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By consulting ancient and modern literature， the herbal textual research of Farfarae Flos has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods， so as to provide reference for the development and utilization of the famous classical formulas containing Farfarae Flos. According to the research， the results showed that Farfarae Flos was first described as a medicinal material by the name of Kuandonghua in Shennong Bencaojing（《神农本草经》）， and the name was used and justified by later generations. The main origin was the folwer buds of Tussilago farfara， in addition， the flower buds of Petasites japonicus were used as medicine in ancient times. The ancient harvesting time of Farfarae Flos was mostly in the twelfth month of the lunar calendar， and the modern harvesting time is in December or before the ground freeze when the flower buds have not been excavated. Hebei， Gansu， Shaanxi are the authentic producing areas with the good quality products. Since modern times， its quality is summarized as big， fat， purple-red color， no pedicel is better. Processing method from soaking with licorice water in the Northern and Southern dynasties to stir-frying with honey water followed by micro-fire in the Ming dynasty， and gradually evolved to the modern mainstream processing method of honey processing. Based on the research results， it is suggested that the dried flower buds of T. farfara， a Compositae plant， should be selected for the development of famous classical formulas containing Farfarae Flos， and the corresponding processed products should be selected according to the specific processing requirements of the formulas， and raw products are recommended for medicinal use without indicating processing requirements.
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By consulting the ancient and moderm literature， this paper makes a textual research on the name， origin， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing of Olibanum， so as to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing this medicinal material. According to the herbal textual research， the results showed that Olibanum was first described as a medicinal material by the name of Xunluxiang in Mingyi Bielu（《名医别录》）， until Ruxiang had been used as the correct name since Bencao Shiyi（《本草拾遗》） in Tang dynasty. The main origin was Boswellia carterii from Burseraceae family. The mainly producing areas in ancient description were ancient India and Arabia， while the modern producing areas are Somalia， Ethiopia and the southern Arabian Peninsula. The medicinal part of Olibanum in ancient and modern times is the resin exuded from the bark， which has been mainly harvested in spring and summer. It is concluded that the better Olibanum has light yellow， granular， translucent， no impurities such as sand and bark， sticky powder and aromatic smell. There were many processing methods in ancient times， including cleansing（water flying， removing impurities）， grinding（wine grinding， rush grinding）， frying（stir-frying， rush frying， wine frying）， degreasing， vinegar processing， decoction. In modern times， the main processing methods are simplified to cleansing， stir-frying and vinegar processing. Nowadays， the commonly used specifications include raw， fried and vinegar-processed products. Among the three specifications， raw products is the Olibanum after cleansing， fried products is a kind of Olibanum processed by frying method， vinegar-processed products is the processed products of pure frankincense mixed with vinegar. Based on the research results， it is recommended to select the resin exuded from the bark of B. carterii for the famous classical formulas such as Juanbitang containing Olibanum， processing method should be carried out in accordance with the processing requirements of the formulas， otherwise used the raw products if the formulas without clear processing requirements.
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In order to provide the basis for the development of famous classical formulas， the name， origin， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing of Eucommiae Cortex were systematically researched by consulting the ancient herbal and medical books， combining with the modern literature. According to the textual research， materia medica in the past dynasties used Eucommiae Cortex as the correct name. Combined with characteristics， origin and efficacy， Eucommiae Cortex in ancient times to the present is the dry bark of Eucommia ulmoides from family Eucommiaceae. The earliest producing areas of Eucommiae Cortex are Henan， Shanxi， Shaanxi and Sichuan. Since the Ming dynasty， the producing areas have expanded to most of the regions in the country， and Sichuan， Shaanxi， Chongqing， Guizhou and Hubei are regarded as the authentic producing areas. It has been concluded that the quality of Eucommiae Cortex is best if the bark has thick body， large block， scraped rough skin， multi silk section and dark purple internal surface. In ancient times， the processing methods of Eucommiae Cortex were mainly included removing rough bark and cutting for raw use， processing with auxiliary materials such as honey， ginger juice， salt water， wine， and so on. While in modern times， the processing methods have become increasingly simplified which are mainly cutting raw materials after cleansing and salt processing. It is need to excavate the connotation of different processed products and restore the traditional main processing methods through standards. Based on the requirement of Eucommiae Cortex in Sanbitang， it is suggested to use ginger-processed products according to the research results， which is used ginger juice as auxiliary material and processed with stir frying method according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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By reviewing ancient materia medica， medical books and modern literature， this paper conducted a systematic research on name， origin， scientific name evolution， producing area， quality， harvesting and processing methods of Alpiniae Officinarum Rhizoma. The results showed that Alpiniae Officinarum Rhizoma was first published in Mingyi Bielu， and its correct name was Gaoliangjiang. The mainstream origin of Alpiniae Officinarum Rhizoma used in the past dynasties is Alpinia officinarum， which is used to this day， while it used to be mixed with A. galanga because of the similar name and morphology. Alpiniae Officinarum Rhizoma produced in Danzhou and Leizhou was considered to be better in ancient times， and now it mainly produced in Guangdong， Guangxi and Hainan provinces. In addition， it has been concluded that Alpiniae Officinarum Rhizoma with reddish brown， sturdy and firm character， wrinkled skin， convex flesh， aromatic and spicy taste， and few branches is the best. In ancient times， Alpiniae Officinarum Rhizoma was commonly harvested in February and March， whereas it generally harvested in late summer or early autumn at present， and wild products are usually harvested before the rainy season in May. The main processing methods of Alpiniae Officinarum Rhizoma are cleansing and cutting， and some other methods are stir-frying or mixing with auxiliary materials. Based on the research results， it is suggested that the raw products of A. officinarum rhizomes or its processed products according to prescription requirements should be used in the development of famous classical formulas containing Alpiniae Officinarum Rhizoma.
