangam kwath to confirm quality and purity.Materials and methods: The fruit pericarps of Haritaki, Bibhitaki and Amalaki, aerial parts of Bhunimba,rhizome of Haridra, stem bark of Nimba and stem of Guduchi were the ingredients of Pathyashadangamkwath. Three batches of the kwath were prepared as per standard procedures. The kwath was evaluatedfor organoleptic, physical, phytochemical and chromatographic parameters as per standard methods.Results: HPTLC analysis revealed that Toluene: Ethyl Acetate: Formic acid (2.5: 2.0: 0.5) was a suitablemobile phase for characterization of the kwath. HPLC analysis revealed that andrographolide was asuitable marker for standardization of the kwath.Conclusion: The characterization parameters presented in this paper may serve as standard reference forquality control analysis of Pathyashadangam kwath.

Dados de estação meteorológica oficial subestimam o estresse por calor em bovinos leiteiros criados em ambiente tropical / Official meteorological station data underestimate the heat stress on dairy cattle in a tropical environment

Determinaram-se os valores de temperatura do ar, umidade relativa e índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) de uma propriedade rural de produção de leite a pasto e da estação meteorológica oficial mais próxima, confrontando-os. Na fazenda, as leituras dos dados foram registradas por uma estação meteorológica automática, a cada cinco minutos, de fevereiro de 2015 a setembro de 2016. Depois, calcularam-se a média por hora e o ITU horário. Selecionaram-se os valores diários mínimo, médio e máximo. O mesmo foi feito com os dados da estação meteorológica oficial, que foram horários. As temperaturas mínima e média na estação meteorológica foram maiores que na fazenda durante todo o período experimental e em 16 meses, respectivamente. A temperatura máxima da propriedade rural foi maior que a da estação em seis meses. Já a umidade relativa mínima, a média e a máxima da estação meteorológica foram inferiores às da fazenda. O ITU mínimo foi maior na estação oficial e o ITU máximo superior na fazenda em todos os meses. Por fim, o número de dias com um ITU máximo igual ou superior ao ITU crítico foi maior na fazenda. Assim, dados da estação meteorológica oficial subestimam o estresse por calor.(AU)

The values of air temperature, relative humidity and Temperature Humidity Index (THI) of one pasture-based milk production farm and from the nearest official weather station were confronted. At the farm, data readings were recorded by an automatic weather station, every five minutes, from February 2015 to September 2016. Then, the hourly average and hourly THI were calculated. The minimum, average, and maximum daily values were selected. The same was done with data from the official hourly weather station data. The minimum and mean temperature in the meteorological station were higher than on the farm throughout the experimental period and in 16 months, respectively. The maximum temperature of the rural property was greater than that of the station in six months. Meanwhile, the minimum, average, and maximum relative humidity of the meteorological station were lower than those of the farm. The minimum THI was higher at the official station and the maximum THI was higher at the farm in every month. Finally, the number of days with a maximum THI equal to or greater than the critical THI was greater on the farm. Thus, official weather station data underestimate the heat stress.(AU)

Estresse térmico ambiental e termorregulação em jogadores de futebol: uma revisão sistemática / Environmental thermal stress and thermoregulation in soccer players: a systematic review / Estrés térmico ambiental y termorregulación en jugadores de fútbol: una revisión sistemática

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi fazer uma revisão sistemática acerca dos efeitos do estresse térmico ambiental sobre a termorregulação em jogadores de futebol. Foram avaliados estudos em bases de dados pertencentes ao portal Periódicos Capes. Foi empregado o método Prisma para o desenvolvimento da revisão. Jogadores de futebol apresentam grande aumento da temperatura corporal associada à redução de desempenho físico durante o jogo em ambiente quente. Em relação às estratégias para amenizar esse prejuízo (ex. resfriamento, hidratação, aclimatação e aquecimento), o pequeno número de trabalhos encontrado (n = 18) apresenta resultados controversos, portanto são necessários mais estudos.

