Defectos congénitos y exposición prenatal a material particulado en una población colombiana

Objetivo. Determinar la existencia de asociación entre defectos congénitos y la exposición prenatal de mujeres gestantes a PM10 en una población colombiana. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles. Se incluyeron casos de madres de recién nacidos con defectos congénitos confirmados posnatalmente y controles sin defectos congénitos. La exposición a emisiones se determinó mediante disgregación temporo-espacial mediante ArcGIS® y georreferenciación mediante gvSIG, Google Earth y Google Street View®, usando estimaciones previamente publicadas y validadas para la ciudad. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando Jamovi-Stats Open now. Resultados . Se incluyeron un total de 101 pacientes, correspondiendo a 31 casos y 70 controles. Existió un aumento del riesgo de desarrollar defectos congénitos tras la exposición a emisiones de PM10 superiores a 2,23 Ton/año/250 m2 (OR: 8,17; IC 95%: 1.61 a 41.46; p = 0,011). Conclusiones. Existió relación entre la exposición a niveles elevados de PM10 y aumento en el riesgo de defectos congénitos en la población estudiada. Se sugiere la realización de futuras investigaciones sobre la relación entre contaminación medioambiental y eventos obstétricos adversos.

Objective: To determine the existence of an association between birth defects and prenatal exposure of pregnant women to PM10 in a Colombian population. Methods: Retrospective case-control study. Cases of mothers of newborns with postnatally confirmed congenital defects and controls without congenital defects were included. Emission exposure was determined by temporo-spatial disaggregation using ArcGIS® and georeferencing using gvSIG®, Google Earth® and Google Street View®, using previously published and validated estimates for the city. Statistical analysis was performed using Jamovi-Stats Open now®. Results: A total of 101 patients were included, corresponding to 31 cases and 70 controls. There was an increased risk of developing birth defects after exposure to PM10 emissions above 2.23 Ton/year/250m2 (OR: 8.17; 95% CI: 1.61 - 41.46; p = 0.011). Conclusions: There was a relationship between exposure to high levels of PM10 and increased risk of birth defects in the population studied. Future research on the relationship between environmental contamination and adverse obstetric events is suggested.

The Impact of Vehicular Emission on Erythrocyte Level and Red Cell Indices of Occupationally Exposed Subjects in a Given City

Background: The association of combustive emission has been inter-related with haematologic parameters and a likelihoodto pro-inflammatory state. This research is aimed at assessing the impact of vehicular emission on erythrocyte level and red cell indices of occupationally exposed subjects.Methods:The level of haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, red blood cells, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, and red cell distribution width were determined in four hundred subjects with the aid of Mythic 22 haematology autoanalyser.Results:The comparison of the haemoglobin and haematocrit shows that the value of mean ± standard error value of generator exposed and mechanics respectively were significantly higher than the other groups (p< 0.03). On the otherhand, the red blood cell count for generator exposed and mechanics ranked higherthan the other groups (p< 0.03). The mean cell volume (MCV) of generator exposed and mechanics were 86.57±0.08 fl and 84.49±1.04 fl respectively while control and drivers had values of 93.24±1.13 fl and 93.22±1.13 fl respectively (p< 0.03). The mechanics recorded a mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) of 26.92±0.40 pg which was significantly lower (p< 0.04) than the control (30.37±0.47 pg), generator exposed (39.68±6.38 pg) and drivers (30.42±0.47 pg). Conclusion:The differences amongst the groups and none of the groups were within the medically acceptable ranges which is a pointer to the fact that there might be an underlying inflammatory condition which might be due to occupational exposure

Congestión Vehicular y Contaminación Ambiental en Lima Metropolitana / Vehicle Congestion and Environmental Pollution in Metropolitan Lima / Congestionamento dos Veículos e Poluição Ambiental na Metrópole de Lima

Resumen Introducción: La contaminación ambiental en las áreas urbanas, se debe principalmente a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero emitidas por la quema del combustible del parque automotor, el cual se incrementa en situaciones de congestión vehicular, que adicionalmente como fuente de contaminación sonora, incide en la salud física y mental de los ciudadanos. Objetivo: Esta investigación pretende determinar desde la percepción de los consultores independientes de transporte urbano, las causas de la congestión vehicular y su relación con la contaminación ambiental y la salud. Materiales y métodos: La investigación tiene un corte cuantitativo de diseño no experimental, de tipo observacional y descriptivo, donde inicialmente mediante la observación se permitió la selección de las zonas con mayor congestión de la ciudad de Lima metropolitana; además de la participación de 22 consultores independientes quienes a través de una entrevista estructurada permitieron la identificación de las causas de la congestión vehicular y su relación con la contaminación ambiental y la salud. Resultados: conforme con los resultados obtenidos las principales causas del congestionamiento identificadas por los consultores son: una deficiente gestión y planificación vial, falta de educación vial por parte de conductores y peatones, paraderos informales y vehículos obsoletos. Conclusiones: persisten en la ciudad capital niveles de congestión vehicular, que inciden en altos niveles de contaminación, los cuales afectan la salud y economía del peruano. Del análisis a raíz de las encuestas de los expertos, se recomienda dirigir estrategias y políticas de solución que incluyan reformas institucionales que favorezcan mejoras de eficiencia y eficacia en la gestión del transporte urbano, faciliten la renovación del parque automotor y se implementen campañas de sensibilización para crear cultura ciudadana.

Abstract Introduction: environmental pollution in urban areas is mainly due to greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fuel in the vehicle fleet, which increases in situations of vehicle congestion, which, in addition to being a source of noise pollution, affects the physical and mental health of citizens. Objective: to determine the perception of independent urban transport consultant experts on the causes of vehicle congestion and its relationship with environmental pollution and health. Materials and methods: an observational and descriptive study in the city of metropolitan Lima, through the identification of critical points of vehicular congestion and through structured interviews with independent consultants, on the causes of traffic, environmental pollution and health. Results: the main traffic generators observed were constructions, closed streets, ambulatory commerce, informal stops, unauthorized parking, and accidents. While the causes of congestion, identified by the consultants, were based on poor management and road planning, lack of road safety education for drivers and pedestrians, informal stops, and obsolete vehicles. Conclusions: the capital city still suffers from high levels of traffic congestion, which affects the health and economy of Peruvians. From the analysis based on the opinions of experts, it is recommended that strategies and policies be directed towards solutions that include institutional reforms that favor improvements in efficiency and effectiveness in the management of urban transportation, facilitate the renewal of the vehicle fleet and implement awareness campaigns to create a citizen culture.