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By reviewing ancient materia medica， prescription and medical books， combined with modern literature， the paper made textual research on the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods of Angelicae Pubescentis Radix and Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix， so as to provide a basis for the selection and use of these two herbs in the development of famous classical formulas. Through textual research， it can be found that Angelicae Pubescentis Radix and Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix were mixed together in the early history of China， but the distinction was first made during the Southern and Northern dynasties， and since then there have been constant controversies， and it is not until contemporary times that they are distinguished clearly. In the past dynasties， Duhuo and Qianghuo were used as the rectification of names， some aliases and trade names were also seen. Angelica biserrata is the mainstream origin of Angelicae Pubescentis Radix in the past dynasties， and there are many plants belonging to Angelica， Heracleum and Aralia， which are also used as this medicine. However， the origin of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix used in the past dynasties is mostly Notopterygium incisum or N. franchetii， which is relatively uniform. The producing areas of Angelicae Pubescentis Radix and Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix are mostly concentrated in the western and northwestern regions of China， among which Angelicae Pubescentis Radix is mainly produced in Hubei， Chongqing， Sichuan， Shaanxi and other places， and the border area between Hubei and Chongqing is the geo-authentic area. Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix is mainly produced in Sichuan， Gansu， Qinghai， Shaanxi and others with the western and northern Sichuan and southern Gansu as the geo-authentic areas. Angelicae Pubescentis Radix and Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix in the past dynasties were harvested in spring and autumn， especially in February and August of the lunar calendar. Angelicae Pubescentis Radix with strong main roots， few branches， firm texture and strong aroma is superior， and Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix with strong rhizomes， tightly raised knots， purple-brown skin， tight cross-section， strong aroma and silkworm-like shape is superior. The processing methods of Angelicae Pubescentis Radix and Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix are mostly cut after cutting the reeds， and the raw product is used as medicine. Based on the above research results， it is recommended that the roots of A. biserrata should be used for Angelicae Pubescentis Radix and the roots of N. incisum should be used for Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix in the development of famous classical formulas， and raw products should be used in the formulas that do not specify processing requirements.
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By reviewing ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature， the herbal textual research of Sanguisorbae Radix has been conducted to verify the name， origin， evolution of scientific name， producing area， harvesting time， quality evaluation and processing methods. Through herbal textual research， the name of Diyu was first published in the Shennong Bencaojing， and has been used as the proper name of this herb for generations since then. The origin of the mainstream Diyu of previous generations was the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis or its variant S. officinalis var. longifolia. In ancient times， this herb was preferred to those with soft and fat roots， according to this characteristic， its origin should be S. officinalis var. longifolia. In modern literature， the root is preferred to those with thick， hard， pink or red sections， without rhizomes or fibrous roots， according to these characteristics， its origin should be S. officinalis. Most of the time， the past generation used Diyu directly. Occasionally， Sanguisorbae Radix was processed by frying with vinegar， baking or other methods. Since the Qing dynasty， the carbonized products has appeared and has continued to now. Based on research， it is recommended that the roots of S. officinalis var. longifolia should be used in the development of famous classical formulas， and the processing method should be selected according to the formula.