Abstract The objective of the study was to systematically review the effects of the environmental thermal stress on thermoregulation in soccer players. We analyzed studies from databases belonging to the Periódicos Capes portal. The PRISMA method was used to perform the review. Soccer players exhibit high increase in body temperature associated with reduction in physical performance during game in warm environment. Concerning strategies to mitigate such impairment (e.g. cooling, hydration, acclimatization, warm up and heating), the small number of studies analyzed (n = 18) showed controversial results, which warrants more studies.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue llevar a cabo una revisión sistemática sobre los efectos del estrés térmico ambiental en la termorregulación de jugadores de fútbol. Se evaluaron estudios en bases de datos pertenecientes al portal Periódicos Capes. Se empleó el método PRISMA para el desarrollo de la revisión. Los jugadores de fútbol presentan un gran aumento de la temperatura corporal asociada con la reducción de rendimiento físico durante el juego en un entorno caluroso. En cuanto a las estrategias para disminuir esta alteración (p. ej., enfriamiento, hidratación, aclimatación y calentamiento), el pequeño número de trabajos encontrados (n= 18) presentan resultados controvertidos, por lo que es necesaria la realización de más estudios.

Sanitary and physiological quality of 'purple' corn (Zea mays L. ) seeds submitted to thermotherapy / Qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes de milho 'Roxo' (Zea mays L. ) submetidas à termoterapia

The use of seeds with good sanitary and physiological potential ensures the establishment of the crop, with a uniform, vigorous and disease-free seedling stand, which will result in good productivity levels. Seen that, the objective was to evaluate the sanitary and physiological quality of purple corn seeds (Zea mays L.) submitted to thermotherapy. They were subjected to heat treatment with immersion in sterile distilled water (SDW) heated at 50, 60 and 70 °C for 1, 2, and 3 minutes. The control (0 min) correspondens only to immersing the seeds in SDW, which were submitted to sanitary and germination tests in a completely randomized experimental design, in a factorial arrangement 3 × 3 + 1 (exposure time × temperature + additional control). Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and the means were compared with the Scott-Knott test up to 5% of probability, with the aid of the statistical program SISVAR®. Immersing Zea mays seeds in hot water at 50, 60 and 70 °C for 1, 2, and 3 minutes is efficient to prevent the increased incidence of Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium sp. The heat treatment at 60 °C for 1 and 2 minutes of immersion reduces the incidence of fungal mycoflora without impairing the physiological quality of seeds.(AU)

O uso de sementes com bom potencial sanitário e fisiológico garante o estabelecimento da cultura, com estande de plântulas uniformes, vigorosas e livres de doenças, que consequentemente resultará em bons níveis de produtividade. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes de milho roxo (Zea mays L.) submetidas à termoterapia, por meio de tratamento térmico com imersão em água destilada esterilizada (ADE), aquecida à temperatura de 50, 60 e 70 °C por 1, 2 e 3 minutos. O controle (0 min) correspondeu apenas à imersão das sementes em ADE. As sementes foram submetidas aos testes de sanidade e germinação em delineamento experimental inteiramente randomizado em esquema fatorial 3 × 3 + 1 (tempo de exposição × temperatura + controle adicional). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott até 5% de probabilidade, com o auxílio do programa estatístico SISVAR®. A imersão das sementes de Zea mays em água quente a 50, 60 e 70 °C durante 1, 2 e 3 minutos é eficiente para impedir o aumento da incidência de Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. e Fusarium sp. O tratamento térmico a 60 °C por 1 e 2 minutos de imersão reduz a incidência da micoflora fúngica, sem prejudicar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes.(AU)

Influence of Different Sizes on Thermal Stress Field of Bipolar High-Frequency Electric Knife / 医用生物力学

Objective To analyze the influence regularities of different sizes on thermal stress field of bipolar high-frequency electric knife. Methods Based on the ANSYS software, the electric-thermal coupling simulation analysis was performed for thermal stress field of bipolar high-frequency electric knife during working. The effects of 3 different insulation layer thicknesses (0-5, 1-0, 1-5 mm), electrode thicknesses (0-5, 1-0, 1-5 mm) and coating thicknesses (3, 6, 9 μm) on thermal stress field of bipolar high-frequency electric knife were studied. Results If thickness of the insulation layer was larger, deformation of the myocardial tissues would be smaller due to thermal stress, that is, the thickness of the insulation layer was inversely proportional to thermal deformation of the myocardial tissue during working process of the high-frequency electric knife. For the 3 electrode thicknesses, 1-0 mm was a better choice. And for the 3 coating thicknesses, 6 μm was a better choice. Conclusions The component sizes for the high-frequency electric knife have an important influence on thermal stress field, and the result can provide guidance for design of the high-frequency electric knife.