Resumo Introdução: a poluição ambiental nas zonas urbanas deve-se principalmente à emissão de gases com efeito de estufa provenientes da queima de combustível pela frota automóvel, que aumenta em situações de congestionamento de veículos, o que, além de ser uma fonte de poluição sonora, afeta a saúde física e mental dos cidadãos. Objetivo: determinar a percepção de peritos independentes em matéria de transportes urbanos sobre as causas do congestionamento dos veículos e a sua relação com a poluição ambiental e a saúde. Materiais e métodos: um estudo observacional e descritivo na cidade de Lima, através da identificação de pontos críticos de congestionamento veicular e de entrevistas estruturadas com consultores independentes, sobre as causas do trânsito, da poluição ambiental e da saúde. Resultados: os principais geradores de tráfego observados foram: construções, ruas fechadas, comércio ambulatório, paragens informais, estacionamento não autorizado e acidentes. Enquanto as causas do congestionamento, identificadas pelos consultores: má gestão e planeamento das estradas, falta de educação em segurança rodoviária para condutores e peões, paragens informais e veículos obsoletos. Conclusões: a capital ainda sofre de elevados níveis de congestionamento de tráfego, que afetam a saúde e a economia dos peruanos. A partir da análise baseada nas opiniões dos peritos, recomenda-se a orientação de estratégias e políticas para soluções que incluam reformas institucionais que favoreçam melhorias na eficiência e eficácia na gestão do transporte urbano, facilitem a renovação da frota automóvel e implementem campanhas de sensibilização para criar uma cultura cidadã.

Deaths Due to Road Traffic Injuries- A Forensic Autopsy Study

Background: Injuries due to road traffic injuries (RTIs) depend upon various factors that include human, vehicle and environmental factors that plays a vital role before, during and after a fatal vehicular accident. Road traffic injuries involve high human suffering and monetary costs in terms of ultimately deaths, injuries and loss of potential income. Aims and Objective: The aims and objective of study was to study the incidence of death due to road traffic injuries, demographic profile including various contributary factors of victims and vehicles and to analyse the magnitude of deaths.Material & Methods:The present retrospective and cross sectional study was conducted in Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Department, Government Medical College, Amritsar. All the autopsies conducted on road traffic injuries victims during the period from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2020 were studied. Results:Majority of cases taken up for study were males (80%) followed by females (20%), majority cases belonged to the age group of 21 -30 years (34.72%). The majority of cases (70.61 %)that met with road traffic injury happened at evening time period. Head injury was the cause of death in 42.45% cases followed by 33.88% cases having multiple injuries.Conclusions:Motorization though has enhanced the lives in this era but that has come up with some price. High priority is demanded towards the alarming rate of human loss due to RTIs. Awareness at every level including the strict formation of policies that would prevent such RTIs in future.

Analysis of transport and vehicular crash cases using the Online National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (ONEISS) from 2010 to 2019

Introduction@#Around 1.35 million people die due to road traffic accidents yearly. In the Philippines, there is an increasing trend of mortality and morbidity caused by road crashes. @*Objective@#The objective of the study is to show the epidemiology of transport and vehicular crash (TVC) cases in the Philippines using the Department of Health (DOH) Online National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (ONEISS) from 2010 to 2019. @*Methods@#We used data from ONEISS, a web-based system to electronically capture injury-related data from health facilities, store data in a centralized and secure location, process and consolidate data, and transform this data into meaningful information. For Transport and Vehicular Crash cases, risk factors such as drug use, alcohol use, mobile phone use, seatbelt, and helmet use are included. There are also data on vehicle type, place of crash, and activity. Descriptive and inferential statistics were computed to explore and analyze the ONEISS dataset, particularly the epidemiology of transport and vehicular crashes (TVC). @*Results@#There were a total of 296,760/894,989 (31%) patients admitted due to transport and vehicular crash (TVC) based on the 10-year data from ONEISS (2010–2019). There was an increasing trend in the number of transport/ vehicular crashes (TVC) during this period, with an average increase of 25.58% cases per year. Most victims were drivers (45.6%), males (72.5%), and from the younger age group (0-30 years old). Fatal crashes were observed to occur from 6:00 pm to 5:00 am while most accidents occurred during leisure activities (32.5%). The highest reported contributing factor was drunk driving (n = 25,537). There was observed low compliance on the use of vehicular safety equipment. The most common types of injuries for the TVC victims were abrasions, contusions, burns, and concussions while the vehicle most involved in TVC was the motorcycle. Motorcycle use was found to be associated with worse emergency room (ER) outcomes (p <.0001) and the highest injury types such as multiple injuries, abrasion, avulsion and burn. Alcohol use was also significantly associated with multiple injuries, abrasion, avulsion, burn, open fracture, open wound, and amputation (p < 0.05). @*Conclusion@#The trend of road traffic vehicular crashes affecting mainly the younger population has economic repercussions. Motorcycles are also most involved in crashes, hence, the need for motorcycle safety laws in the country. There is also a need to strengthen current laws and legislation governing road safety and to focus on structuring a systematic post-crash response for both the local government and hospitals throughout the Philippines.

