Histopathological Spectrum of Myxoid Soft‑Tissue Neoplasms in a Tertiary Care Center with a Special Focus on Vascular Patterns: A 13‑Year Compilation

Introduction: Myxoid soft‑tissue tumors are a diverse group of tumors which have similar histomorphology but have varied geneticsequence and clinical outcome, hence differentiating and diagnosing them is a challenge for any pathologist. This study describes the varioushistomorphological spectrum and vascular pattern of various myxoid soft‑tissue tumors. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective and prospective observational study of myxoid soft‑tissue tumors over a period of 13 years. A total of 224 cases with myxoid morphology were included and were examined morphologically with a special focus on the vascular pattern. SPSS v 24 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The predominant lesions were benign in 164 (73.21%) cases, followed by malignant lesions in 43 (19.19%) cases and intermediate lesions 17 (7.58%) cases. Both benign and malignant lesions showed a male preponderance and were seen to arise predominantly from the extremities. The most common benign myxoid lesions in this study were of neural origin with myxoid neurofibroma constituting 65 (29. 01%) cases, followed by schwannoma 38 (16.9%) cases. Myxoid dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans was the most common intermediatelesion. Tumors with adipocytic differentiation were the predominant lesions among the malignant group, i.e myxoid liposarcoma seen in 17 (7.5%) cases. Conclusions: Vascular pattern in the myxoid lesions are subtle yet crucial in arriving at a histo‑morphological diagnosis. Further studies correlating the vascular pattern with the genetic profile of these tumours can help arriving at a histo‑morphological diagnosisof myxoid lesions.

The value of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography in differential diagnosis of orbit tumors in extraconal compartment / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To provide a reference for differential diagnosis of orbit tumors in extraconal compartment by analyzing the parameters of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography ( CEUS) . Methods A total of 76 patients with orbit tumors in extraconal compartment w ho underwent CEUS examination were retrospectively analyzed . T hese patients were divided into two groups depending on histological diagnosis including 27 cases with malignant tumor and 49 cases with benign tumor . CEUS images were analyzed using Sonoliver software . T he time‐intensity curve ( T IC ) and dynamic vascular pattern curve ( DVPC ) were acquired and the characteristics of the arterial flow infusion of these were analyzed . T he related parameters such as time of arrival time( AT ) ,rise time ( RT ) ,time to peak( T T P) ,mean transit time( mT T ) ,slope of rise( K1 ) ,the absolute value for slope of down ( K 2 ) were also obtained . T he differences of DVPC ,TIC and quantitative parameters between the two groups were compared . Receiver operating curve analysis was used to acquire the cut‐off values of these parameters for differential diagnosis . Results ① T ICs of the benign tumors were mainly fast rise and slow drop and DVPCs were mainly positive biphasic ,w hile T ICs of the malignant tumors were mainly fast rise and fast drop and DVPCs were mainly biphasic . ② T he differences of quantitative parameters IM AX ,K 1 ,K2 ,mT T and RT of T ICs were statistically significant between the two groups ( P ＜0 .05) ,w hile those of A T and T T P were not ( P ＞ 0 .05 ) . ③ IM AX＝ 456 .2% ,K1 ＝109 .6 ,K2 ＝35 .2 ,RT＝7 .9 s ,mT T＝28 .1 s were the best cut‐off values for differential diagnosis . Among these parameters ,mT T with 28 .1 s had the highest diagnostic value ( sensitivity :81% ,specificity :77% ) . Conclusions The quantitative CEUS parameters can provide effective reference for differential diagnosis of orbit tumors in extraconal compartment .