Percepción de la sed durante el ejercicio y en la rehidratación ad libitum postejercicio en calor húmedo y seco / Thirst perception during exercise and post exercise ad libitum rehydration in dry and humid heat / Percepção da sede durante o exercício e na reidratação ad libitum pós-exercício no calor úmido e seco

Resumen Capitán-Jiménez, C. y Aragón-Vargas, L.F. (2018). Percepción de la sed durante el ejercicio y en la rehidratación ad libitum postejercicio en calor húmedo y seco. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(2), 1-18. Este estudio experimental fue diseñado para evaluar durante el ejercicio y la rehidratación ad libitum postejercicio si las percepciones subjetivas de sed y calor, así como la ingesta voluntaria de agua, son distintas en dos condiciones ambientales diferentes, pero equivalentes en cuanto al índice de estrés térmico. Métodos: 14 participantes se ejercitaron en dos ocasiones en un cuarto de clima controlado (WBGT≈28.5°C): una vez para el calor seco (SECO, TBS=33.8°C, HR=53%) y una para el calor húmedo (HUM, TBS=32.1°C y HR=67 %), sin ingesta de fluidos, hasta alcanzar una deshidratación equivalente al 4 % MC. Las percepciones de sed, calor, llenura y cólico se midieron cada 30 min durante el ejercicio. Posteriormente, ingirieron agua ad libitum durante 90 minutos. También se midió la ingesta voluntaria de agua. Resultados: Durante el ejercicio, la percepción de sed fue la misma para ambas condiciones (SECO 64.4423.38, HUM 67.3220.41mm; p=0.409), pero aumentó con el tiempo (p=0.0001). Lo mismo ocurrió con la percepción de calor: no hubo diferencia entre las condiciones (SECO 6.340.50, HUM 6.400.37ua; p=0.423), pero aumentó a través del tiempo (p=0.001). Al final de la rehidratación, la percepción de calor fue mayor para el calor seco (5.3 ± 0.2ua) que para el calor húmedo (4.7 ± 0.2ua, p=0.006). La sed al final del ejercicio (85.8 ± 19.4mm) no mostró correlación significativa con la deshidratación real (3.82 ± 0.18% MC, r=-0.14, p=0.48) ni con el consumo voluntario de agua (1843 ± 587 ml, r=-0.04, p=0.85). No hubo correlación entre la pérdida de sudor real (2766 ± 700 ml) y la ingesta voluntaria de agua (r=0.16, p=0.42). La asociación entre el balance neto de fluidos y la percepción de la sed fue de R2a= 0.70 (p=0.001). Conclusiones: la percepción de sed y calor fue la misma cuando se realizó ejercicio en dos condiciones ambientales diferentes con el mismo nivel de estrés térmico. La escala de percepción de la sed fue capaz de detectar la deshidratación progresiva consistentemente: cuanto mayor fue la deshidratación en el tiempo, mayor fue la sed. Sin embargo, los resultados de este estudio no apoyan la teoría de que la ingesta voluntaria de agua es adecuada para reponer las pérdidas de sudor después del ejercicio.