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By consulting ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature， this paper systematically combed and reviewed the name， origin， scientific name evolution， producting area， quality evaluation， medicinal parts， harvesting and processing and traditional efficacy of Lasiosphaera Calvatia. The results show that Mabo was first recorded in Mingyi Bielu. Since then， all dynasties have taken Mabo as a legitimate name. Before the Song dynasty， only Calvatia lilacina was used as the original plant of Lasiosphaera Calvatia， which was expanded after the Song dynasty with the appearance of C. gigantea， Lasiosphaera fenzlii， Bovistella radicata and other varieties. Until modern times， there was an addition of Lycoperdon perlatum， L. pyriforme and other original plants of Lasiosphaera Calvatia. Since 1975， the original plant of Lasiosphaera Calvatia in various regulations and academic monographs has been basically uniform for C. lilacina， Lasiosphaera fenzlii and C. gigantea. Resource of the medicinal fungus was widely distributed in China and was mainly wild. From ancient times to the present， the medicinal parts of Lasiosphaera Calvatia are all fruiting body， which is harvested in summer and autumn， and its processing method was to take powder in ancient times， but to cut blocks in modern times. In recent times， its quality has been summarized as large， thin-skinned， intact， full， loose-bubbled and elastic. The medicinal efficacy has been developed from very good for all scores， and after the Ming and Qing dynasties， it is consistent with the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， with the efficacy of clearing the lung， promoting pharynx， relieving fever and hemostasis， mainly treating cough aphonia， throat obstruction and pharyngeal pain， vomiting blood， epistaxis， hemoptysis， and external treating sores and bleeding from cuts and wounds. Based on the results of herbal textual research， it is suggested that C. lilacina is the first choice for the origin of Lasiosphaera Calvatia involved in famous classical formulas， and it is processed into block or powder for medicine.
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This article has systematically sorted out and verified the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing of Pruni Semen by consulting ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature， in order to provide a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing Pruni Semen. The results showed that Pruni Semen， as a medicinal material， has been widely used in medical literature of past dynasties since it was collected in Shennong Bencaojing， and also included under the names such as Yuhe， Yuzi and Yuli， and aliases such as Jueli， Queli and Chexiali. The primordial plants mentioned in the past dynasties involve about 12 species of Rosaceae， but with Prunus humilis， P. japonica and P. glandulosa as mainstream varieties used in the past dynasties， while the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia stipulates that the basal plants are P. humilis， P. japonica and P. pedunculata. Most of the ancient records for the origin of Pruni Semen are found everywhere in high mountains， valleys and hills， modern literature records that its origin varies according to its base， for example， P. humilis and P. japonica are mainly produced in Hebei， eastern Inner Mongolia， Liaoning， Shandong and other regions of China， and P. pedunculata is mainly produced in Inner Mongolia. Modern literature summarizes its quality as faint yellow， full and fulfilling， neat and not broken， and non-oiling， and the small Pruni Semen is better than the big Pruni Semen. The ancient processing methods of Pruni Semen mainly include blanching and peeling， blanching and peeling followed by frying， and blanching and peeling followed by pounding， with the common feature of blanching and peeling. The successive editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia stipulate that it should be pounded when used. Based on the results of the herbal textual research and the writing time of Bianzhenglu， and combined with the market survey of Pruni Semen， it is suggested that P. humilis or P. japonica should be used as the origin of Pruni Semen in Sanpiantang， and it is harvested when the fruits are ripe， the kernels are collected by removing the stones， and processed by blanching， peeling and pounding consulting the decoction method in the current edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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In this paper， the name， origin， quality evaluation， producing area and processing methods of Lablab Semen Album in the famous classical formulas were researched by reviewing the ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature. The results showed that the name of Lablab Semen Album in the past dynasties was mostly derived from its shape and color， called Biandou and Baibiandou. The mainstream origin used in the past dynasties was Lablab purpureus， the medicinal parts were mainly white mature seeds， with the addition of the leaves in the Song dynasty and the flowers in the Ming dynasty. Since modern times， the authentic producing areas of Lablab Semen Album are Suzhou， Zhejiang and other places， and now mainly produced in Chuxiong and Xinping， Yunnan and Panzhihua， Sichuan. The traditional quality evaluation of Lablab Semen Album is evaluated as large， solid， full and white. The harvesting time of this herb is recorded from the eighth to the ninth lunar month in related literature， the pods are picked when the seeds are ripe， and the seeds are dried in the sun. In ancient times， the processing of Lablab Semen Album mainly consisted of frying the seeds with skin and then pulverizing for use， or soaking and peeling seeds for raw use. Based on the conclusion of the textual research， it is recommended that the seeds or flowers of the white flowering plants of L. purpureus， a member of the leguminosae， should be used in the famous classical formulas， and the dried seeds or dried flowers of Lablab Semen Album can be used as medicine if the formula did not clearly indicate processing requirements.
