The application of bladder stimulation technique in clean-catch urine collection of late newborns / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the clinical value of bladder stimulation technique (BST) for clean-catch urine collection in late newborns.Methods:From November 2020 to March 2022, relatively stable late newborns hospitalized in the Department of Neonatology of our hospital were enrolled in the prospective randomized controlled trial. The newborns were assigned into BST group and control group. In BST group, urine was collected using BST (suprapubic tapping alternating with lumbosacral massage for 5 min) 20~30 min after feeding and specimen were collected using urine bag before and after BST. In the control group, urine was collected using urine bag method. The urine collection was considered successful if >1 ml of urine not contaminated by faeces were collected within 60 min. The t-test and χ 2 test were used for data analysis. Results:A total of 231 late newborns were included with 117 cases in BST group and 114 in control group. The rate of successful urine collection in BST group was higher than control group (65.8% vs. 39.4%).The time needed for successful urine collection [(30.2±8.5) min vs. (40.7±12.9) min], the incidences of faeces contamination (2.5% vs. 21.1%) and urine contamination (11.7% vs. 26.7%) in BST group were all significantly lower than control group(all P<0.05). Male and female newborns in BST group had similar success rates of urine collection (65.6% vs. 66.0%). Male newborns in BST group had similar urine contamination rate with control group (9.5% vs. 11.5%) and female newborns in BST group had significantly lower urine contamination rate than control group (14.3% vs. 47.4%, P<0.05). Urine was successfully collected in 71 newborns in BST group with median duration of BST for 81 (61,132) s. No adverse effects were observed except for transient consolable crying. Conclusions:Compared with urine bag collection method, BST improves successful urine collection rates and reduces the time needed for urine collection and urine contamination rates (especially for females).

Development of objective indicators for quantitative analysis of sodium intake: the sodium to potassium ratio of second-void urine is correlated with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

Association between Sodium Excretion and Obesity of Adults in Gwangju / 대한지역사회영양학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the association between sodium excretion and obesity for healthy adults in the Gwangju area. METHODS: The participants included 80 healthy adults aged 19 to 69 years in Gwangju. The dietary intake and sodium excretion were obtained using the 24-hour recall method and 24 hour urine collection. The participants were classified into two groups according to the amount of urinary sodium excretion: (≤ 141.75 mmol/dL, > 141.75 mmol/dL). RESULTS: After adjusting for sex, age, smoking history, and income, the high excretion of sodium group was significantly higher for weight, body mass index, body fat mass, percent body fat, visceral fat area (VFA), waist circumference, hip circumference, and WHR. The energy and nutrients intake were significant after adjusting for sex, age, smoking history, and income. The LSE group had a significantly higher fat intake and Na/K intake ratio. The HSE group had significantly higher fiber intake, and K intake. As the amount of urinary sodium excretion increased, the risk of obesity before correction was 3.57 (95% CI: 1.13–11.25) times greater, and the risk of obesity of T3 increased significantly by 3.33 times (95% CI: 1.05–10.59). After correcting for sex and age, the obesity risk of T2 increased significantly by 4.23 times (95% CI: 1.11–16.06), and after correcting for sex, age, smoking history, and income, the obesity risk of T2 increased significantly by 6.81 times (95% CI: 1.44–32.19) the risk of obesity. CONCLUSIONS: An association exists between sodium excretion and obesity in Korean adults. In this study, the high excretion of sodium group was obese and the risk of obesity was higher than the low excretion of sodium group.

Association between Sodium Excretion and Obesity of Adults in Gwangju / 대한지역사회영양학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the association between sodium excretion and obesity for healthy adults in the Gwangju area. METHODS: The participants included 80 healthy adults aged 19 to 69 years in Gwangju. The dietary intake and sodium excretion were obtained using the 24-hour recall method and 24 hour urine collection. The participants were classified into two groups according to the amount of urinary sodium excretion: (≤ 141.75 mmol/dL, > 141.75 mmol/dL). RESULTS: After adjusting for sex, age, smoking history, and income, the high excretion of sodium group was significantly higher for weight, body mass index, body fat mass, percent body fat, visceral fat area (VFA), waist circumference, hip circumference, and WHR. The energy and nutrients intake were significant after adjusting for sex, age, smoking history, and income. The LSE group had a significantly higher fat intake and Na/K intake ratio. The HSE group had significantly higher fiber intake, and K intake. As the amount of urinary sodium excretion increased, the risk of obesity before correction was 3.57 (95% CI: 1.13–11.25) times greater, and the risk of obesity of T3 increased significantly by 3.33 times (95% CI: 1.05–10.59). After correcting for sex and age, the obesity risk of T2 increased significantly by 4.23 times (95% CI: 1.11–16.06), and after correcting for sex, age, smoking history, and income, the obesity risk of T2 increased significantly by 6.81 times (95% CI: 1.44–32.19) the risk of obesity. CONCLUSIONS: An association exists between sodium excretion and obesity in Korean adults. In this study, the high excretion of sodium group was obese and the risk of obesity was higher than the low excretion of sodium group.