Abstract Capitán-Jiménez, C. & Aragón-Vargas, L.F. (2018). Thirst perception during exercise and post exercise ad libitum rehydration in dry and humid heat. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(2), 1-18. This experimental study was designed to evaluate whether subjective perceptions of thirst and heat and voluntary water intake are different in two distinct environmental conditions but equivalent in terms of the thermal stress index, during exercise and post-exercise ad libitum rehydration. Methods: 14 participants exercised twice in a climate controlled room (WBGT≈28.5°C): once for dry heat (DRY, DBT=33.8°C, RH=53%) and once for humid heat (HUM, DBT=32.1°C and RH=67%), without fluid intake, until reaching dehydration equivalent to 4% BM. Perceptions of thirst, heat, fullness and colic were measured every 30 min during exercise. Subsequently, participants ingested water ad libitum for 90 minutes. Voluntary intake of water was also measured. Results: During exercise, thirst perception was the same for both conditions (DRY 64.44±23.38, HUM 67.32±20.41mm, p=0.409); however, it increased over time (p=0.0001). The same situation happened with heat perception: there was no difference between conditions (DRY 6.34±0.50, HUM 6.40±0.37ua, p=0.423), but it also increased over time (p=0.001). At the end of rehydration, heat perception was greater for dry heat (5.3 ± 0.2ua) than for moist heat (4.7 ± 0.2ua, p=0.006). At the end of the exercise, thirst (85.8 ± 19.4mm) showed no significant correlation with actual dehydration (3.82 ± 0.18% BM, r=-0.14, p=0.48) or with voluntary water intake (1843 ± 587 ml, r=-0.04, p=0.85). There was no correlation between the actual sweat loss (2766 ± 700 ml) and the voluntary water intake (r=0.16, p=0.42). Ratio between net fluid balance and thirst perception was R2a=0.70 (p=0.001). Conclusions: thirst and heat perceptions were the same when exercising in two different environmental conditions with the same level of heat stress. The thirst perception scale was able to detect progressive dehydration in a consistent manner: the greater the dehydration over time, the greater the thirst. However, the results of this study do not support the theory that voluntary water intake is adequate to replenish sweat loss after exercise.

Resumo Capitán-Jiménez, C. & Aragón-Vargas, L.F. (2018). Percepção da sede durante o exercício e na reidratação ad libitum pós-exercício no calor úmido e seco. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(2), 1-18. Este estudo experimental foi desenhado para avaliar, durante o exercício e a reidratação ad libitum pós-exercício, se as percepções subjetivas de sede e calor, como também a ingestão voluntária de água, são distintas em duas condições ambientais diferentes, porém equivalentes com relação ao índice de estresse térmico. Métodos: 14 participantes se exercitaram em duas ocasiões em um quarto de clima controlado (WBGT≈28.5°C): uma vez para o calor seco (SECO, TBS=33.8°C, HR=53%) e uma para o calor úmido (HUM, TBS=32.1°C e HR=67 %), sem ingerir fluidos, até alcançar uma desidratação equivalente a 4 % MC. As percepções de sede, calor, fartura e cólica foram medidas a cada 30 min durante o exercício. Posteriormente, ingeriram água ad libitum durante 90 minutos. Também foi medida a ingestão voluntária de água. Resultados: Durante o exercício, a percepção de sede foi a mesma para ambas as condições (SECO 64.4423.38, HUM 67.3220.41mm; p=0.409), porém aumentou com o tempo (p=0.0001). O mesmo ocorreu com a percepção de calor: não houve diferença entre as condições (SECO 6.340.50, HUM 6.400.37ua; p=0.423), mas aumentou através do tempo (p=0.001). No final da reidratação, a percepção de calor foi maior para o calor seco (5.3 ± 0.2ua) do que para o calor úmido (4.7 ± 0.2ua, p=0.006). A sede, no final do exercício (85.8 ± 19.4mm) não mostrou correlação significativa com a desidratação real (3.82 ± 0.18% MC, r=-0.14, p=0.48) e nem com o consumo voluntário de água (1843 ± 587 ml, r=-0.04, p=0.85). Não houve correlação entre a perda de suor real (2766 ± 700 ml) e a ingestão voluntária de água (r=0.16, p=0.42). A associação entre o equilíbrio neto de fluidos e a percepção da sede foi de R2a= 0.70 (p=0.001). Conclusões: a percepção de sede e calor foi a mesma quando se realizou exercício em duas condições ambientais diferentes com o mesmo nível de estresse térmico. A escala de percepção da sede foi capaz de detectar a desidratação progressiva consistentemente: quanto maior foi a desidratação no tempo, maior foi a sede. Porém, os resultados deste estudo não apoiam a teoria de que a ingestão voluntária de água é adequada para repor as perdas de suor depois do exercício.