Síntomas respiratorios en agentes civiles de tránsito expuestos a smog en Quito en el año 2021 / Respiratory symptoms in civil traffic police agents exposed to smog in Quito in 2021

INTRODUCCIÓN. Existe relación entre la exposición de contaminantes en el aire y problemas respiratorios que van desde síntomas leves en vías respiratorias altas hasta enfermedades que pueden comprometer la vida de los pacientes como: neumonía, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y cáncer pulmonar. OBJETIVO. Registrar los síntomas respiratorios presentados por agentes civiles de tránsito expuestos a smog. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio analítico transversal. Población de 3 458 y muestra de 454 participantes entre agentes civiles de tránsito, fiscalizadores de tránsito y personal administrativo de la Agencia Metropolitana de Tránsito en el año 2021, seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple estratificado para los dos grupos de participantes; se aplicó un sondeo digital basado en las encuestas: European Community Respiratory Health Survey y condiciones de trabajo. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó la herramienta EPI INFO, donde se realizó pruebas estadísticas bivariadas de Chi2 y análisis multivariado como regresiones logísticas crudas y ajustadas. RESULTADOS. Se observó que la población de trabajadores operativos en vía tuvo alrededor de dos veces más riesgo de desarrollar sibilancias en comparación a la población administrativa OR=2,1 (IC 95% 1,01­4,39); el personal operativo tuvo más del doble de riesgo de desarrollar bronquitis crónica versus la población administrativa OR=2,5 (IC 95% 1,14­5,73). Los resultados fueron ajustados mediante regresión logística con variables de condiciones de trabajo y salud (p=<0,05). CONCLUSIÓN. Se registró una relación significativa entre la contaminación ambiental por smog y enfermedades respiratorias a largo plazo.

INTRODUCTION. There is a relationship between exposure to air pollutants and respiratory problems ranging from mild upper respiratory symptoms to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer is evident. OBJECTIVE. To record the respiratory symptoms presented by civilian traffic officers exposed to smog. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cross-sectional analytical study. Population of 3 458 and sample of 454 participants among civilian traffic agents, traffic inspectors and administrative personnel of the Metropolitan Traffic Agency in the year 2021, selected by simple stratified random sampling for the two groups of participants; a digital survey was applied based on the European Community Respiratory Health Survey and working conditions. For data analysis, the EPI INFO tool was used, where bivariate Chi2 statistical tests and multivariate analysis such as crude and adjusted logistic regressions were performed. RESULTS. It was observed that the population of operational track workers had about twice the risk of developing wheezing compared to the administrative population OR=2,1 (95% CI 1,01-4,39); operational personnel had more than twice the risk of developing chronic bronchitis versus the administrative population OR=2,5 (95% CI 1,14­5,73). Results were adjusted by logist regression with working conditions and health variables (p=<0,05). CONCLUSION. There was a significant relationship between smog pollution and long-term respiratory diseases.

Facial Trauma Prevalence from Traffic Accidents in the City of Cuenca - Ecuador, 2017

ABSTRACT: Trauma is defined as physical damage by the use of external force towards the human body. (Salazar et al., 2019). The etiology of facial trauma is multifactorial. Contusions caused by traffic accidents constitute the eighth cause of death worldwide. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of facial trauma due to vehicular accidents in 2017, and its relationship with age, gender and frequency in the level of emergency care at Vicente Corral Moscoso (VCMH) and José Carrasco Arteaga (JCAH) hospitals. In this way, real statistical information will be registered related to the degree of trauma, main causes and initial management, providing elements for the planning and execution of new studies, thus establishing prevention measures in the city of Cuenca. This is a retrospective descriptive study, carried out with data collection and authorized analysis of cases of patients diagnosed with facial trauma due to vehicular accidents who attended VCMH and JCAH emergency units in Cuenca Ecuador, in 2017. Variables were analyzed: hospital operating units, gender, age, type of facial trauma distribution, type of vehicle and ethylic status. The total prevalence of facial trauma due to vehic ular accidents in the city of Cuenca in 2017 was 3.34 % from which, the male gender exceeded the female group, representing a 69.76 %, being the 20 to 44-year-old-group more prevalent with a 57.56 %. Panfacial trauma predominated representing a 28.48 %. The kind of vehicle which was commonly used up to a 65.69 % was an automobile. Ethyl breath was detected in 38 % of the patients. A predominance of Panfacial trauma was evidenced in the male sex and in the age group of 20-44. The kind of vehicle which was commonly used was the automobile. Ethyl status was verified in 4 of 10 patients.

RESUMEN: El trauma es definido como un daño físico por el empleo de fuerza externa, hacia el cuerpo. (Salazar et al.). La etiología del trauma facial es multifactorial. Las contusiones causadas por accidentes de tránsito, constituyen la octava causa de muerte a nivel mundial. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de trauma facial por accidente vehicular en el año 2017, y su relación con; la edad, género y frecuencia en el nivel de atención de urgencias en los hospitales Vicente Corral Moscoso (HVCM) y José Carrasco Arteaga (HJCA). De esta forma se registrará información estadística real en relación al grado de trauma, sus causas principales y manejo inicial proporcionando elementos para la planificación y ejecución de nuevos estudios, estableciendo así, medidas de prevención en la ciudad de Cuenca. Este es un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, realizado con la recopilación de datos y el análisis autorizado de los casos de pacientes diagnosticados con trauma facial por accidente vehicular que acudieron a la unidad de urgencias del HVCM y HJCA, Cuenca Ecuador, en el año 2017. Fueron analizadas las variables: unidad operativa hospitalaria, distribución de género, edad, tipo de trauma facial, tipo de vehículo y estado etílico. La prevalencia total de trauma facial por accidente vehicular en la ciudad de Cuenca en el año 2017 fue de 3.34% de los cuales, el sexo masculino supera al grupo femenino representando el 69.76 %, siendo el grupo etario de 20 a 44 años el más prevalente con 57.56 %. Predominó el trauma panfacial, representando un 28.48 %. El vehículo de uso común fue el automóvil en un 65.69 %. En el 38 % de los pacientes se detectó aliento etílico. Se evidenció predominio del sexo masculino y del grupo de edad entre 20-44; predominó el trauma panfacial. El vehículo de uso frecuente fue el automóvil. En 4 de 10 pacientes se comprobó estado etílico.