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By reviewing ancient materia medica， medical and prescription books， combined with modern literature， the textual research of Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， harvesting and processing methods. Through textual research， the results show that the mainstream name of this herb recorded in the past dynasties is Fangji， which is also called Hanzhong Fangji because it is produced in Hanzhong city， and after the Tang dynasty， it was gradually divided into Hanfangji and Mufangji， and there is the saying that Han Zhushuiqi， Mu Zhufengqi. The names of Fenfangji and Guangfangji were first seen in the republic of China. In addition， Fenfangji was once distributed in Hankou， so it was also known as "Hanfangji"， which is easily confused with the traditional Hanzhong Fangji for short. Based on the original research， it is concluded that Aristolochia heterophylla（Hanzhong Fangji）is the mainstream of Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix used in the Qing dynasty and before， and the application history of Cocculus orbiculatus can be traced back to before the Tang dynasty. After the Ming dynasty， Stephania tetrandra gradually became another main origin， and in the Republic of China， A. fangchi was used as a medicine for Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix， but in modern times it was banned because it contained aristolochic acid as a toxic ingredient， and S. tetrandra has become the mainstream legal origin. The traditional production area of Hanzhong Fangji is Hanzhong， Shaanxi province， while today the mainstream of S. tetrandra is manly produced in Jiangxi and other places. Based on the quality evaluation research， the quality of Hanzhong Fangji is better with the radial texture of section used as radial solution， yellow solid and fragrant. Fenfangji with solid quality， white inside， powdered enough， less fiber and radiating texture is better. From the harvesting and processing research， the root of Fangji is mostly harvested in spring and autumn， and the outer bark should be removed in some literature. Before the Ming dynasty， this herb was dried in the shade， and after the Ming dynasty， it was dried in the sun. The modern production processing of Fangji is to harvest it in autumn， wash it， remove the rough bark， dry it to half dry， cut it into sections， and then cut it longitudinally if it is large， and dry it. Based on the results， combined with current studies on the toxicity of aristolochic acid and influencing factors such as commercial circulation， it is suggested that S. tetrandra should be used as the origin of Fangji， the processed products are selected according to the prescription requirements， and those without specified requirements can be processed by referring to the raw products in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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Through consulting the ancient materia medica and medical books， combined with modern literature， this paper made a textual research on the name， origin， producing area， harvesting time and processing method of Piperis Kadsurae Caulis， in order to provide basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing this herb. According to textual research， it is shown that the earliest name for Piperis Kadsurae Caulis as medicine was Nanteng in Bencao Shiyi， and there were other names such as Dinggongteng and Shinanteng in the ancient materia medica. The name of Haifengteng should appear in the Ming dynasty. Before the Song dynasty， the origin of Piperis Kadsurae Caulis was probably derived from caulis of Piper wallichii. After the Song dynasty， the main origins should be some species in Piper， such as P. kadsura and P. hancei， and its origin in the successive editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia was only P. kadsura. Combining the original plant research， market survey and distribution of wild resources， it is suggested that the Haifengteng used in the famous classical formulas apart form the P. kadsura， the P. hancei should be add as original plant. Due to climate change and the heat-loving habit of Piper， the producing area of Haifengteng gradually moved from the Qinling Mountains to the southern areas rich in Piper， and Quanzhou area of Fujian province has been recommended since the Ming dynasty. The harvesting period of Piperis Kadsurae Caulis is from July to August in the lunar calendar， the above-ground parts are dried by removing fibrous roots， thin stems and leaves. In the past dynasties， there are few records on the processing of this herb， so it is suggested that Piperis Kadsurae Caulis in famous classical formulas without special processing requirements should be used as raw products.
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By reviewing ancient materia medica and combining with modern literature， the textual research of Magnoliae Flos has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， harvesting and processing methods， in order to provide basis for the selection and use of this herb in the development of famous classical formulas. After the textual research， it could be seen that the correct name of Magnoliae Flos was Xinyi in the past dynasties， meaning spicy flower buds. The main original plants used in past dynasties are Magnolia denudata and M. biondii. The history of the research on its scientific name in recent times is complicated， many foreign scholars have given several different scientific names， but most of them are inconsistent with the actual situation of Magnoliae Flos used in ancient China， because foreign scholars failed to collect the original plants of Magnoliae Flos for accurate identification. Before the Ming dynasty， Magnoliae Flos was mainly produced in Shaanxi， and then the recorded production areas gradually increased. After the founding of the People's Republic of China， the products produced in Henan named M. biondii were highly respected， and Henan was regarded as authentic producing area， and because of the collection and distribution through Yuzhou， it was customarily called Huichunhua. In ancient times， the harvesting period of Magnoliae Flos mostly concentrated in the first and second months of the lunar calendar， and the flower buds of M. biondii were also recommended to be used as medicine， but nowadays the flower buds are mostly collected in winter and spring， and those with dry buds， large size， yellow-green color， tight inner petals， fragrant smell， and no impurities are preferred. In the past dynasties， raw products were the mainstream， and there were also frying， soaking and so on. Based on the results， it is suggested that the flower buds of M. biondii should be used in the development of famous classical formulas. If the original formula does not specify the processing requirements， the raw products can be used as medicine.