Efeitos cognitivos do teste de esforço progressivo em eletricistas com equipamentos de proteção individual / Cognitive effects of the progressive exercise test in electricians wearing personal protective equipment

Resumo Objetivo: verificar o efeito do esforço físico sobre as funções cognitivas de trabalhadores eletricistas utilizando equipamento de proteção individual (EPI). Métodos: participaram 28 eletricistas que trabalhavam na construção, manutenção e operação de redes de distribuição de energia. Todos do sexo masculino, sadios e aptos para a prática de exercícios físicos. As funções cognitivas foram representadas pelo teste de reação simples (TRS) e pelo nível de vigilância mental (NVM). O TRS e o NVM foram mensurados pré e pós-teste máximo progressivo, em esteira rolante, a 27 °C de temperatura seca e umidade relativa do ar de 64%. O teste consistiu em aumentos progressivos na velocidade e na inclinação da esteira até a fadiga, com utilização de EPI. Resultados: a média (desvio padrão) do TRS não foi significativamente diferente antes, 227,8 (35,1) ms, e após o exercício, 220,6 (24,6) ms. O NVM foi significativamente maior após o exercício em todas as situações: frequência crescente - 36,5 (5,1) Hz vs 39,5 (2,7) Hz, frequência decrescente - 36,0 (5,2) vs 39,0 (3,88) Hz, e frequência geral - 36,2 (4,9) vs 39,2 (3,1) Hz. Conclusão: o exercício progressivo máximo realizado com EPI não modificou o tempo de reação simples e aumentou o nível de vigilância mental de eletricistas.

Abstract Objective: to verify the effects of physical effort on the cognitive functions of electricians wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). Methods: 28 electricians participated. They worked on the construction, maintenance and operation of electrical power distribution networks. All were male, healthy and able to practice physical exercises. The cognitive functions were checked by measuring simple reaction time (SRT) and mental alertness level (MAL). SRT and MAL were measured before and after progressive maximal exercise, on a treadmill, at 27 °C dry temperature and 64% relative humidity, wearing PPE. The test consisted of progressive increases in treadmill speed and incline, until fatigue. Results: SRT mean difference was not significantly different before - 227.8 (35.1) ms - and after exercising -220.6 (24.6) ms. MAL was significantly higher after exercise in all situations: increasing frequency - 36.5 (5.1) Hz vs. 39.5 (2.7) Hz; decreasing frequency-36.0 (5.2) Hz vs. 39.0 (3.88) Hz; and general frequency 36.2 (4.9) Hz vs. 39.2 (3.1) Hz. Conclusion: progressive maximal exercise performed while wearing PPE caused no change in simple reaction time, and increased electricians' mental alertness level.

Bioacústica como método de avaliação do comportamento em pastejo de novilhas Girolando / Bioacoustics as a tool for evaluating grazing behavior of Girolando heifers

Objetivou-se validar o método de análise de dados bioacústicos na descrição do comportamento em pastejo de novilhas em área de integração lavoura-pecuária (iLP) e floresta (iLPF). Foram utilizadas oito novilhas Girolando (¾Holandês x »Gir) com média de 25±6,8 meses de idade e 268±83kg de peso vivo (PV), distribuídas em delineamento crossover 2x2 (dois sistemas x dois períodos de avaliação). A coleta de dados para análise bioacústica foi realizada utilizando-se gravadores MP3. Esses dados foram analisados pelo software Audacity® para identificação das atividades de pastejo, ruminação e ócio. Concomitantemente, o comportamento também foi avaliado pelo método de observação visual, realizado no período de 8 até 16 horas, em intervalos de 15 minutos. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre médias dos tempos (minutos) de pastejo, ruminação e ócio registrados pelos métodos de bioacústica e avaliação visual, sendo, respectivamente, 127 vs. 137; 122 vs. 113 e 238 vs. 216, no sistema iLP, e 134 vs. 103; 130 vs. 165 e 233 vs. 203, no sistema iLPF. Por meio desses resultados, foi possível concluir que o método da bioacústica é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar o comportamento de pastejo em diferentes sistemas de produção a pasto, com a vantagem de possibilitar o registro de atividades durante o período noturno, além de maior praticidade e precisão do que o método observacional.(AU)