Estrés y congestionamiento vial en universitarios costarricenses / Stress and Traffic Congestion in Costa Rican University Students

Introducción: Según el estado de la nación 2018, Costa Rica es el tercer país latinoamericano con mayor densidad vehicular; es solo superado por Argentina y México. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados al nivel de estrés por el congestionamiento en el traslado a la universidad en los estudiantes y los factores asociados a la presencia o ausencia de estrés por el congestionamiento en el traslado a la universidad. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico de corte transversal, donde participaron 420 estudiantes, quienes completaron las encuestas correspondientes, para evaluar el nivel de estrés que genera el congestionamiento vial en dicha población. Las variables asociadas a la presencia o ausencia de estrés fueron edad, rendimiento, traslado de casa a la universidad por la mañana, de casa a la universidad por la tarde, de casa a la universidad por la noche, carro, taxi, tren, bus y moto. Las asociadas al nivel fueron: sexo, cantón de residencia, la forma de traslado en carro, moto y tiempo de traslado. Resultados: Los estudiantes utilizaban como principal medio de transporte el bus. El rendimiento académico reportado por el 83 por ciento de la muestra estaba en el valor de 7. El 90 por ciento de los encuestados dijo presentar estrés asociado al congestionamiento vial. La presencia de estrés no estaba asociada al tiempo de traslado, el nivel de estrés sí lo estaba. Conclusión: El rendimiento académico está asociado a la presencia de estrés, no al nivel, o sea, que su existencia podría estar afectando la situación académica del estudiante(AU)

Introduction: According to the state of the nation 2018, Costa Rica is the third Latin American country with the highest traffic density; it is only surpassed by Argentina and Mexico. Objective: To identify the factors associated with level of stress in students due to congestion during their transit to the university and the factors associated with the presence or absence of stress due to the congestion in the transit to the university. Methods: An observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was carried put, with the participation of 420 students, who completed the corresponding surveys, which allowed assessing the level of stress generated by road congestion in the study population. The variables associated with the presence or absence of stress were age, academic performance, travel from home to university in the morning, from home to university in the afternoon, from home to university at night, car, taxi, train, bus and motorcycle. The variables associated with the level of stress were sex, canton of residence, the way of transportation by car, motorcycle, and travel time. Results: The students used the bus as their main means of transportation. The academic performance reported by 83 percent of the sample was in the value of 7. 90 percent of the respondents expressed that they present stress associated with road congestion. The presence of stress was not associated with travel time; the stress level was. Conclusion: Academic performance is associated with the presence of stress, not with the level of stress; that is, its existence could be affecting the student's academic situation(AU)

Epidemiology of eyelid trauma among Filipino patients in a Tertiary Hospital

Objective@#This study aims to identify the epidemiological characteristics and co-morbidities of eyelid injuries among Filipino patients seen at the Emergency and Out-patient Clinics of a single, tertiary, government, urbanbased hospital from June 2014 to June 2015.@*Methods@#This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive single-center study. Medical records of 85 patients who consulted at the Emergency or Out-Patient Clinics of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences of the Philippine General Hospital, Manila due to eyelid injuries that resulted to skin breaks with or without tissue loss or other ocular co-morbidities were reviewed. Information collected included: demographic data of the patient; the offending object; mechanism, place, date and time of injury; date and time of consult; possible risk factors and predisposing conditions such as alcohol intoxication and lack of use of protective gears. Complications associated with eyelid injuries were also noted. Descriptive statistics was used for analysis of patient demographics, epidemiologic characteristics of eyelid injuries and its associated complications.@*Results@#Of the 85 cases, 78% were males. Most of the patients were below 50 years of age with a range of 1-79 and a mean age of 25 years old. There is male preponderance across all age groups except in the pediatric group below 10 years of age. The right eye was involved in 58% of cases. The most common area affected was the right lower lid as seen in 36 cases. Most of the eyelid injuries were severe: 21 (25%) were margin-involving, 17 (20%) had canalicular transection and 34 (40%) had both. Other co-morbidities included some degree of tissue loss or avulsion (16%) and globe involvement (29%). Majority were accidental (36%). Public places (33%) and the home (33%) were the most common places of injury. Most of the injuries that happened at home were accidents (82%) while those that occurred in public places were mostly assault cases (71%). The most common offending objects that caused the eyelid injuries included metal (33%), pavement/cement (18%), and wood (16%). The most common mechanism of injury was blunt trauma (67%). There were 18 cases of vehicular crash, 89% of the patients were not wearing helmets. All work-related injuries reported absence of protective gear. Alcohol intoxication was reported in 30% of assault cases and 72% of vehicular crash. @*Conclusion@#Eyelid injuries continue to pose as a public health concern. Campaigns organized toward educating the public can stress on the importance of increased vigilance regarding safety especially in children and young adults. Use of protective gear and eyewear while driving or working in hazardous environments should also be emphasized. Monitoring of public places for any disturbance can prevent violent acts from escalating. The AntiDrunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013 should also be strictly enforced.

Road Traffic Accidents In India: An Overview

Road traffic accidents claim over a million lives every year in the world. As per World Health Organization (WHO) it is one of the leading cause of death. India, being a rapidly developing country with expanding economy has its own issues as regarding road traffic accidents due to rapid proliferation of motorization. Road traffic accidents causes enormous morbidity and mortality and at the same time, the toll on the economy of the country as a result of it is quite heavy. Road traffic accident is a result of an interaction among different factors which include the environ-ment, vehicle and the human being. Traditionally it is considered that road traffic accidents are accidents which are unpredictable, inevitable and not preventable. But road traffic accidents are indeed predictable and preventable in majority of the cases. This require the knowledge of factors contributing and leading to road traffic accidents. There are certain preventive measures which if adopted can lead to decrease in morbidity and mortality resulting from RTA. Hence, it is the responsibility of all to contribute in reducing road traffic accidents.