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ObjectiveTo compare the effects of different processing methods in ancient and modern times on the chemical components of Lilii Bulbus decoction， and to provide experimental support for the origin processing， decoction piece processing and clinical application of this herb. MethodUltra high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry（UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS） was used for structural identification of the compounds using excimer ions， secondary MS and characteristic fragment ions， and referring to relevant literature and database information. Principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were used to screen the main differential components， the differential components were quantitatively studied by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）， in order to compare the types and contents of chemical components in the decoction of different processing products of Lilii Bulbus. ResultA total of 24 chemical components were identified from the decoction of different processed products of Lilii Bulbus， water extract and scalding liquid of fresh Lilii Bulbus， including 17 phenols， 5 saponins and 2 alkaloids. Compared with the fresh Lilii Bulbus decoction， the contents of regaloside A， p-coumaric acid， colchicine and other components in the decoction of dry Lilii Bulbus processed by scalding method decreased， the content of regaloside C in the decoction of dry Lilii Bulbus processed by steaming method decreased， and the contents of regaloside A and regaloside C in the decoction of fresh Lilii Bulbus processed by water immersion also decreased. Compared with the decoction of dry Lilii Bulbus processed by scalding method， the overall content of components in the fresh Lilii Bulbus decoction and the decoction of fresh Lilii Bulbus processed by water immersion was higher， the contents of components in the decoction of dry Lilii Bulbus processed by steaming method was higher， except for the slightly lower content of regaloside C. ConclusionDifferent processing processes have a certain effect on the types and contents of chemical components in Lilii Bulbus decoction. Scalding process is beneficial to the preservation of Lilii Bulbus， but can cause the loss of effective components. Compared with scalding method， steaming method can prevent browning of Lilii Bulbus and reduce the loss of its active ingredients. The processing method of removing foam after overnight immersion proposed by ZHANG Zhongjing may be more conducive to the treatment of Baihe disease， which can provide reference for the clinical rational application and mechanism research of different processed products of Lilii Bulbus.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the relative content changes of differential metabolites and reducing sugars during the processing process of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata （RRP） processed with Amomi Fructus （AF） and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium （CRP）， and to lay the foundation for revealing the processing principle of this characteristic variety. MethodThe samples of the 0-54 h processing process of RRP processed with AF and CRP were taken as the research object， and their secondary metabolites were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）. The 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （A）-acetonitrile （B） was used as the mobile phase for gradient elution （0-1 min， 1%-3%B； 1-10 min， 3%-9%B； 10-15 min， 9%-12%B； 15-22 min， 12%-18%B； 22-31 min， 18%-24%B； 31-35 min， 24%-100%B； 35-36 min， 100%-5%B； 36-40 min， 5%-1%B； 40-45 min， 1%B）， column temperature was 40 ℃， injection volume was 3 μL， flow rate was 0.3 mL·min-1. Electrospray ionization （ESI） was used to scan and collect MS data in the negative ion mode， the scanning range was m/z 50-1 250. Data analysis was carried out using PeakView 1.2 software， and the chemical composition of RRP processed with AF and CRP was identified by combining the literature information and chemical composition databases. The MS data were normalized by MarkerView 1.2， and then the multivariate statistical analysis was applied to screen the differential metabolites， and the changes of the relative contents of the differential metabolites with different processing times was analyzed， finally， correlation analysis was performed between the differential metabolites， the change of the reducing sugar content was combined to determine the most suitable processing time of RRP processed with AF and CRP. ResultA total of 121 compounds were identified from RRP processed with AF and CRP at different processing times， and 12 differential metabolites were screened out by multivariate statistical analysis， including catalpol， hesperidin， isoacteoside， acteoside， narirutin， echinacoside， isomartynoside， decaffeoylacteoside， 6-O-E-feruloylajugol， dihydroxy-7-O-neohesperidin， jionoside D， and rehmapicroside. With the prolongation of processing time， the relative contents of these 12 differential metabolites and reducing sugars changed slightly at 52-54 h. ConclusionUPLC-Q-TOF-MS can comprehensively and accurately identify the chemical constituents of RRP processed with AF and CRP at different processing times， and the suitable processing time of 52-54 h is determined according to the content changes of different metabolites and reducing sugars， which provides a basis for revealing the scientific connotation of the processing principle of this variety.