Orientações para a coleta de urina para exame: desafios que permeiam a atuação da enfermagem / Orientaciones para recolectar orina para examen: desafios que permean la enfermería / Guidelines for urine collection for examination: challenges permeating nursing performance

Objetivo identificar a percepção de profissionais de enfermagem em relação às orientações fornecidas aos usuários para a coleta do exame de urina. Método pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória. A coleta de dados ocorreu no mês de dezembro de 2015 e participaram do estudo 45 profissionais de saúde. Foi realizada a análise de conteúdo do tipo temática. Resultados os resultados foram organizados em três núcleos de sentido: "Natureza das orientações fornecidas aos usuários"; "Desafios vivenciados pelos profissionais ao orientar os usuários"; "Fatores que influenciam a compreensão do usuário". Conclusão os profissionais de enfermagem relataram compreender a importância de fornecer boas orientações aos usuários, contudo as dificuldades vivenciadas sugerem fragilidades no processo de educação em saúde, na instituição de vínculo entre profissional-usuário e na comunicação.

Objetivo identificar la percepción de los profesionales de enfermería sobre las orientaciones ofrecidas a los usuarios para la realización del examen de orina. Método investigación cualitativa, descriptiva y exploratoria. El muestreo se realizó en el mes de diciembre de 2015 con la participación de 45 profesionales de salud en el estudio. Se realizó el análisis de contenido tipo temático. Resultados los resultados fueron organizados en tres núcleos de sentido: "Naturaleza de las orientaciones ofrecidas a los usuarios"; "desafíos vividos por los profesionales cuando orientan a los usuarios"; "Factores que influyen en la comprensión del usuario". Conclusión los profesionales de enfermería relataron comprender la importancia de darles buenas orientaciones a los usuarios, pero las dificultades vividas sugieren fragilidades en el proceso de educación en salud, en la creación del vínculo entre profesional-usuario y en la comunicación.

Objective to identify the perception of nursing professionals in relation to the guidelines provided to the users for urine collection. Method this is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research. Data collection took place in December 2015 and 45 health professionals participated in the study. Thematic content analysis was carried out. Results the results were organized in three units of meaning: "Nature of the guidelines provided to users"; "Challenges experienced by professionals when guiding users"; and "Factors that influence user understanding". Conclusion nursing professionals reported understanding the importance of providing good guidance to users; however, the difficulties experienced suggest weaknesses in the health education process, in the establishment of a link between professional-user, and in communication.

Relationship between salt consumption measured by 24-h urine collection and blood pressure in the adult population of Vitória (Brazil)

High salt intake is related to an increase in blood pressure and development of hypertension. However, currently, there are no national representative data in Brazil using the gold standard method of 24-h urine collection to measure sodium consumption. This study aimed to determine salt intake based on 24-h urine collection in a sample of 272 adults of both genders and to correlate it with blood pressure levels. We used a rigorous protocol to assure an empty bladder prior to initiating urine collection. We excluded subjects with a urine volume <500 mL, collection period outside of an interval of 23-25 h, and subjects with creatinine excretion that was not within the range of 14.4-33.6 mg/kg (men) and 10.8-25.2 mg/kg (women). The mean salt intake was 10.4±4.1 g/day (d), and 94% of the participants (98% of men and 90% of women) ingested more than the recommended level of 5 g/d. We found a positive association between salt and body mass index (BMI) categories, as well as with salt and blood pressure, independent of age and BMI. The difference in systolic blood pressure reached 13 mmHg between subjects consuming less than 6 g/d of salt and those ingesting more than 18 g/d. Subjects with hypertension had a higher estimated salt intake than normotensive subjects (11.4±5.0 vs 9.8±3.6 g/d, P<0.01), regardless of whether they were under treatment. Our data indicate the need for interventions to reduce sodium intake, as well the need for ongoing, appropriate monitoring of salt consumption in the general population.