Associação entre cognição e habilitação para direção veicular em idosos / Association between cognition and habilitation for vehicular driving in the elderly

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a associacao entre a cognicao e os resultados dos exames de aptidao fisica e mental para habilitacao veicular em idosos. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado em clínicas de transito credenciadas para realizar exames de habilitacao veicular. A amostra do tipo probabilística foi constituida por 421 idosos (≥ 60 anos). Os dados foram coletados, por meio do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (meem) e consulta no Registro Nacional de Condutores Habilitados. Para a analise dos dados, utilizou-se estatistica descritiva e aplicacao dos testes Kruskal-Wallis e Qui-quadrado. Valores de p ≤ 0,05 indicaram significancia estatistica. Resultados: Para o meem, o escore medio foi 27,13 ± 2,53 pontos; 92,2 % (n =388) apresentaram cognicao normal e 7,8 % (n = 33) comprometimento cognitivo. Quanto aos resultados dos testes de aptidao fisica e mental para habilitacao veicular 71,5 % (n = 301) foram considerados aptos com restricao, 21,9 % (n = 92) aptos e 6,7 % (n = 28) inaptos temporariamente. Houve associacao significativa entre os resultados da habilitacao veicular e os escores cognitivos (p < 0,001) e nao houve associacao as categorías cognitivas (p = 0,172). Os escores mais baixos de cognicao foram identificados em idosos aptos com restricao e inaptos temporariamente. Conclusões: Os resultados evidenciam inconsistencia do meem para avaliar a cognicao. Recomenda-se as clinicas de transito a utilizacao do meem com cautela, enquanto ferramenta de rastreio cognitivo em motoristas idosos.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la asociacion entre la cognicion y los resultados finales de los examenes de aptitud fisica y mental para conduccion vehicular en adultos mayores. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en clínicas de transito acreditadas para realizar examenes de conduccion vehicular. La muestra de tipo probabilistica fue constituida por 421 adultos mayores (≥ 60 anos). Los datos fueron colectados por medio de Mini Examen del Estado Mental (meem) y consulta en el Registro Nacional de Conductores Habilitados. Para el analisis de los datos se utilizo estadistica descriptiva y aplicacion de los testes Kruskal-Wallis y Chi-cuadrado. Los valores de p ≤ 0,05 indicaron significancia estadistica. Resultados: Para el meem el puntaje promedio fue de 27,13 ± 2,53 puntos, 92,2% (n = 388) presentaron cognición normal y 7,8% (n = 33) comprometimiento cognitivo. En cuanto a los resultados de las pruebas de aptitud fisica y mental para conduccion vehicular 71,5% (n = 301) se consideraron aptos con restriccion, el 21,9% (n = 92) aptos y el 6,7% (n = 28) inaptos de forma temporal. Se observo una asociación significativa entre los resultados de la conduccion vehicular y los puntajes cognitivos (p < 0,001) y no hubo asociacion a las categorias cognitivas (p = 0,172). Los puntajes mas bajos de cognicion se identificaron en ancianos aptos con restriccion e inaptos temporalmente. Conclusión: Los resultados evidencian la inconsistencia del meem para evaluar la cognicion. Se recomienda a las clinicas de transito la utilizacion del meem con cautela, como herramienta de evaluacion cognitiva en conductores adultos mayores.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the association between cognition and the final results of physical and mental fitness tests for vehicular habilitation in the elderly. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study carried out at accredited traffic clinics to perform vehicle habilitation tests. The probabilistic sample consisted of 421 elderly (≥ 60 years). Data were collected through the Mini-Mental State Examination (mmse) and consultation in the National Registry of Qualified Drivers. Descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-squared tests were used to analyze the data. Values of p ≤ 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results: For the mmse, the average score was 27.13 ± 2.53 points, 92.2 % (n= 388) presented normal cognition and 7.8 % (n = 33) cognitive impairment. Regarding the results of the physical and mental fitness tests for vehicle habilitation, 71.5 % (n = 301) were considered fit with restriction, 21.9 % (n = 92) fit and 6.7 % (n = 28) temporarily unfit. There was a significant association between the results of vehicular habilitation and cognitive scores (p < 0.001) and there was no association with cognitive categories (p = 0.172). The lowest cognition scores were identified in elderly which were considered fit with restriction and temporarily unfit. Conclusion: The results show inconsistency of the mmse to evaluate cognition. It is recommended to the traffic clinics to use the mmse with caution, as a tool of cognitive screening in elderly drivers.

Acumulación de metales pesados en sedimentos viales urbanos: factores de interés en salud pública / Heavy metals build-up on urban road sediments: Factors of interest for public health.

Resumen Introducción. La rápida urbanización y la intensa actividad humana han hecho de las ciudades un foco de emisiones contaminantes; esta situación genera una variedad de problemas ambientales y de salud pública que involucran metales pesados. Objetivos. Identificar y analizar los factores físicos (FF) que intervienen en la acumulación de metales pesados en sedimentos viales con el fin de facilitar la toma de decisiones en el control de la contaminación metálica desde la salud pública urbana. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática internacional de la literatura científica asociada entre el 1 de enero de 1970 y el 31 de diciembre de 2015. Las bases de datos utilizadas fueron Springer, ScienceDirect y Google Scholar. Se desarrolló un índice de frecuencia de citación (Q) para establecer un orden de importancia de FF detectados y se utilizaron las pruebas estadísticas de análisis clúster, t-Student, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y regresión lineal para estudiar la relación entre las variables identificadas. Resultados. Los estudios citaron la precipitación (Q1), el uso del suelo (Q2) y el tráfico (Q2) como FF dominantes, por lo que una visión integral para la gestión de la salud pública debe considerar dos escenarios con sus correspondientes FF dominantes: el meteorológico (FF: precipitación) y el antropogénico (FF: uso del suelo y tráfico). Conclusión. Se sugiere un orden de intervención diferenciado para las instituciones encargadas del control de la contaminación metálica y la gestión de la salud pública en áreas urbanas.

Abstract Introduction: Rapid urbanization and intense human activity have turned cities into a focus of pollutants emissions, thus generating all sorts of environmental and public health problems involving heavy metals. Objectives: To identify and analyze the physical factors (PF) involved in the accumulation of heavy metals in road sediments to enable decision-making processes directed to control heavy metal pollution from a urban public health perspective. Materials and methods: An international systematic review was conducted in related scientific literature published between January 1, 1970 and December 31, 2015. Springer, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar were the consulted databases. A citation frequency index (Q) was developed to establish an order of relevance of the detected PF, while cluster analysis, Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression tests were used to study the correlation between the variables identified. Finally, 79 documents were selected for the construction of the manuscript. Results: The studies cited precipitation (Q1), land use (Q2) and traffic (Q2) as dominant PF. Therefore, a comprehensive view for public health management should consider two scenarios and their corresponding dominant PFs: meteorological (PF: precipitation) and anthropogenic (PF: land use and traffic). Conclusion: A different intervention order is suggested for the institutions in charge of controlling heavy metal pollution and public health management in urban areas.