Aiming to validate the analysis of bioacoustic data for describing grazing behavior of heifers in integrated crop, livestock (ICL) and forestry (ICLF) systems. Eight 25±6.8 month-old Girolando (¾Holstein × »Gir) heifers with 268±83kg of live weight (LW) were distributed in 2x2 crossover design (two systems x two evaluation periods). Data collection for bioacoustic analysis was done with MP3 recorders. These data were analyzed by Audacity® software for identification of the activities of grazing, rumination, and resting. Concomitantly, behavior was also analyzed by the method of visual observation from 8AM to 4PM in intervals of 15 minutes. There was no difference (P>0.05) between the methods of bioacustic and visual observation considering the means of time (minutes) of grazing, rumination, and resting, respectively: 127 vs. 137; 122 vs. 113; and 238 vs. 216 in ICL system and; 134 vs. 103; 130 vs. 165 and 233 vs. 203 in ICLF system. In conclusion, the bioacustic method is a tool that can be useful for evaluating bovine grazing behavior within different grazing systems, with the advantage of allowing report of activities during the night with higher practicality and precision than the visual observation method.(AU)

Effects of sand therapy temperature on the bone reconstruction and numerical study on the heat transfer / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To investigate the effects of sand therapy temperature on bone reconstruction and numerical study on the heat transfer.Methods CT scan imaging was performed respectively for four times(before and after OA model was set up,and after the first and second weeks during the sand therapy).Import the scan data to MIMICS software,and the changes of femoral bone mass layer were analyzed.After combining the muscle,femur,bone marrow and meshing,the established three-dimensional model of the STL format was introduced into the COMSOL software for heat transfer simulation and effect of stress on bone remodeling induced by temperature field.Results Changes of four CT scan data were analyzed.The soft bone volume was reduced,while the dense and hard bone volume were increased.Numerical simulation on the heat transfer showed the temperature distribution of the thigh and the femur.Conclusions The thermal stress produced by sand therapy temperature exert promoting effect on the femur bone remodeling.

Factors that alter the biochemical biomarkers of environmental contamination in Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae)

ABSTRACT Changes in physiology of the nervous system and metabolism can be detected through the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alpha esterase (EST-a) and beta esterase (EST-ß) in chironomids exposed to pollutants. However, to understand the real effect of xenobiotics on organisms, it is important to investigate how certain factors can interfere with enzyme activity. We investigated the effects of different temperatures, food stress and two steps of the enzymatic protocol on the activity of AChE, EST-a and EST-ß in Chironomus sancticaroli. In experiment of thermal stress individuals from the egg stage to the fourth larval instar were exposed to different temperatures (20, 25 and 30 °C). In food stress experiment, larvae were reared until IV instar in a standard setting (25 °C and 0.9 g weekly ration), but from fourth instar on they were divided into groups and offered different feeding regimes (24, 48 and 72 h with/without food). In sample freezing experiment, a group of samples was processed immediately after homogenization and another after freezing for 30 days. To test the effect of centrifugation on samples, enzyme activity was quantified from centrifuged and non-centrifuged samples. The activity of each enzyme reached an optimum at a different temperature. The absence of food triggered different changes in enzyme activity depending on the period of starvation. Freezing and centrifugation of the samples significantly reduced the activity of three enzymes. Based on these results we conclude that the four factors studied had an influence on AChE, EST-a and EST-ß and this influence should be considered in ecotoxicological approaches.

Efeito do estresse térmico sobre a frequência cardíaca, gasto energético, perda hídrica e ingestão de água em jogadores de voleibol / The effect of thermal stress on heart rate, energy expenditure, water loss and water intake in volleyball players

