Valoración de las respuestas conductuales al dolor durante el cambio postural en pacientes sedados orointubados / Assessment of behavioral responses to pain during postural change in intubated sedated patients

Introducción: los pacientes críticos, bajo sedación y apoyo ventilatorio invasivo presentan dolor, la barrera más grande para su detección es la incapacidad de comunicarse; sin embargo, el hecho de que el paciente no pueda referir su dolor, no significa que no lo padezca. Objetivo: describir las respuestas conductuales al dolor durante el cambio postural en pacientes sedados oro intubados. Material y métodos: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, observacional, longitudinal. Muestra n= 50 pacientes, se utilizó la escala BPS (Behavioral Pain Scale) como instrumento de valoración del dolor, se midió en tres momentos: 1 minuto antes, durante y 10 minutos después del cambio postural. Resultados: el cambio postural del paciente con sedación y ventilación mecánica provocó dolor en 56% de los pacientes; antes de realizar el cambio postural se identificó una media del dolor de 4.6, durante el cambio postural aumento a 6.5 y posterior al cambio disminuyo a una media de 4, siendo un factor protector. Conclusiones: la movilización del paciente sedado oro intubado requiere de la participación del equipo multidisciplinar, para el manejo de la ventilación mecánica, el cuidado de sondas y catéteres, cuidados de la piel, prevención de caídas y aplicación correcta de la técnica de movilización, la cual demanda experiencia clínica del personal que participa en la valoración y manejo de las respuestas conductuales al dolor.

Introduction: critical patients, under sedation and invasive ventilatory support present pain, the greatest barrier to its detection is the inability to communicate, however, the fact that the patient cannot report their pain does not mean that they do not suffer from it. Objective: to describe the behavioral responses to pain during postural change in sedated or intubated patients. Material and Methods: quantitative, descriptive, observational, longitudinal study. Sample n = 50 patients, the BPS scale (Behavioral Pain Scale) was used as an instrument for assessing pain, it was measured at three moments: 1 minute before, during and 10 minutes after the postural change. Results: the postural change of the patient with sedation and mechanical ventilation caused unacceptable pain in 56% of the patients; Before making the postural change, a mean pain of 4.6 was identified, during the postural change it increased to 6.5 and after the change it decreased to a mean of 4, being a protective factor. Conclusions: the mobilization of the sedated or intubated patient requires the participation of the multidisciplinary team, for the management of mechanical ventilation, care of tubes and catheters, skin care, prevention of falls and correct application of the mobilization technique, which It demands clinical experience from the personnel involved in the assessment and management of behavioral responses to pain.

Application of BIPAP ventilation in children patients with severe hand foot and mouth disease complicating neurogenic pulmonary edema / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the influence of two different mechanical ventilation modes of bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation(BIPAP)and synchronized intermittent ventilation (SIMV)on the respiratory function and clinical curative effect in children patients with severe hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD)complicating neurogenic pulmonary edema.Methods Thirty children patients with severe HFMD complicating neurogenic pulmonary edema receiving mechanical ventilation were divided into the SIMV group (control group)and BIPAP group (experimental group).The lung protective ventilation strategy was applied in both groups.After 30 min use of SIMV and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)ventilation,the experimental group changed to use the BIPAP ventilation mode,while the control group still used the initial parameters.The airway peak pressure,alveolar plat-form (Pplat)pressure,lung compliance,pH value,arterial blood CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2 )and oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2 )at 0 h (baseline value),24,48,72 h after mechanical ventilation were monitored.Besides,the duration of mechanical ventila-tion,28 d mortality rate and the length of ICU stay were observed.Results Thirty children patients smoothly spent their acute re-spiratory failure period.One case in each group during the later period of treatment was transferred to the other hospital for contin-uous therapy.Among them the transferred case in the control group finally died due to give up treatment.The rest 28 cases all were cured and discharged from hospital.The 28 d mortality rates in the two groups were 6.67% and 0% respectively,with no statistical difference (P >0.05).Compared with the control group,the airway peak pressure,Pplat and PaCO2 after mechanical ventilation for 24,48,72 h in the experimental group were significantly decreased(P <0.05);the lung compliance and PaO2/ FiO2 improvement was significantly higher than that in the control group(P <0.05);meanwhile the duration of mechanical ventilation and the length of ICU stay in the experimental group were shorter than those in the control group (P <0.05).Conclusion The BIPAP mode used in the mechanical ventilation therapy of the children patients with severe HFMD complicating neurogenic pulmonary edema can pro-vide better effective ventilation,improve oxygenation and respiratory function,and shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation.

Does Hypercapnic Acidosis, induced by Adding CO2 to Inspired Gas, Have Protective Effect in a Ventilator-induced Lung Injury?

To investigate whether hypercapnic acidosis, induced by adding CO2 to inspired gas, would be protective effect against ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), we ventilated 55 normal white rabbits for 6 hr or until PaO2/FIO2 <200 mmHg. Control group (n=15) was ventilated with peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 15 cm H2O, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 3 cm H2O, an inspiration-to-expiration ratio of 1:2, and an inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) of 0.40. High pressure hypercapnic group (HPHC; n=20) was ventilated with PIP of 30 cm H2O, PEEP of 0 cm H2O, and FIO2 of 0.40. Carbon dioxide was introduced into the inspiratory limb of the ventilator circuit, as necessary to maintain hypercapnia (PaCO2, 65 to 75 mmHg). High pressure normocapnic group (HPNC; n=20) was ventilated with same setting of HPHC, except normocapnia (PaCO2, 35 to 45 mmHg). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, interleukin-8 were significantly higher in high pressure ventilator group than control group (p<0.05). Wet weight to dry weight (WW/DW) and histologic scores were significantly higher in high pressure ventilator group than control group (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in oxygenation, BALF inflammatory markers, WW/DW and histologic scores between HPHC and HPNC groups. These findings suggest that hypercapnic acidosis at least induced by CO2 insufflation would not be protective effect against VILI in this model.