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the principle and scientific connotation of Euodiae Fructus（EF） processed with Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma（Gly） by comparing the effects of unprocessed products of EF（UEF） and processed products of EF with the different proportions of Gly（GEFs） at toxic doses on oxidative stress and autophagy in the liver of mice. MethodSeventy mice were randomly divided into 7 groups， namely the control group， the UEF group， the group of the processed products of EF without Gly（PEF） and 4 groups of GEFs（the mass ratios of EF to Gly were 100∶3， 100∶6， 100∶12 and 100∶24， respectively， hereinafter referred to as the processed products of EF with the mass ratios of 100∶3， 100∶6， 100∶12 and 100∶24 of Gly）. The mice were given purified water， the decoction of UEF， PEF and GEFs by gavage at a dose of 30 g·kg-1. PEF and GEFs were prepared according to the method under EF in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Levels of alanine aminotransferase（ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase（AST） were determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry， hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was used to evaluate the pathological changes of liver tissue， the level of reactive oxygen species（ROS） was detected by fluorescence method， the mRNA expression of heme oxygenase-1（HO-1）， quinone oxidoreductase-1（NQO1）， glutathione-S-transferase 1（GSTA1）， Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein 1（Keap1） and p62 were measured by Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR）， western blot was used to detect the protein expression of phosphorylated mammal target of rapamycin（p-mTOR）， phosphorylated ribosomal p70 S6 protein kinase（p-p70S6K）， p62， microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3Ⅰ（LC3Ⅰ） and LC3Ⅱ. ResultCompared with the control group， after 7 d of administration， the increase in body mass of mice in the UEF group began to slow down and the difference gradually increased， and the liver body index significantly increased（P<0.01）， pathomorphological observation showed that the structure of hepatic lobules was disordered， and local hepatic sinuses were narrowed or disappeared， and there were inflammatory infiltration and local bleeding， the levels of ALT and AST in serum and ROS in liver tissue were significantly increased（P<0.01）， and the expressions of Keap1， HO-1， NQO1， GSTA1， p62 mRNA and p-mTOR， p-p70S6K， p62 protein in liver tissue were significantly decreased（P<0.01）， and LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ was significantly increased（P<0.01）. Compared with the UEF group， the body mass of mice increased， and the liver body index， the levels of ALT and AST in serum， and the level of ROS in liver tissue all decreased in the groups of PEF and GEFs. Among these groups， only the liver lobules in GEF（100∶6） group were intact， and the size of liver sinuses was close to that in the control group. The mRNA expressions of Keap1， HO-1， NQO1， GSTA1 and p62 in liver tissue showed an overall upward trend in the groups of PEF and GEFs. Among these groups， only the ones of the above mRNA in the GEF（100∶6） group had a significant increase（P<0.05， P<0.01）. The protein expressions of p-mTOR， p-p70S6K， p62 and LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ had a callback in the groups of PEF and GEFs， of which the protein expressions of p-mTOR， p-p70S6K and LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ in the GEF（100∶6） group and the expression of p62 protein in the GEF（100∶24） group had the largest callback. Except for p-mTOR protein， other protein expressions were statistically significant（P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe hepatotoxicity of EF is closely related to its ability to induce oxidative stress， which leads to pathological autophagy and hepatocyte damage. This ability can be reduced by the processing with different proportions of Gly， especially the ratio of 100∶6.
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ObjectiveIn order to solve the problem that the quality and stability of Arisaema Cum Bile in the fermentation process with hybrid bacteria were not easy to control， the microorganism in the fermentation process of Arisaema Cum Bile was isolated and identified， the dominant strains were screened and the fermentation process of Arisaema Cum Bile with compound bacteria was investigated. MethodThe submerged culture during the fermentation process of Arisaema Cum Bile was taken out for strain separation and purification. Bacteria and fungi multiphase identification and detection methods and automatic microbial analysis system were used to analyze and compare DNA sequences and identify microorganisms. The isolated and identified strains were respectively inoculated and fermented. After screening the dominant strains， a preliminary exploration of compound strain fermentation were carried out. The contents of index components in Arisaema Cum Bile fermented by compound strain and traditional Arisaema Cum Bile were compared by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS）. Mmobile phase was 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution （A）-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （B） for gradient elution （0-2 min， 35%-45%A； 2-10 min， 45%-48%A； 10-12 min， 48%-100%A； 12-12.01 min， 100%-35%A； 12.01-15 min， 35%-65%A）， the flow rate was set at 0.35 mL·min-1. The mass spectrographic analysis employed electrospray ionization （ESI）， negative ion acquisition mode and multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） scanning mode were adopted to collect information， the collection range was m/z 50-1 000. ResultEight microorganisms were isolated and identified from the submerged culture of Arisaema Cum Bile. Among them， Enterococcus sp. （anaerobic） and E. casseliflavus were selected as the dominant strains in the fermentation process. Compared with the traditional fermentation method， the contents of chenodeoxycholic acid， hyodeoxycholic acid and hyocholic acid in free cholic acid increased by 1.76， 0.06， 0.19 mg·g-1， respectively. In bound cholic acid， glycochenodeoxycholic acid， taurochenodeoxycholic acid， glycohyodeoxycholic acid， taurohyodeoxycholic acid， glycohyocholic acid， taurine porcine cholic acid decreased by 0.63， 0.23， 0.26， 0.16， 0.03， 0.04 mg·g-1， respectively. ConclusionArisaema Cum Bile with compound strain fermentation （Enterococcus sp. and E. casseliflavus） can be fermented more completely， the fermentation cycle can be shortened， and the quality and stability of products can be improved.