A presente pesquisa buscou investigar o efeito de diferentes situações de estresse térmico (WBGT) sobre a frequência cardíaca (FC), gasto energético (GE), perda hídrica (PH) e consumo de água (CA) em jovens atletas de voleibol. Participaram do estudo 09 indivíduos (16,5±0,9 anos) integrantes da equipe masculina juvenil de voleibol de Umuarama. As variáveis FC, GE, PH e CA foram mensuradas durante duas sessões de treinamento (S1, S2) de volume (85min) e intensidade semelhantes, porém, com diferentes situações de estresse térmico (S1: WBGT:22,62°C; S2: WBTG: 26.55°C). O estresse térmico (WBGT) do ambiente foi determinado por um termômetro de globo modelo ITWTG2000. A FC e o GE foram mensurados por meio do equipamento Sunnto Team Pod. A PH foi calculada pela diferença entre o peso corporal no início e final das sessões de treinamento. O CA foi ?ad libitum?, porém, o volume total ingerido foi calculado usando copos descartáveis de 180ml. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o teste T pareado (amostras dependentes). O índice de significância adotado foi de p<0,05. Após análise dos dados, observou-se similar FC (S1: 135,5±16,3bpm vs. S2: 141,5±21,5bpm), GE (S1 :994,44±267,4Kcal vs. S2: 881,2±259,6Kcal), PH (S1: 0,6±0,2Kg vs. S2: 0,4±0,3Kg) e CA (S1 :1120±345mL vs. S2: 760±429mL) nas duas sessões de treinamento. Os resultados indicam que uma pequena variação no estresse térmico do ambiente não afeta de forma marcante a FC, GE, PH e CA durante o treinamento de voleibol.

This paper sought to investigate the effect of different thermal stress situations (WBTG) on heart rate (FC), energy expenditure (GE), water loss (PH) and water intake (CA) in young volleyball players. For such, 09 young male volleyball players from Umuarama Volleyball participated of this research (16.5±0.9 years). The variables FC, GE, PH and CA were measured during two training sessions (S1, S2) with similar volume (85 min) and intensity but, with different thermal stress situations (S1: WBTG: 22.62ºC and S2 WBGT: 26.55ºC). The thermal stress (WBGT) in the training environment was determined by a globe thermometer model ITWTG2000. The FC and the GE were measured by a Suunto Team Pod. PH was calculated by the difference between the body weight at the beginning and at the end of the training sessions. The CA during the training sessions was ?ad libitum? but the total volume ingested was calculated using 180-ml plastic cups. For the data analysis, the paired T test (dependent samples) was used. The significance index adopted was p <0.05. After the analysis of the data, similar FC (S1: 135.5 ±16.3bpm vs. S2: 141.5±21.5bpm), GE (S1: 994.44±267.4 Kcal vs. S2: 881.2±259.6 Kcal), PH (S1: 0.6±0.2 Kg vs. S2: 0.4±0.3 Kg) and CA (S1: 1120±345ml vs. S2: 760±429 ml) were observed in both training sessions. The results indicate that a little variation in the environmental thermal stress does not markedly affect the FC, GE, PH and CA during volleyball training sessions.

Germinação sob altas temperaturas para avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de milho / Germination at high temperatures in evaluation of maize vigor

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar e padronizar o teste de germinação sob altas temperaturas para avaliação do vigor de sementes de milho. Foram utilizados seis lotes de sementes de milho híbrido com diferentes níveis de vigor e potenciais germinativos semelhantes em três temperaturas (31, 34 e 37°C), em esquema fatorial 3x6, com quatro repetições. Além da caracterização da qualidade fisiológica pelos métodos padrão, foram determinados, sob altas temperaturas, a germinação, primeira contagem, comprimento e massa seca da raiz e parte aérea das plântulas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey e estudo de correlação linear simples a 5%, respectivamente. As temperaturas de 31, 34 e 37ºC mostraram-se eficientes para a avaliação do vigor de lotes de sementes de milho. A temperatura de 34ºC mostrou-se mais adequada para avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de milho, com maiores valores de correlação com os testes laboratoriais e com a emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas no campo.

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate and standardize the germination test under high temperatures to evaluate the vigor of corn seeds. For the experiment it was used six batches of hybrid corn seeds with different levels of vigor and similar germination potential . After the initial characterization of the lots, it was evaluated the influence of temperature of 31, 34 and 37°C on germination, first count, length and dry mass of roots and shoots with lots of different levels of force. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 5%, in 3x6 factorial, which corresponded to three combinations of temperatures and six seed lots. The first count, the percentage of germination, length and dry mass, obtained at different temperatures along with the initial characterization data were submitted to the study of simple linear correlation at 5% significance. Temperatures of 31, 34 and 37°C proved to be efficient for the evaluation of maize seed vigor , with emphasis on the temperature of 34ºC which showed higher correlation with laboratory tests of the initial characterization of the lots and also with data emergency and the speed of the emergency field.