Exposición de peatones a la contaminación del aire en vías con alto tráfico vehicular / Pedestrian exposure to air pollution on routes with heavy vehicular traffic

Objetivo Este estudio piloto tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la contaminación del aire a la que están expuestos los peatones en inmediaciones de tres vías con alto tráfico vehicular en la ciudad de Bogotá (carrera novena, carrera séptima y carrera once). Método Como indicador de la calidad del aire se utilizó el carbono elemental (BC), dado que es un compuesto reconocido como trazador de las emisiones provenientes de fuentes móviles. Las concentraciones de BC fueron registradas de forma continua y en tiempo real con un Micro Aethalometro portátil Modelo AE51 que era portado por las personas que realizaban los recorridos de 1.6 kilómetros en cada vía, al tiempo que diligenciaban un formato de actividades en el que consignaban los eventos relevantes percibidos durante el recorrido. Resultados Se encontró una relación directa (observada) entre los picos de concentración de BC a los que están expuestos los peatones y los eventos documentados en cada trayecto. Si bien en los tres corredores viales estudiados se registraron concentraciones de BC que indican un aire de inadecuada calidad, se encontraron distintas distribuciones de las concentraciones para cada vía estudiada. Los autores atribuyen este resultado a la diferencia en el volumen de tráfico pesado (buses y busetas principalmente), siendo la Carrera Once la vía con mayor flujo de vehículos de este tipo y más altas concentraciones de BC. Conclusión La evidencia recolectada refuerza la importancia de involucrar la variable calidad del aire al momento de diseñar infraestructura orientada a modos de transporte no motorizado.(AU)

Objective This pilot study aimed to characterize pedestrians' exposure to air pollution alongside three routes with high traffic in Bogota, Colombia (ninth avenue, eleventh avenue and seventh avenue). Method Black carbon (BC) was used as an air quality indicator since it is recognized as a tracer compound for emissions from mobile sources. The concentrations of BC were recorded continuously with a portable Micro Aethalometer Model AE51. The instrument was carried by the people doing the 1.5 kilometer-long routes, while they filled in an activity form that recorded the events occurring during the walk. Results A direct (observed) relationship between BC concentration peaks and documented events at each route was found. Although BC concentrations at all three studied corridors indicate an inadequate air quality, different concentration distributions were found for each route. The authors attribute this result to the difference in the volume of heavy traffic (mainly buses and minibuses). Eleventh Avenue was the route with the greatest flow of such vehicles and higher concentrations of BC. Conclusion The collected evidence reinforces the importance of involving air quality as a critical variable when designing non-motorized transport oriented infrastructure.(AU)

Relação entre fragilidade física e fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos dos idosos que realizam teste para habilitação veicular / Relationship between physical fragility and socio-demographical and clinical factors of elderly performing driving license testing

Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre a condição da fragilidade física e características sociodemográficas e clínicas de idosos que se submetem ao teste de habilitação veicular. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo transversal, realizado nas clínicas de medicina de tráfego. Critérios de inclusão do idoso: ter idade igual ou superior a 60 anos; estar agendado para os testes de habilitação e apresentar capacidade cognitiva e física para a realização dos testes. A amostra foi constituída por 172 idosos no período amostral de janeiro a julho de 2015. Foram aplicados testes para avaliação da fragilidade física e questionário sociodemográfico e clínico. Resultados: 56,4% dos candidatos são pré-frágeis e houve associação significativa entre fragilidade física e estado civil (p = 0,0327) e uso de bebidas alcóolicas (p = 0,0417). Conclusão: A prevalência de pré-fragilidade evidencia a necessidade de sua gestão, com o objetivo de atenuar o declínio funcional e consequentemente contribuir para uma direção veicular mais segura.

Objetivo: Investigar la asociación entre la fragilidad física y las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de ancianos sometidos a la prueba para obtención de la licencia vehicular. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo transversal, realizado en clínicas de medicina de tránsito. Criterios de inclusión del anciano: tener edad igual o superior a 60 años; estar programado para los exámenes y presentar capacidad cognitiva y física para la realización de las pruebas. Participaron 172 ancianos entre enero y julio de 2015. Fueron aplicadas pruebas para evaluación de la fragilidad física y cuestionario sociodemográfico y clínico. Resultados: El 56,4% de los candidatos son pre-frágiles y hubo asociación significativa entre fragilidad física y estado civil (p = 0,0327) y uso de bebidas alcohólicas (p = 0,0417). Conclusión: La prevalencia de pre-fragilidad evidencia la necesidad de una gestión, con el objetivo de atenuar el déficit funcional y, consecuentemente, contribuir para una conducción más segura del auto.

Objective: To investigate the association between the condition of the physical fragility and the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of elders performing driving license testing. Methods: This is a transversal quantitative study, performed in traffic medicine clinics. Criteria of inclusion of elders: age equal or higher to 60 years old; scheduled to driving license testing, and suitable cognitive and physical capacity to perform the tests. The sample was composed by 172 seniors from January to July 2015. Tests were used to evaluate the physical fragility, together with a socio-demographic and clinical questionnaire. Results: 56.4% of the candidates are considered pre-fragile, and there was a significant association between fragility and marital status (p = 0.0327) and use of alcohol (p = 0.0417). Conclusion: The prevalence of pre-fragility demonstrates a necessity to manage this public, aiming to attenuate functional decay, and as a consequence, to contribute to safer driving conditions.