Low Contamination Rates in Bag Urine Samples Can Be Achieved.

Aims: Although international guidelines consider bag urine sample (BUS) as an unreliable way to collect urine in non-cooperative children suspected to have urinary tract infection (UTI), BUS is a commonly used method both in hospital and at home. Contamination of urine samples is believed to be a major problem of this technique. To assess the contamination rate of BUS in our clinical practice we reviewed our microbiological data of the last three years in young children investigated for UTI. Study Design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatrics, G.B. Morgagni-L. Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy (2010-2012). Methodology: Microbiological records of BUS and clean catch urine (CCU), in infants younger than 36 months of age, were retrospectively reviewed. Trained nurses collected BUS according to a standardized procedure. We also reviewed the three-year microbiological records of CCU in children older than 36 months of age. Contamination of a urine sample was defined as the growth of multiple pathogens irrespective to CFU counts. Results: A total of 583 microbiological records were reviewed, 71% were BUS, 7% and 22% were CCU in children younger and older than 36 months of age respectively. In children younger than 36 months of age, contamination rates were comparable (P=.90) when urine was collected with BUS (16%) or with CCU (14%). In patients older than 36 months of age, contamination rates were significantly reduced (2.4%; P<.001) in CCU compared with both BUS and CCU in younger children. Conclusion: A good adherence to a standardized nursing procedure for bag urine collection could limit the risk of contamination of urine samples.

Estimation of Daily Salt Intake through a 24-Hour Urine Collection in Pohang, Korea

There is an established relationship between a high salt diet and public health problems, especially hypertension and cardiovascular disease. We estimated daily salt intake in a group of adults and assessed its association with related variables in Pohang, Korea. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2013 with 242 adults. Urine was collected for 24 hr to estimate daily salt intake, and questionnaires about salt preference were administered. The mean daily salt intake was 9.9+/-4.6 g. There was no difference in salt intake between high systolic blood pressure (SBP) participants and normal SBP participants (10.5+/-4.7 g/d vs. 9.6+/-4.3 g/d, P=0.339), but high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) participants reported more salt intake than normal DBP participants (10.4+/-4.9 g/d vs. 9.7+/-4.1 g/d, P=0.049). Salt intake and body mass index demonstrated a positive correlation (P=0.001). A preference for Korean soup or stew was associated with high salt intake (P=0.038). Dietary salt intake in Korean adults is still higher than the recommendation from the World Health Organization. More efforts should be made to reduce the salt consumption of Korean adults.

Exploration of prolonging urine collection bags replacement time for patients with indwelling catheter / 中国实用护理杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the best time interval for replacement of urine collection bags for patients with indwelling catheter. Methods90 patients in brain surgery department with indwelling catheter were randomly divided into group A,B,C,group A replaced urine collection bags every 3 days,group B replaced urine collection bags every 7 days,group C replaced urine collection bags every 14 days.Urine samples were gathered in three groups of patients for bacterial culture on the admission day,the 5th,the 8th,the 11th and the 14th day respectively,and the positive rates of bacterial culture were compared.ResultsThe positive rates of urinary bacterial culture in three groups were not significantly different by statistical analysis. ConclusionsReplacement time of urine collection bags for patients with indwelling catheter may be extended to 14 days,and may be synchronization with the replacement time of urine catheters.This can reduce bacterial ascending infection,decrease nosocomial infection rate,save health care costs,reduce the labor intensity of the nursing staff,improve the social and economic benefits.