The application value of SonoLiver software in differential diagnosis of the nodules within prostatic inner gland / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To provide objective basis for the diagnosis on nodules of prostatic inner gland by SonoLiver software with the dynamic vascular pattern ( DVP) and the parameters of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography( CEUS ) . Methods In a reprospective study ,CEUS was performed in 104 cases with nodules of prostatic inner gland that were divided into four groups including the benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH) group ( n= 26) and prostate cancer( PCa) group ( n = 29) ,the others in high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia( HGPIN , n =25) and low grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia( LGPIN , n =24) that developed from BPH . The SonoLiver software was used to analyze the CEUS of nodules to get the DVP and parameters of CEUS . Results Among the four groups ,the prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) level and nodule maximal size were significant different( P <0 .05) . Rise time(RT) ,time to peak(TTP) and mean transit time(mTT) of PCa group were highest among the four groups ,while maximum intensity (IMAX) was the lowest . The differences of TTP ,IMAX among the four groups were statistically significant ( P < 0 .05) . In the PCa group ,44 .8％ of nodules were warm-cold colour . The DVP type in HGPIN group was mainly only warm colour( 40 .0％ ) ,but the difference of DVP between PCa and HGPIN group was not significant( P > 0 .05) . The nodules in BPH and LGPIN group mostly were cold-warm colour ,also as only cold colour( P >0 .05) . The difference of DVP among the four groups was significant ( P<0 .05) . Conclusions The application of SonoLiver software with DVP and parameters of CEUS is valuable to diagnose the nodules of prostatic inner gland .

Poroma no pigmentado inusualmente grande: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Unusually large unpigmented poroma: a case report and literature review

El poroma es un tumor benigno infrecuente derivado de la porción intraepitelial del epitelio ductal de la glándula sudorípara. La presentación clínica más habitual es un pápula o nódulo de color rosado a rojo, de pequeño diámetro, localizado con mayor frecuencia en palmas y plantas, generalmente asintomático. Debido a su variabilidad morfológica, los poromas son usualmente difíciles de reconocer, siendo la dermatoscopía una herramienta útil en su diagnóstico. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino con un gran tumor en su pierna derecha de 40 mm de diámetro, con características dermatoscópicas compatibles con poroma no pigmentado. El diagnóstico confirmatorio se realizó con una biopsia incisional seguido de la extirpación quirúrgica completa del tumor

Poroma is a rare benign tumour derived from the intraepithelial portion of the sweat glands' ductal epithelium. The most common clinical presentation is a pink to red papule or nodule, small in diameter, predominantly in the palms and soles and generally asymptomatic. Due to its morphologic variability, poromas are usually difficult to recognize, thus dermatoscopy becomes a useful aid in its diagnosis. We present the case of a male patient with a large tumour on his right leg, 40 mm in diameter, with dermatoscopic features consistent with nonpigmented poroma. Confirmatory diagnosis was made by incisional biopsy followed by the total surgical excision of the tumor.

The value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in differential diagnosis of orbit tumors in extraconal compartment / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective@#To provide a reference for differential diagnosis of orbit tumors in extraconal compartment by analyzing the parameters of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS).@*Methods@#A total of 76 patients with orbit tumors in extraconal compartment who underwent CEUS examination were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into two groups depending on histological diagnosis including 27 cases with malignant tumor and 49 cases with benign tumor. CEUS images were analyzed using Sonoliver software. The time-intensity curve (TIC) and dynamic vascular pattern curve (DVPC) were acquired and the characteristics of the arterial flow infusion of these were analyzed. The related parameters such as time of arrival time(AT), rise time (RT), time to peak(TTP), mean transit time(mTT), slope of rise(K1), the absolute value for slope of down (K2) were also obtained. The differences of DVPC, TIC and quantitative parameters between the two groups were compared. Receiver operating curve analysis was used to acquire the cut-off values of these parameters for differential diagnosis.@*Results@#①TICs of the benign tumors were mainly fast rise and slow drop and DVPCs were mainly positive biphasic, while TICs of the malignant tumors were mainly fast rise and fast drop and DVPCs were mainly biphasic. ②The differences of quantitative parameters IMAX, K1, K2, mTT and RT of TICs were statistically significant between the two groups (P<0.05), while those of AT and TTP were not (P>0.05). ③IMAX=456.2%, K1=109.6, K2=35.2, RT=7.9 s, mTT=28.1 s were the best cut-off values for differential diagnosis. Among these parameters, mTT with 28.1 s had the highest diagnostic value(sensitivity: 81%, specificity: 77%).@*Conclusions@#The quantitative CEUS parameters can provide effective reference for differential diagnosis of orbit tumors in extraconal compartment.