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ObjectiveTo analyze changes of the chemical composition in Euodiae Fructus before and after processing with Coptidis Rhizoma decoction， so as to provide scientific basis for elucidating the processing mechanism of this decoction pieces. MethodUltra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF/MS） was performed on a Titank C18 column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.8 μm）， the mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-acetonitrile for gradient elution， the column temperature was set at 40 ℃， the flow rate was 0.25 mL·min-1. Electrospray ionization （ESI） was used to scan in positive and negative ion modes， and the scanning range was m/z 50-1 250. The chemical constituents in Euodiae Fructus were identified before and after processing by reference substance comparison， database matching and literature reference， and MarkerView™ 1.2.1 software was used to normalize the obtained data， SIMCA-P 14.1 software was employed to perform principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） on MS data of raw and processed products to screen the differential components before and after processing. ResultA total of 50 compounds were identified， including 48 kinds of stir-fried products with Coptidis Rhizoma decoction and 44 kinds of raw products. After processing， six compounds were added， including danshensu， noroxyhydrastinine， oxyberberine， 13-methylberberrubine， protopine and canadine. However， two kinds of compounds， including （S）-7-hydroxysecorutaecarpine and wuchuyuamide Ⅱ， were not detected after processing. In general， after processing， the overall contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids decreased significantly， the overall content of limonoids increased， and the overall content of alkaloids did not decrease insignificantly. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that there were significant differences in the composition and content of the chemical components of Euodiae Fructus before and after processing， and a total of 12 variables such as quercetin， dihydrorutaecarpine and dehydroevodiamine were obtained by screening. ConclusionEuodiae Fructus stir-fried with Coptidis Rhizoma decoction mainly contains phenolic acids， flavonoids， limonoids and alkaloids. The composition and content of the chemical components have some changes before and after processing. The addition of processing excipients and hot water immersion are the main reasons for the difference， which can provide experimental basis for interpretation of the processing mechanism of this characteristic processed products of Euodiae Fructus.
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ObjectiveBy comparing the composition and content changes of the volatile components in Atractylodis Rhizoma before and after processing with rice-washed water， the effect of rice-washed water processing on volatile components in Atractylodis Rhizoma was investigated. MethodHeadspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （HS-GC-MS） was used to detect the volatile components in rhizomes of Atractylodes chinensis and A. lancea， and their processed products of rice-washed water. Chromatographic conditions were programmed temperature （starting temperature of 50 ℃ for 2 min， rising to 120 ℃ with the speed of 10 ℃·min-1， then rising to 170 ℃ at 2.5 ℃·min-1， and rising to 240 ℃ at 10 ℃·min-1 for 3 min）， the inlet temperature was 280 ℃， the split ratio was 10∶1， and the solvent delay time was 3 min. The conditions of mass spectrometry were electron bombardment ionization （EI） with ionization temperature at 230 ℃ and detection range of m/z 20-650. Then the relative content of each component was determined by the peak area normalization method. SIMCA 14.1 software was used to perform unsupervised principal component analysis （PCA） and supervised orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） on each sample data， the differential components of Atractylodis Rhizoma and its processed products were screened by the principle of variable importance in the projection （VIP） value>1. ResultA total of 60 components were identified， among which 40 were rhizomes of A. chinensis and 38 were its processed products， 46 were rhizomes of A. lancea and 47 were its processed products. PCA and OPLS-DA showed that the 4 kinds of Atractylodis Rhizoma samples were clustered into one category respectively， indicating that the volatile components of the two kinds of Atractylodis Rhizoma were significantly changed after processing with rice-washed water， and there were also significant differences in the volatile components of rhizomes of A. lancea and A. chinensis. The compound composition of Atractylodis Rhizoma and its processed products was basically the same， but the content of the compounds was significantly different. The differential components were mainly concentrated in monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids， and the content of monoterpenoids mostly showed a decreasing trend. ConclusionAfter processing with rice-washed water， the contents of volatile components in rhizomes of A. lancea and A. chinensis are significantly changed， and pinene， 3-carene， p-cymene， ocimene， terpinolene， atractylon， acetic acid and furfural can be used as difference markers before and after processing.