Motorcycle related cranio-maxillofacial injuries at a tertiary hospital in the Philippines

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> To describe the type and determine the number of motorcycle related cranio-maxillofacial injuries that were seen by the ORL service in the emergency room of a tertiary hospital from January 2013 to December 2013.<br /><strong>METHODS: </strong> <br /><strong>Design:</strong> Cross sectional retrospective chart review<br /><strong>Setting:</strong> Tertiary National University Hospital<br /><strong>Participants:</strong> One hundred nine (109) charts of patients seen atr the emergency room from Jnuary 2013 to December 2013 were reviewed<br /><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Of the 109 charts of patients involved in vehicular accidents, there were 76 documented cases of motorcycle related accidents. Of these, 91% involved males and 9% involved females. Seventy one percent (71%) did not wear helmets of whom 36% were young adult males between the ages of 18-30 years. Those that wore helmets had a total of 27 different facial fracture sites: 19% zygomatic tripod fractures, 15% temporal bone fractures and 11% with no fractures noted. Among those who did not wear helmets 75 fractures were noted. Twenty four percent (24%) were tripod fractures, 15% temporal bone fractures and 12% maxillary fractures. only one did not incur any fractures.<br /><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Most cranio-maxillofacial fractures seen at the emergency room were from motorcycle related injuries (70%). Despite implementation of Republic Act 10054 (The Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009) majority of motorcycle-related accidents are still incurred by riders without helmets.</p>

Biomonitoring the genotoxic potential of the air on Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea under climatic conditions in the Sinos River basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Biomonitoramento do potencial genotóxico do ar em Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea sob condições climáticas na bacia do Rio dos Sinos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Abstract The present study evaluated the genotoxic effects of the atmospheric air on Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea in urban areas with different intensities of vehicular traffic and in riparian forest fragments in the Sinos River Basin (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), considering the influence of climatic conditions prevailing in these environments. Bimonthly, from May 2012 to March 2013, cuttings with flower buds were exposed for 8 h in urban and riparian forest environments in the municipalities of Caraá, Taquara and Campo Bom in the upper, middle and lower sections, respectively, of the Sinos River Basin. Simultaneously, negative controls were made and climatic data were recorded. Micronuclei (MCN) frequencies were determined in young tetrads of pollen mother cells and expressed as MCN/100 tetrads. Significantly higher MCN frequencies were observed in buds exposed in urban and riparian forest environments in Taquara (up to 7.23 and 4.80, respectively) and Campo Bom (up to 4.90 and 4.23, respectively) than in buds exposed in Caraá (up to 2.90 and 2.50, respectively), in the majority of samplings, and in relation to the negative control (up to 1.93) in all months. Over the course of the period monitored, there were significant variations in MCN frequencies at all sampling points, with the exception of the urban environment in Caraá. For the urban environments, relation between the MCN frequency, vehicular traffic and mean temperature was observed. For the riparian forest fragments, there was no association between MCN frequency and climatic factors. Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea can be considered a useful tool to point out areas with increased atmospheric pollution, since the exposure of plants under severe climatic conditions is avoided to minimize their negative influence on the formation of micronuclei.

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos genotóxicos do ar atmosférico sobre Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea em áreas urbanas com diferentes intensidades de tráfego veicular e em fragmentos de mata ciliar na Bacia do Rio dos Sinos (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil), considerando a influência de condições climáticas prevalecentes nesses ambientes. Bimensalmente, de maio de 2012 a março de 2013, ramos com botões florais foram expostos por 8 h em ambientes urbanos e de mata ciliar nos municípios de Caraá, Taquara e Campo Bom nos trechos superior, médio e inferior, respectivamente, da Bacia do Rio dos Sinos. Simultaneamente, foram realizados controles negativos e levantados dados climáticos. Frequências de micronúcleos (MCN) foram determinadas em tétrades jovens de células-mãe de grãos de pólen e expressas como MCN/100 tétrades. Frequências de MCN significativamente superiores foram observadas em botões expostos nos ambientes urbanos e de matas ciliares em Taquara (até 7,23 e 4,80, respectivamente) e Campo Bom (até 4,90 e 4,23, respectivamente) do que em botões expostos em Caraá (até 2,90 e 2,50, respectivamente), na maioria das amostragens, e em relação ao controle negativo (até 1,93) em todos os meses. Ao longo do período monitorado, ocorreram variações significativas nas frequências de MCN em todos os pontos amostrais, com exceção do ambiente urbano de Caraá. Para os ambientes urbanos, foi observada relação entre a frequência de MCN, tráfego veicular e temperatura média. Para os fragmentos de mata ciliar, não houve associação entre a frequência de MCN e fatores climáticos. Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea pode ser considerada uma ferramenta útil para apontar áreas com poluição atmosférica aumentada, desde que, sob condições climáticas severas, a exposição das plantas seja evitada, para minimizar o efeito destas sobre a formação de micronúcleos.

Biomonitoring the genotoxic potential of the air on Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea under climatic conditions in the Sinos River basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Abstract The present study evaluated the genotoxic effects of the atmospheric air on Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea in urban areas with different intensities of vehicular traffic and in riparian forest fragments in the Sinos River Basin (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), considering the influence of climatic conditions prevailing in these environments. Bimonthly, from May 2012 to March 2013, cuttings with flower buds were exposed for 8 h in urban and riparian forest environments in the municipalities of Caraá, Taquara and Campo Bom in the upper, middle and lower sections, respectively, of the Sinos River Basin. Simultaneously, negative controls were made and climatic data were recorded. Micronuclei (MCN) frequencies were determined in young tetrads of pollen mother cells and expressed as MCN/100 tetrads. Significantly higher MCN frequencies were observed in buds exposed in urban and riparian forest environments in Taquara (up to 7.23 and 4.80, respectively) and Campo Bom (up to 4.90 and 4.23, respectively) than in buds exposed in Caraá (up to 2.90 and 2.50, respectively), in the majority of samplings, and in relation to the negative control (up to 1.93) in all months. Over the course of the period monitored, there were significant variations in MCN frequencies at all sampling points, with the exception of the urban environment in Caraá. For the urban environments, relation between the MCN frequency, vehicular traffic and mean temperature was observed. For the riparian forest fragments, there was no association between MCN frequency and climatic factors. Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea can be considered a useful tool to point out areas with increased atmospheric pollution, since the exposure of plants under severe climatic conditions is avoided to minimize their negative influence on the formation of micronuclei.