The comparison of superb microvascular imaging to color and power Doppler flow imaging in the diagnostic value of thyroid nodules / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective@#To compare the visualization ability for thyroid nodular vascularity among superb micro-vascular imaging (SMI), power Doppler flow imaging (PDFI), and color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI), and determine optimal vascular findings for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules.@*Methods@#A total of 58 thyroid nodules from 50 patients were enrolled, including 27 benign nodules (benign group) and 31 malignant nodules (malignant group). Vascular patterns of these nodules were detected by SMI, PDFI and CDFI, respectively.@*Results@#Thyroid cancer was characterized by type III vascular pattern. "Only central vascularity" performed best in detecting thyroid cancers. When using the criterion, SMI performed a better specificity (96.3%) and sensitivity (77.4%) than PDFI (92.5%, 41.9%) and CDFI (88.9%, 48.3%); and the specificity of SMI was significantly higher than the others (all P<0.01).@*Conclusions@#The sign of only central vascularity is of value in distinguishing malignant thyroid nodules. SMI is better on presenting thyroid nodular vascularity than CDFI and PDFI, and it could be used to differentiate thyroid nodules.

Parametric imaging of contrast-enhanced ultrasound of uterine fibroids with different T2WI signal intensity / 中国介入影像与治疗学

Objective To investigate the value of parametric imaging of CEUS in uterine fibroids with different signal intensity on T2WI by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU),and dynamic vascular pattern (DVP).Methods Totally 16 patients with single uterine fibroids were divided into high intensity group (n=6),isointensity group (n=4) and low intensity group (n=6) according the signal intensity on T2WI before HIFU treatment.CEUS were performed on each patient.SonoLive CAP software was used to analyze the CEUS images and DVP parametric images were reconstructed.Results The maximum intensity,rising time,time to peak and mean transit time were (235.40± 35.46)％,(22.80± 3.16)s,(25.09±2.44)s,(125.78 ± 27.63)s in high intensity group,(71.97± 2.43) ％,(24.85±3.22)s,(32.81±3.92)s,(66.52±3.48)s in isointensity group and (16.17±2.83) ％,(25.42±2.66)s,(32.82±3.76)s,(64.27±3.33)s in low intensity group.There were statistically significant differences among three groups (all P＜0.05).DVP curve was divided into two types:non-washout in high intensity group and cystic type in low intensity group.Conclusion CEUS and DVP imaging can directly quantitively display the difference of blood perfusion among the uterine fibroids with different signal intensity on T2WI which can provide important information for HIFU treatment in uterine fibroids.

The value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in differential diagnosis of thyroid microcarcinoma of TI-RADS grade 3-4 / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To provide a reference for differential diagnosis of thyroid microcarcinoma classified as TI-RADS 3-4 grade using contrast-enhanced ultrasound.Methods SonoLiver software was used to analyze the process of contrast-enhanced ultrasound of 112 thyroid small nodules classified as TI-RADS 3-4 grade.The dynamic vascular pattern curve(DVPC)and the time-intensity curve(TIC)were automatically acquired for summarization of the types and characteristics of the two curves.The relevant parameters such as the rise time(RT),time to peak(TTP),maximum intensity(IMAX%),mean transit time(mTT),area under curve(AUC)and perfusion index(PI)were acquired and calculated using the software.Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to achieve the cut-off value of these parameters for differential diagnosis.Results For thyroid microcarcinoma which TI-RADS assessment of grade 3-4,TIC showed as slow rise and slow drop wave or slow rise and fast drop wave,DVPC showed negative waveform or negative-positive bi-directional waveform.ROC analysis demonstrated that IMAX of 96.5%,AUC of 443.08 and PI of 47.64 were the best cut-off values for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant nodules.When IMAX<96.5%,AUC<443.08,PI<47.64,the nodules were highly likely to be thyroid microcarcinoma.Conclusions The contrast-enhanced ultrasound parameters can provide effective reference for the differential diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma with grade 3-4 in TI-RADS classification.

Dermatoscopic characteristics of 15 cases of lichen sclerosis / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To assess dermatoscopic characteristics of lichen sclerosus(LS). Methods Dermatoscopy was performed to observe 27 genital or extragenital porcelain-white skin lesions in 15 outpatients with confirmed LS. Results As dermatoscopy showed, of the 27 skin lesions, 24 showed white-yellowish structureless areas, 25 linear vessels, 27 white patches, 17 keratotic plugs. Characteristic cloverleaf-like structure was observed in 7 skin lesions in 4 patients, which was consistent with LS. Conclusion Patients with LS show atypical clinical manifestations, but specific dermatoscopic patterns.

Colposcopy: Gynecological vision in viewing oral lesions.

