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BACKGROUND:In recent years,studies have shown that obesity is closely related to chronic inflammation.Due to excessive energy intake,inflammatory macrophage infiltration and inflammatory response occur in visceral adipose tissue,which is crucial for the regulation of adipose tissue fibrosis. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the molecular mechanism of inflammation-related signals involved in the regulation of adipose tissue fibrosis and to provide reference for the treatment of adipose tissue fibrosis and related metabolic diseases through anti-inflammatory pathways. METHODS:Relevant documents were retrieved from CNKI and PubMed,and the Chinese and English search words were"inflammation,inflammatory factors,inflammatory signals,lip fibrosis,adipose fibrosis,adipose tissue fibrosis"respectively.The search period was from January 2003 to December 2022.Finally,52 documents meeting the criteria were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:During obesity,visceral adipose tissue expands through adipocyte proliferation and hypertrophy to store excess energy,and defects caused by remodeling or functional changes mainly include impaired angiogenesis,adipocyte apoptosis promoted by white adipose tissue hypoxia,macrophage infiltration,and adipocyte fibrosis.Adipose tissue fibrosis has adverse effects on the natural growth of adipose cells.The factors that trigger chronic inflammation of adipose tissue include a variety of signal stimuli,such as adipocyte death caused by hypoxia,mechanical signal transduction caused by extracellular matrix remodeling and lipogenic factor imbalance.Inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β,tumor necrosis factor-α,C-type lectins and adiponectin secreted by adipocytes and other inflammatory signaling pathways such as nuclear factor-κB,transforming growth factor-β/Smad and MAPK jointly regulate the process of adipose tissue fibrosis.
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@#Osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ) is a common complication after radiotherapy for head and neck malignant tumors. Surgery is the main treatment method for ORNJ with large lesions. In the case of serious maxillofacial and cervical soft and hard tissue damage caused by radiation, surgical treatment may have some difficulties and risks. In this paper, we discuss the main points for indication selection and treatment as well as surgical difficulties and their causes, including local inflammation and radiation injury during the operation, timing of bone defect reconstruction, condylar preservation, selection of recipient vessels, implant bed treatment, common complications of ORNJ operations (i.e., wound healing and nerve injury), severe complications (i.e., vascular crisis and tissue flap necrosis), pulmonary infection, cerebral pulmonary embolism, important vascular rupture, and severe psychological trauma, including its prevention and treatment. This information will enable clinicians to fully understand the various difficulties and risks that may be encountered during the ORNJ operation and will minimize serious complications, ensure the life, health and safety of the patients, and provide a reference for improvement of the clinical efficacy of ORNJ treatment.
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Objective@#To explore the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of IgG4-related Mikulicz disease and to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. @*Methods @#Case data from a patient with IgG4-related Mikulicz disease occurring in the submandibular gland and the literature were retrospectively analyzed.@*Results @# IgG4-related Mikulicz disease is a rare autoimmune disease. Its typical features include lacrimal gland and salivary gland swelling, a significant increase in the serum IgG4 level (> 1.35 g/L), and IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration into a large number of pathological tissues. The disease can easily recur. Treatment is mainly symptomatic, including surgical resection and administration of glucocorticoid and other drug treatment. Long-term follow-up is required after the operation. @*Conclusion@#IgG4-related Mikulicz disease has no specific clinical features. The diagnosis relies mainly on pathological examination and serum IgG4 examination. The main treatment methods are surgery and the use of glucocorticoids, which require long-term follow-up.
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Secondary limb lymphedema is one of the common postoperative complications of breast cancer and gynecological malignant tumor. Tissue fibrosis is an important pathological change after lymphedema. It is also an important index to judge the severity and therapeutic effect of lymphedema. Tissue fibrosis can be evaluated indirectly from lymphedema or directly with instruments, and treated with comprehensive exercises, Heating and Bandage, and shock wave, etc.
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Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles secreted by a variety of cell types such as cardiomyocyte, hepatocytes, and stem cells. They carry specific sets of mRNA, microRNA, and proteins, which play a role in intercellular communication in almost each physiological and pathological process. Exosomes, which are released after tissue cell injury, can initiate repair/regeneration responses by triggering inflammation and active fibroblast, and finally lead to tissue fibrosis. However, exosomes released by stem cells can retard tissue fibrosis by enhancing cell survival and reducing apoptosis. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress in the relationship between exosomes and tissue fibrosis.
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Transient receptor potential(TRP)channels superfamily consists of a large number of nonselective cation chan?nels,which can be grouped into six subfamilies:canonical,vanilloid,melastatin,ankyrin,polycystic and mucolipin TRP channels. The majority of these TRP channels are expressed in different organs including respiratory airway,lung,kidney,heart,intestinal tract,stomach and liver. TRP channels can sense various stimuli including pressure,oxidative stress,lipid environment alterations, hypertrophic signals,and inflammation products. By integrating these stimuli and via Ca2+entry,TRP channels play main role in regu?lating cell functions such as contraction,proliferation,differentiation and cell death. TRP channels is involved in the pathophysiology of numerous cellular functions,and connected to cystic fibrosis,cardiac fibrosis,renal fibrosis,and liver fibrosis. This review mainly summarizes the involvement of TRP channels in tissue fibrosis.
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Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels super family consists of a large number of nonselective cation channels, which can be grouped into six subfamilies: canonical, vanilloid, melastatin, ankyrin, polycystic and mucolipin TRP channels. The majority of these TRP channels are expressed in different organs including respiratory airway, lung, kidney, heart, intestinal tract, stomach and liver. TRP channels can sense various stimuli including pressure, oxidative stress, lipid environment alterations, hypertrophic signals, and inflammation products. By integrating these stimuli and via Ca2+entry, TRP channels play main role in regulating cell functions such as contraction, proliferation, differentiation and cell death. TRP channels is involved in the pathophysiology of numerous cellular functions, and connected to cystic fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and liver fibrosis. This review mainly summarizes the involvement of TRP channels in tissue fibrosis.