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ObjectiveModern scientific methods and techniques were used to scientifically characterize the traditional softening process of Corydalis Rhizoma， so as to clarify the scientificity and rationality of the traditional process， and provide reference for inheriting the processing methods and experience of traditional Chinese medicine. MethodLow-field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging （LF-NMR/MRI） was used to characterize the water types and distribution in the softening process of Corydalis Rhizoma. Samples during the softening process was cut into thick slices and its section was observed by stereoscopic microscope. High performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was employed to determine the content change of tetrahydropalmatine during the softening process with the mobile phase of methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid solution （60∶40， triethylamine regulated to pH 6.5） and detection wavelength at 280 nm. The determination method of softening endpoint of Corydalis Rhizoma was simulated by texture analyzer （hand pinch method）， and the softening degree of the finished products was determined after optimizing the relevant parameters. ResultLF-NMR/MRI showed that the water could penetrate through the core and distribute evenly in Corydalis Rhizoma softened by Zhangbang method. The water first entered into the medicinal material from the epidermis and stem marks in the soaking stage as the form of free water， and then penetrated into the inner core to achieve redistribution in the moistening stage. Under stereoscopic microscope， it was observed that Corydalis Rhizoma softened by the Zhangbang method could be sliced well， but the core bursting slices were easy to appear if the softening time was not enough， and the softening of samples was caused by the keratine-like powder after absorbing water. HPLC measurement showed that the loss of tetrahydropalmatine in the softening method was small， its content decreased about 5% in the soaking process， and its content was almost unchanged during the moistening process. The softening degree of Corydalis Rhizoma could be quantified by the texture analyzer， and the optimum parameters were 2 mm·s-1 of speed before test， test speed and speed after test， 20 g of the trigger force， 20% of compression degree. The compressive force of the qualified softened Corydalis Rhizoma was 12.75-15.69 N with the relative standard deviation （RSD） of 6.8%. ConclusionModern scientific methods and techniques can characterize the scientificity and rationality of the traditional processing methods， and confirm that the Zhangbang softening method has the advantages of high efficiency， convenience and small loss of index components. The texture analyzer can simulate the softening endpoint judgment method （hand pinch method）， and realize the goal from subjective experience judgment to objective technology quantification， which has a good demonstration role for the modern inheritance of traditional processing technology.
RESUMO
ObjectiveBy comparing the composition and content changes of the volatile components in Atractylodis Rhizoma before and after processing with rice-washed water， the effect of rice-washed water processing on volatile components in Atractylodis Rhizoma was investigated. MethodHeadspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （HS-GC-MS） was used to detect the volatile components in rhizomes of Atractylodes chinensis and A. lancea， and their processed products of rice-washed water. Chromatographic conditions were programmed temperature （starting temperature of 50 ℃ for 2 min， rising to 120 ℃ with the speed of 10 ℃·min-1， then rising to 170 ℃ at 2.5 ℃·min-1， and rising to 240 ℃ at 10 ℃·min-1 for 3 min）， the inlet temperature was 280 ℃， the split ratio was 10∶1， and the solvent delay time was 3 min. The conditions of mass spectrometry were electron bombardment ionization （EI） with ionization temperature at 230 ℃ and detection range of m/z 20-650. Then the relative content of each component was determined by the peak area normalization method. SIMCA 14.1 software was used to perform unsupervised principal component analysis （PCA） and supervised orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） on each sample data， the differential components of Atractylodis Rhizoma and its processed products were screened by the principle of variable importance in the projection （VIP） value>1. ResultA total of 60 components were identified， among which 40 were rhizomes of A. chinensis and 38 were its processed products， 46 were rhizomes of A. lancea and 47 were its processed products. PCA and OPLS-DA showed that the 4 kinds of Atractylodis Rhizoma samples were clustered into one category respectively， indicating that the volatile components of the two kinds of Atractylodis Rhizoma were significantly changed after processing with rice-washed water， and there were also significant differences in the volatile components of rhizomes of A. lancea and A. chinensis. The compound composition of Atractylodis Rhizoma and its processed products was basically the same， but the content of the compounds was significantly different. The differential components were mainly concentrated in monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids， and the content of monoterpenoids mostly showed a decreasing trend. ConclusionAfter processing with rice-washed water， the contents of volatile components in rhizomes of A. lancea and A. chinensis are significantly changed， and pinene， 3-carene， p-cymene， ocimene， terpinolene， atractylon， acetic acid and furfural can be used as difference markers before and after processing.