Context: The diagnosis of malignant and potentially malignant epithelial lesions of the oral mucosa cannot be based solely on clinical fi ndings. The histologic evaluation of a representative biopsy specimen thus becomes necessary. The site for biopsy however is always a subjective choice that sometimes raises doubts about its representativeness. So far, no simple and reliable method is available for the selection of the most appropriate area for biopsy. Colposcopy is helpful in the selection of these sites of epithelial dysplasia depending upon the vascular patterns. Aims: This study was planned to assess the role of Colposcopic examination in the selection of biopsy site in patients with varying grades of oral epithelial dysplasia at various sites. Settings and Design: One hundred and eighty patients between the ages of 30 and 60 years clinically diagnosed with leukoplakia and carcinoma buccal mucosa were included in the study. Materials and Methods: For each of the subjects, a thorough clinical examination followed by Colposcopic assessment was carried out for the selection of biopsy site from the involved mucosa. The histopathological fi ndings were then compared in the two cases and results analyzed. Statistical Analysis Used: The statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test. Results: In our study, sensitivity and specifi city for the selection of biopsy site by Colposcopic examination was found to be higher for leukoplakia than for carcinoma buccal mucosa. Conclusions: It was concluded that Colposcopic examination was found to be signifi cant in the selection of biopsy site for leukoplakia while clinical criterion was found to be more appropriate for carcinoma buccal mucosa cases.

Pattern of blood vessels in eyes with coloboma.

Background: Choroidal coloboma, especially with optic disc involvement affects the blood vessel (BV) pattern in the fundus. Aim: The aim of this study was to report the observations on the pattern of retinal BVs in eyes with fundus coloboma. Design: Retrospective observational study. Materials and Methods: Twenty four eyes of 19 patients with fundus coloboma and the disc involvement in the coloboma was classified according to a previous publication. Results: Four varieties of BVs were identified in the area of coloboma – BVs that were continuous with those arising from the optic disc; vessels emanating from the floor of coloboma whose continuity with central retinal artery or its branches could be indirectly established; and those emanating from the floor of coloboma whose continuity with central retinal artery could not be established. In addition, extraocular BVs were visible through the thinned sclera. The retinal BVs often traversed the coloboma to reach the normal retina. The disc itself was found to be small and had no physiological cup (if not colobomatous). Conclusions: One should be aware of the major BVs transgressing the coloboma while performing relaxing cuts in the intercalary membrane, during the surgery for retinal detachments in eyes with coloboma. Physiological cup is usually absent (when the disc is not colobomatous). Hence, any cupping in such eyes should be viewed with suspicion.

Vascular pattern of chorionic blood vessels of placenta and its correlation with the birth weight of neonate / Patrón vascular de los vasos sanguíneos coriónicos de la placenta y su correlación con el peso al nacer del recién nacido

Two hundred fresh full term placentae of normal pregnancies were collected from the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India to observe the incidence of vascular pattern of chorionic blood vessels of placenta and to note the relationship between vascular pattern of placenta and the birth weight of neonate. Dye was injected into umbilical vessels under normal physiological pressure and diameter of chorionic blood vessels were taken at the centre and periphery. Two types of vascular pattern of chorionic blood vessels of placentae were observed- Dispersal and Magistral. Dispersal pattern was found in 63 percent cases and magistral pattern was observed in 37 percent cases. An interesting observation was noted that the birth weight of neonate was higher in magistral pattern in comparison to dispersal pattern in both sexes...

Doscientas placentas de término de gravidez normales frescas fueron recogidas del departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. Se observó la incidencia del patrón vascular de los vasos sanguíneos coriónicos de la placenta y la relación entre el patrón vascular de ésta y el peso al nacer del recién nacido. Se inyectó tinta dentro de los vasos umbilicales bajo presión fisiológica normal, y se tomaron los diámetros de los vasos sanguíneos coriónicos en el centro y la periferia. Dos tipos de patrón vascular coriónicos se observaron en la placenta, disperso y magistral. El patrón disperso se encontró en el 63 por ciento de los casos y el patrón magistral se observó en 37 por ciento de los casos. Una observación interesante mostró que el peso al nacer de los recién nacidos fue mayor en el patrón magistral en comparación con el patrón disperso en ambos sexos...