Development and characterization of a high temperature stress responsive subtractive cDNA library in Pearl Millet Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.) is an important cereal crop grown mainly in the arid and semi-arid regions of India known to possess the natural ability to withstand thermal stress. To elucidate the molecular basis of high temperature response in pearl millet, 12 days old seedlings of P. glaucum cv. 841A were subjected to heat stress at 46°C for different time durations (30 min, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h) and a forward subtractive cDNA library was constructed from pooled RNA of heat stressed seedlings. A total of 331 high quality Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) were obtained from randomly selected 1050 clones. Sequences were assembled into 103 unique sequences consisting of 37 contigs and 66 singletons. Of these, 92 unique sequences were submitted to NCBI dbEST database. Gene Ontology through RGAP data base and BLASTx analysis revealed that about 18% of the ESTs showed homology to genes for “response to abiotic and biotic stimulus”. About 2% of the ESTs showed no homology with genes in dbEST, indicating the presence of uncharacterized candidate genes involved in heat stress response in P. glaucum. Differential expression of selected genes (hsp101 and CRT) from the SSH library were validated by qRT-PCR analysis. The ESTs thus generated are a rich source of heat stress responsive genes, which can be utilized in improving thermotolerance of other food crops.

Influence of temperature on streptococcus agalactiae infection in Nile tilapia / Influência da temperatura na infecção de tilápias do Nilo por Streptococcus agalactiae

Environmental changes affect fish homeostasis, turning them more susceptible to diseases. In Brazil, outbreaks of Streptococcus agalactiae infection have been reported in Nile tilapia when they are outside of their thermal comfort zone. This investigation evaluated mortality rate and which were the most infected organs at temperatures that naturally occurred in southern of Brazil. Forty Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were infected with S. agalactiae and distributed in four groups (n=10) and each group was exposed to a different temperature: G1: 24°C, G2: 26°C, G3: 28°C, and G4: 32°C. Fish were monitored for 10 days. In this period, fish that presented irreversible clinical signs were sacrificed and samples of brain, liver, and kidney were collected for bacteriological and molecular analysis. Signs compatible with a streptococcal infection were observed in all groups. Highest mortality rates occurred at 24°C and 32°C. The brain was the most affected organ with the highest percentage of isolation of S. agalactiae by both methods of diagnosis. The results suggest that, as in mammals, temperatures that are further away from the comfort zone influence fish homeostasis, increasing susceptibility to bacterial infections.

Mudanças ambientais afetam a homeostase dos peixes, tornando-os mais suscetíveis a doenças. No Brasil, têm sido relatados surtos de infecção por Streptococcus agalactiae em tilápia do Nilo, principalmente quando se encontram fora da zona de conforto térmico. No presente trabalho, foi avaliada a taxa de mortalidade e determinado quais foram os órgãos mais afetados por essa bactéria em temperaturas que ocorrem naturalmente no Sul do Brasil. Quarenta tilápias-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) foram infectadas por Streptococcus agalactiae e distribuídas em quatro grupos (n = 10), cada um deles submetidos a diferentes temperaturas: G1: 24°C, G2: 26°C, G3: 28°C e G4: 32°C. Os peixes foram monitorados durante 10 dias. Os peixes com sinais clínicos irreversíveis foram sacrificados e coletadas amostras de cérebro, fígado e rins para análise bacteriológica e molecular. Foram observados sinais compatíveis com infecção estreptocócica em todos os grupos. A taxa de mortalidade mais elevada ocorreu nos grupos mantidos nas temperaturas de 24°C e 32°C. O cérebro foi o órgão mais afetado, com a maior percentagem de isolamento de S. agalactiae pelos dois métodos de diagnóstico. Os resultados sugerem que, tal como nos mamíferos, temperaturas que estão mais afastadas da zona de conforto afetam significativamente a homeostase dos peixes, aumentando a sua susceptibilidade para infecções bacterianas.