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos genotóxicos do ar atmosférico sobre Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea em áreas urbanas com diferentes intensidades de tráfego veicular e em fragmentos de mata ciliar na Bacia do Rio dos Sinos (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil), considerando a influência de condições climáticas prevalecentes nesses ambientes. Bimensalmente, de maio de 2012 a março de 2013, ramos com botões florais foram expostos por 8 h em ambientes urbanos e de mata ciliar nos municípios de Caraá, Taquara e Campo Bom nos trechos superior, médio e inferior, respectivamente, da Bacia do Rio dos Sinos. Simultaneamente, foram realizados controles negativos e levantados dados climáticos. Frequências de micronúcleos (MCN) foram determinadas em tétrades jovens de células-mãe de grãos de pólen e expressas como MCN/100 tétrades. Frequências de MCN significativamente superiores foram observadas em botões expostos nos ambientes urbanos e de matas ciliares em Taquara (até 7,23 e 4,80, respectivamente) e Campo Bom (até 4,90 e 4,23, respectivamente) do que em botões expostos em Caraá (até 2,90 e 2,50, respectivamente), na maioria das amostragens, e em relação ao controle negativo (até 1,93) em todos os meses. Ao longo do período monitorado, ocorreram variações significativas nas frequências de MCN em todos os pontos amostrais, com exceção do ambiente urbano de Caraá. Para os ambientes urbanos, foi observada relação entre a frequência de MCN, tráfego veicular e temperatura média. Para os fragmentos de mata ciliar, não houve associação entre a frequência de MCN e fatores climáticos. Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea pode ser considerada uma ferramenta útil para apontar áreas com poluição atmosférica aumentada, desde que, sob condições climáticas severas, a exposição das plantas seja evitada, para minimizar o efeito destas sobre a formação de micronúcleos.

Ferramenta de apoio à decisão para o controle da poluição sonora urbana / A decision-support tool for the control of urban noise pollution

Resumo Com a preocupação cada vez maior em atingir uma melhor qualidade de vida nos centros urbanos, várias ferramentas são disponibilizadas a fim de nortear ações e planos para minimizar ou mitigar os impactos nocivos à população. Este trabalho procura contribuir com uma metodologia de quantificação da população exposta ao ruído, por meio de uma classificação da poluição sonora urbana. A partir da contagem de fluxo de veículos e composição de tráfego ao redor de quadras urbanas, foi gerado um mapa de ruído por simulação computacional. As quadras urbanas foram classificadas quanto à faixa de ruído e sua população foi estimada com base nos setores censitários e na metragem de área construída. Os dados de classes acústicas de quadras e número de moradores por quadra foram comparados, permitindo estimar a população exposta a níveis de ruído acima de 65 dB(A), limite superior ao estabelecido pela legislação. Como resultado, foi possível desenvolver um mapa da área de estudo que permite rápida identificação de quadras prioritárias para ações de mitigação ao ruído.

Abstract Improving the quality of life is increasingly seen as an important urban planning goal. In order to reach it, various tools are being developed to mitigate the negative impacts of human activities on society. This paper develops a methodology for quantifying the population's exposure to noise, by proposing a classification of urban blocks. Taking into account the vehicular flow and traffic composition of the surroundings of urban blocks, we generated a noise map by applying a computational simulation. The urban blocks were classified according to their noise range and then the population was estimated for each urban block, by a process which was based on the census tract and the constructed area of the blocks. The acoustical classes of urban blocks and the number of inhabitants per block were compared, so that the population exposed to noise levels above 65 dB(A) could be estimated, which is the highest limit established by legislation. As a result, we developed a map of the study area, so that urban blocks that should be priority targets for noise mitigation actions can be quickly identified.

Biomechanical simulation model of upper limb interaction for human-spacesuit system / 医用生物力学

Objective To calculate joint torques and muscle forces of astronaut in spacesuit by establishing the biomechanical simulation model of upper limb interaction for human-spacesuit system, so as to assess the risk in extra-vehicular activities. Methods For spacesuit upper limb, the kinematic model of rigid body rotation and hysteresis model of joint resistant torque were built, respectively, to describe the kinematic and dynamic features of spacesuit joints. Kinematic coupling of human and spacesuit upper limb was fulfilled by restricting the displacement between spacesuit elbow and human elbow, and dynamic coupling was fulfilled by using virtual reaction element. An integrated simulation model was established in the framework of inverse sport biomechanics. With this model, the elbow flexion/extension of the astronaut under pressure-suited, unpressured-suited and unsuited condition was simulated for case study. Results The correlation coefficients of predicted muscle activation and iEMG for biceps under the three conditions were 0.86, 0.71 and 0.65, respectively; the corresponding correlation coefficients for triceps were 0.75, 0.61 and 0.60, respectively. The consistency between predicted muscle activations and surface electromyography collected in experiment qualitatively validated the accuracy of this model, and the consistency between human elbow joint torque working on muscles and spacesuit elbow joint resistant torque validated the rationality of the model. Conclusions The established biomechanical simulation model of upper limb interaction for human-spacesuit system can effectively calculate the joint torque and muscle force of astronaut in spacesuit. The simulation and experiment results indicate that joint resistant torque in pressured spacesuit has great influence on human joint torque and muscle workload, which offers methodological support for physical workload and musculoskeletal risk evaluation for astronauts in extra-vehicular activity.

A Postmortem Study of Pedestrian Injuries to Find out Risk Factors And Preventive Measures.

Objectives: Present study is a little effort to understand factors responsible for pedestrians accidents, to determine risk factors, sources and causes of mortality involved in pedestrians accidents, to reach a conclusion regarding prevention of pedestrians accidents and reducing pedestrians mortality. Materials and Method: Present study is a retrospective study based on an analysis of 156 autopsies on cases of pedestrian accidents at Sheth V.S. General Hospital, Ahmadabad during two consecutive years from May 2008 to April 2010. Result: Following risk factors are identified from this study- old age, heavy motor vehicles, city life, morning hours of the day etc. Pedestrians are the most vulnerable to vehicular injuries and victims of road traffic accidents. There is less awareness in pedestrians as well as in drivers of vehicles regarding road traffic accidents and its consequences.