Valor diágnóstico de la colonoscopia en pacientes con retinopatía hipertensiva

Problema: La hipertensión arterial es una entidad crónica. La afectación de órganos blancos, lechos vasculares, permite plantear la probabilidad de que el colon como parte del aparato digestivo, pueda presentar alteraciones en mucosa, aún no documentadas. Objetivos: Determinar existencia de alteraciones en mucosa colónica de pacientes con retinopatía hipertensiva. Método: A 61 pacientes que asistieron a consulta externa servicio Gastroenterología, Hospital "Dr. Domingo Luciani", de julio - diciembre 2003, se les realizó colonoscopia y fondo de ojo (retinopatía hipertensiva). Resultados: 41 pacientes con hipertensión arterial y 20 no hipertensos. Edad media del grupo 55 años. En el grupo de pacientes no hipertensos habían 07 con retinopatía hipertensiva (35%), y en el grupo con diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial, 29 (70.7%) presentaron retinopatía hipertensiva Como referencia 3 patrones de cambios vasculares en la mucosa del colon: 1) Patrón vascular alterado 2) Presencia de angioectasias 3) Patrón vascular alterado más angioectasias. De 61 pacientes (unidad muestral), 24 tenían angioectasias en mucosa colónica, y de estos últimos, 21(87.5%) presentaron retinopatía hipertensiva, evidenciándose que la existencia de angioectasias en la mucosa del colon era el único patrón con valor diagnóstico y correlación positiva con Phi 0.46 para retinopatía hipertensiva. Conclusiones: Las angioectasias en mucosa colónica tienen un valor predictivo positivo para retinopatía hipertensiva en pacientes con hipertensión arterial.

Problem: Hypertension is a chronic condition. The involvement of target organs, vascular beds, opens the likelihood of the colon as part of the digestive system, to present mucosal changes, not yet documented. Objectives: Determine colonic mucosa alterations in patients with hypertensive retinopathy. Methods: Colonoscopy and funduscopic examination (hypertensive retinopathy) was performed in 61 patients who attended the Gastroenterology outpatient service, at Hospital "Dr. Domingo Luciani", from July to December 2003. Results: 41 patients with hypertension and 20 non-hypertensive patients. Mean age 55 years. In the non-hypertensive group 07 patients had hypertensive retinopathy with (35%) and in the hypertensive group 29 (70.7%) had hypertensive retinopathy. As reference 3 vascular changes patterns in the colon lining: 1) vascular pattern altered 2) Presence of angioectasias 3) altered vascular pattern with angioectasias. Of 61 patients, 24 had angioectasias in the colonic mucosa, 21 of them (87.5%) had hypertensive retinopathy showing that the existence of angioectasias in the lining of the colon was the only diagnostic value pattern and positive correlation with Phi of 0.46 for hypertensive retinopathy. Conclusions: Colonic mucosal angioectasias have a positive predictive value for hypertensive retinopathy in patients with hypertension.

Irrigación arterial del ovario en la oveja y la vaca durante el ciclo estral / Arterial blood supply of ovaries in ewes and cows during estrous cycle

Las diferencias de la anatomía vascular de los ovarios se han asociado a diferencias significativas en las respuestas fisiológicas de estos órganos durante el ciclo estral. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir comparativamente el patrón vascular arterial del ovario en oveja y vaca durante el ciclo estral en las diferentes especies. La irrigación arterial del ovario de 18 ovejas y 10 vacas reproductivamente maduras, durante las diferentes fases del ciclo estral, se evaluó a través de disección simple, clarificación de tejidos, moldes de corrosión, microscopía óptica, microscopía electrónica y arteriograma. Los resultados mostraron que las arterias ováricas penetraban en número de dos, en la zona vascular del órgano, formando un complejo ovillo arterial muy tortuoso. En cambio en la vaca, las arterias ováricas penetraban al órgano en número de cinco o seis, sin formar ningún ovillo. Esto sugiere que la oveja tiene un mayor aporte sanguíneo al ovario en comparación con la vaca. Se observó una red arterial con origen en la arteria uterina y ovárica en la superficie de la vena uterina en ambas especies. Durante las fases del ciclo estrual se observaron diferencias en la irrigación del ovario. En ovarios de animales en el día 7 del ciclo estral, con cuerpos lúteos, se evidenció una irrigación bien definida a diferencia de los ovarios con cuerpos lúteos a los 13 días del ciclo estral (oveja) o a los 17 del ciclo estral (vaca), en los cuales las arterias disminuían tanto en número como en diámetro.

