Composición de las urolitiasis y trastornos metabólicos renales en adultos cubanos

Introducción: La litiasis urinaria es una enfermedad común, cuya prevalencia se incrementa a escala nacional y planetaria. Objetivos: Conocer la composición de las urolitiasis en pacientes adultos cubanos y su relación con los trastornos metabólicos renales. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Universo constituido por los pacientes cubanos de 19 años y más de edad, que se realizaron estudio de composición de urolitiasis en el Instituto de Nefrología "Dr. Abelardo Buch", de La Habana, Cuba, en el período comprendido de 2011-2020. De ellos 443 se habían realizado estudio metabólico renal. Los datos fueron recogidos de los informes de resultados, de composición de litiasis y de estudio metabólico. Se utilizó análisis de distribución de frecuencias, y para identificar las relaciones, el test independencia. Resultados: En cuanto a la composición química, predominaron las litiasis de oxalato de calcio. Los trastornos metabólicos más frecuentes fueron excreción de sodio aumentada (46,7 %) y volumen urinario bajo (29,3 %). La frecuencia de pacientes con litiasis cálcicas, fue superior en los que tuvieron excreción de sodio aumentada (78,3 %), y en los que presentaron hipercalciuria (83,3 %), en contraste con las frecuencias de este tipo de litiasis, en los que no presentaron dichos trastornos (p=0,03 en ambos casos). Conclusiones: Las urolitiasis más comunes en adultos cubanos son las cálcicas, especialmente las de oxalato de calcio. Los trastornos metabólicos más frecuentes son: excreción urinaria aumentada de sodio, volumen urinario bajo y pH urinario ácido. La presencia de litiasis cálcicas se relaciona con excreción urinaria aumentada de sodio y con hipercalciuria.

Introduction: Urinary lithiasis is a common disease, whose prevalence is increasing on a national and planetary scale. Objectives: To know the composition of urolithiasis in Cuban adult patients and its relationship with renal metabolic disorders. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Universe constituted by Cuban patients aged 19 and over, who underwent a composition study of urolithiasis at the "Dr. Abelardo Buch" Institute of Nephrology, in Havana, Cuba, in the period 2011-2020. In 443 of them, a renal metabolic study had also been carried out. The data were collected from the results reports of stone composition and metabolic study. Frequency distribution analysis was used, and the independence test was used to identify relationships. Results: Regarding chemical composition, calcium oxalate stones predominated. The most frequent metabolic disorders were increased sodium excretion (46.7%) and low urine volume (29.3%). The frequency of patients with calcium stones was higher in those with increased sodium excretion (78.3%) and in those with hypercalciuria (83.3%), in contrast with the frequencies of this type of lithiasis, in those who did not present these disorders (p=0.03 in both cases). Conclusions: The most common urolithiasis in Cuban adults are calcium ones, especially those of calcium oxalate. The most common metabolic disorders are: increased urinary sodium excretion, low urinary volume and acid urinary pH. The presence of calcium lithiasis is related to increased urinary sodium excretion and hypercalciuria.

Diuretic effect of chloroform extract of benincasa hispida rind (Pericarp) in sprague-dawley rats.

The diuretic activity of Benincasa hispida fruit rind extract (outer thick pericarp) was investigated and its activity was compared to control (normal saline) and standard diuretic hydrochlorothiazide in albino rats. Total of 54 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were taken whose weights ranged from 175-225 gm. The rats were divided into three groups of 18 rats each (control, standard and test). Control group received 0.9% normal saline 25ml/kg orally. Standard group received hydrochlorothiazide 2.5mg/kg body weight orally along with normal saline keeping the volume of the fluid administered constant. Test group received aqueous extract of rind of Benincasa hispida at the dose of 100mg/kg orally along with normal saline 25ml/kg. Urine was collected for a period of 5 hours by placing the animals in metabolic cages. The urinary volume, pH, and urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride were measured and compared. The extract produced significant increase (p<0.001) in urine volume, sodium and chloride levels, and significant decrease (p<0.001) in potassium excretion. Benincasa hispida rind extract possesses significant diuretic activity.

Tratamento crônico com extrato alcoólico de Pterogyne nitens não melhora parâmetros clássicos do diabetes experimental / Continuous treatment with alcohol extract from Pterogyne nitens leaves does not alter typical variables of experimental diabetes

Tem sido atribuído ao flavonóide kaempferitrina e ao alcalóide galegina efeito hipoglicêmico. Folha de Pterogyne nitens, por conter tais compostos, poderia ser antidiabética. Assim, avaliamos o efeito do tratamento com Pterogyne nitens a ratos diabéticos sobre níveis glicêmicos e parâmetros fisiológicos. Ratos diabéticos (50 mg estreptozotocina/Kg peso) foram tratados durante 32 dias, 2 vezes ao dia, por gavagem com extrato etanólico de folhas de Pterogyne nitens (76 mg/0,5 mL glicerina 10 por cento por rato) (DTPn). Grupos diabéticos controles foram tratados com: glicerina 10 por cento (0,5 mL) (DTG), insulina (2,5 U/0,3 mL) (DTI) e água (0,5 mL) (DTA). Semanalmente determinamos: peso corporal, ingestão hídrica e alimentar, volume urinário e nível glicêmico. Os resultados dos grupos DTPn, DTG e DTA foram diferentes do DTI para todos os parâmetros, ocorrendo ganho de peso corporal e redução dos demais parâmetros no DTI. O grupo DTPn apresentou resultados semelhantes aos DTG e DTA. Através dos resultados apresentados no grupo DTI, constatamos que o modelo de estudo foi adequado. Também concluímos que o extrato vegetal e a glicerina não melhoraram e nem exacerbaram o quadro diabético. Resta a possibilidade da planta promover melhoria do diabetes com diferente: dose do extrato, via de administração ou severidade do diabetes induzido.

Kaempferitrin (a flavonoid) and galegin (an alkaloid) have been indicated as hypoglycemic agents. Leaves of Pterogyne nitens, which contain both compounds, might be antidiabetic. We therefore treated diabetic rats with these leaves to observe the effects on their glycemia and physiological variables. Streptozotocin-diabetic rats were given ethanolic extract of the leaves (76 mg in 0.5 mL 10 percent glycerol) (DTPn), twice a day by gavage for 32 days. Diabetic controls were given 0.5 mL 10 percent glycerol (DTG), insulin (2.5 U in 0.3 mL) (DTI) or 0.5 mL water (DTA). During this treatment, we measured level of glycemia, the body weight, daily food and water intake and urine volume, once each week. The results for the DTPn, DTG and DTA groups all differed significantly from these for the DTI group. The latter exhibited greater body weights and lower physiological variables and glycemia than the groups DTPn, DTG and DTA, all of which gave similar results. From the data for DTI rats, we conclude that the study model was appropriate. Therefore, the plant extract (plus glycerol) neither improved nor worsened the diabetic state of the rats. It is possible that this plant might ameliorate diabetes experimental if the dose of extract, treatment route or severity of induced diabetes were altered.