Urine Collection from Disposable Diapers in Infants and Young Children

PURPOSE: Urine collection using a sterile adhesive bag for urinalysis has been used commonly in infants and young children. However, this method has had some drawbacks. So, this study was performed to evaluate the usage of disposable diapers as a substitute for the routine urine collection method. METHODS: 60 mL of self voided fresh urine was collected from 99 patients. Half of the urine was poured on the disposable diapers which did not contain absorbent gel beads. After 1 hr, we obtained the urine samples(extracted urine) by compressing the wet diapers using a 50 ml syringe. Routine, microscopic and biochemical analyses were performed on the other half of fresh urine and extracted urine. Then we compared each result by correlative analysis. RESULTS: 198 samples from 99 patients were evaluated. The results of routine urinalysis except WBC and biochemical urinalysis showed a significant correlation between the two groups(P<0.05). The relative coefficients of urine SG, pH, glucose, protein, blood and leukocytes between the two groups were 0.964, 0.938, 0.977, 0.956, 0.931 and 0.738, respectively. Those of urinary sodium, potassium, chloride and creatinine were 0.997, 0.998, 0.995 and 0.998, respectively. Microscopic examinations showed lower relative coefficients than the other results, 0.740 for RBC and 0.602 for WBC, but these were still significant(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the urine analysis with extracted urine from diapers correlates well with that of fresh urine. This new method is very helpful and can be used as an alternative of urine collection, especially for infants and young children.

The Change of Concentration of Chemicals in the Refrigerated Urine / 임상검사와정도관리

BACKGROUND: Refrigeration is the most common method of preservation for 24 hour urine collection. We tried to find out if the concentrations of the frequently measured chemicals in urine refrigerated for 24 hours were different from those in fresh urine. METHODS: The concentration of calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, and protein was measured in fresh urine specimens for routine urine analysis. After refrigeration of the rest of the urine specimens for 24 hours, the same tests were performed, and the results of them were compared with those of fresh urine. Some urine specimens showed precipitation and decreased uric acid concentration after precipitation, and the chemical properties of them were determined statistically. RESULTS: The concentrations of the protein, phosphorus, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride of refrigerated urine was not different statistically from those of the fresh one, but calcium and uric acid showed statistical difference between fresh and refrigerated samples (P<0.05). Urine specimens with precipitation and decreased uric acid showed chemical characteristics of high uric acid concentration and low pH. CONCLUSIONS: For the measurements of total protein, phosphorus, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride, the urine can be refrigerated while collection of 24 hours, but additional procedure is recommended for the measurement of calcium and uric acid.

Analysis on Construction of Male Urine Collection Device / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective: Finding the essence and regular pattern of the construction of male urine collection devices, and setting up its basic concepts. Methods:Selecting typical construction examples, then analyzing them singly and as a whole. Results:Setting up concepts such as construction module, construction factor, construction factor unit, construction index, construction array etc., and giving out the table of construction factor units. Conclusion:This research has provided mode, methods, means for understanding and further analyzing, studying male urine collection devices.

Comparison of the Bacterial Contamination Rates according to the Urine Collection Methods in Women / 기본간호학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether cleansing the perineum and urethral meatus and using midstream urine affect the rate of bacterial contamination of urine specimens, and to determine the optimum urine collection method. We studied 41 asymptomatic healthy nursing school students. Women who were menstruating were not excluded from this study. METHOD: The first and midstream urinesamples were collected during consecutive urinationsby each woman. The first sample was not a clean-catch specimen, and the second one was a clean-catch specimen. Both specimens were studied by urinalysis and bacterial culture with standard methods. RESULTS: 41 women met the study criteria and 39 successfully completed the study. None of the urine cultures were positive. 68.3% of the non clean-catch first urine cultures, 53.7% of the non clean-catch midstream cultures, 33.3% of the first clean-catch urine culteres and 30.8% of the midstream clean-catch urine were found to be contaminated. There was a significant difference in the bacterial contamination rates between the first and midstream urine, and the clean-catch and non clean-catch urine(p=0.035, p=0.001 respectively). On urinalysis, 7.3% of the non clean-catch first urine, 7.3% of the non clean-catch midstream urine, 2.6% of the clean-catch first urine and 2.6% of clean-catch midstream urine were found to be above grade 2. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, the bacterial contamination rate was the lowest in midstream and clean catch urine specimens. Threrfore it is recommended that the midstream clean-catch technique is the standard practice for collecting urine specimens for bacterial culture in women.

Relationship Between Urinary Tract Infection due to Indwelling Urinary Catheterization and Urine Collection Bags′ Interval of Change / 中华医院感染学杂志

0.05);the difference on d3 with that on d9 was significant(P0.05);the difference on d3 with that on d7 and d9 was significant(P