Differences in ovarian vascular anatomy have been associated to significant differences in physiologic responses of ovaries during estrous cycle in different species. The objective of this study was to describe on a comparative basis the ovarian arterial vascular pattern from 18 ewes and 10 cows in reproductive age, during the different stages of the estrous cycle. The above mentioned pattern was evaluated through simple dissection, tissue clarification, corrosion templates, optic microscopy, electron microscopy and arteriograms. Results showed that in ewes, two ovarian arteries entered into the ovarian vascular zone, forming a very contorted and complex arterial mesh (glomus). By contrast, in cows five o six, ovarian arteries entered into the ovaries, without forming mesh. This suggests that ewes might have a better blood supply to the ovary than cows. A network was observed originating from uterine and ovarian arteries on the surface of uterine vein in both species. Differences in ovarian blood supply were seen during the different stages of estrous cycle. In animals having corpora lutea at 7 days of the estrous cycle was noticed a well defined ovarian blood supply, whereas in animals at 14 (ewes) or 18 (cows) post-heat, having corpora lutea as well, ovarian arteries diminished in size and number.

The Morphologic Study of the Femoral Vein and Its Tributaries in Korean Adults / 대한정형외과학회잡지

The veins of the lower limb are subdivided into deep veins, superficial veins, and comminucating veins. The deep veins accompany the arteries, while the superficial veins course under the superficial fascia just beneath the skin and they have great, small saphenous veins, and their tributaries. The superficial and deep veins are connected by the commincating veins, which are usually located along the intermuscular septum. There are many reports about the venous system of the lower limb in foreign countries but a few in Korea. It is considerably valuable in the vascular surgery of the lower limb and the surgical management of the varicose veins. This study deals with the Korean cadavers, the authors observed the location of the saphenofemoral junction, medial and lateral femoral circumflex veins, and deep femoral veins, and the termination modes between the superficial veins and great saphenous veins and the femoral circumflex veins to the deep femoral veins or femoral veins. The following results were: 1. Any noticeable anomalies of the femoral vein proper were not present. 2. The saphenofemoral junctions were located at 3.78±0.91cm below the inguinal ligaments, 2.22±1.18cm below the pubic tubercles, 3.99±0.99cm lateral to the pubic tubercles. 3. The termination modes of superficial veins to the great saphenous veins around the fossa ovalis were classified into 3 types, Type I: Superficial epigastric vein, superficial iliac circumflex vein, external pudendal vein emptied into the upper end of the great saphenous vein(45.1%). Type II: One or more veins among above mentioned 3 veins emptied into the lateral accessory saphenous vein (48.8%). Type III: One or more veins among above mentioned 3 veins emptied into the medial accessory saphenous vein(4.9%). One cadaver(1.2%) was not belonged to the above classification, in which above mentioned 3 veins were emptied directly into the femoral vein. 4. The termination level of deep femoral veins into the femoral veins was 8.68±1.92cm below the inguinal ligaments, 6.60±1.98cm below the pubic tubercles, 5.28±51.46cm lateral to the pubic tubercles. 5. The termination level of medial femoral circumflex veins into the femoral veins or deep femoral veins was 5.10±1.73cm below the inguinal ligaments, 3.65±1.92cm below the pubic tubercles, 4.62±1.41cm lateral to the pubic tubercles, and the termination level of the lateral femoral circumflex veins into the femoral veins or deep femoral veins was 7.00±1.48cm below the inguinal ligaments, 5. 05±1. 67 cm below the pubic tubercles, 5. 41±1.21 cm, lateral to the pubic tubercles. 6. The termination modes of femoral circumflex veins were classified into 4 types in male cadavers, Type A: Medial and lateral femoral circumflex veins emptied into the femoral vein. Type B: Medial femoral circumflex vein emptied into the femoral vein and lateral femoralcircumflex vein emptied into the deep femoral vein. Type C: Medial femoral circumflex vein emptied into the deep femoral vein and lateral femoral circumflex vein emptied into the femoral vein. Type D: Medial and lateral femoral circumflex veins emptied into the deep femoral vein. In the right sides, type A was 94.1% and type C was 5.9% while in the left sides, type A was 79.4%, type B was 5.9% and type C was 14.7%. 7. The collateral circulations were identified in 67 observations (81.7%) and venous circles were identified in 46 observations (56.1%).