Da circum-navegação da Vital de Oliveira às novas tabelas de rações: alimentação e saúde a bordo dos navios da Marinha Imperial Brasileira, 1879-1886 / From the circumnavigation of the Vital de Oliveira to the new ration tables: nutrition and health on Brazilian Imperial Navy vessels, 1879-1886

Resumo Entre 1879 e 1881 a corveta Vital de Oliveira realizou a primeira viagem de circum-navegação da Marinha Brasileira. Um dos itens que ocuparam as preocupações do comandante do navio, Júlio de Noronha, em seu relatório da viagem foi a alimentação; preocupação reforçada no relatório médico da expedição redigido pelo primeiro-cirurgião Galdino Magalhães. Essa preocupação ganhou destaque devido ao elevado saldo de enfermos e mortos durante a viagem, para o que teria contribuído a carência de determinados gêneros alimentícios, de acordo com ambos os relatórios. O artigo discute a relação entre a alimentação e a saúde das tripulações. Além disso, trata da relação entre a viagem da Vital e a implementação de uma nova tabela de rações efetivada em 1886.

Abstract The corvette Vital de Oliveira was the first Brazilian Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world, from 1879 to 1881. One of the items that concerned its captain, Júlio de Noronha, in his trip report was the food supply, which was further reinforced in the medical report for the expedition written by the head surgeon, Galdino Magalhães. This concern was notable due to the high numbers of sailors who sickened and died during the trip, which according to both reports may have been caused by shortages of certain foods. This article discusses the relationship between food and health in the crew, as well as the relationship between this journey and the implementation of a new ration table that took effect in 1886.

A viagem a lazer como experiência (trans)formadora para idosos / Leisure travel as a (trans)formative experience for the elderly / El viaje de ócio como experiência (trans)formadora para ancianos / Les voyages de loisir en tant qu'expérience (trans) formative pour les personnes âgées

O envelhecimento já se apresenta como uma realidade nas sociedades contemporâneas com o rápido crescimento da população idosa, motivado pelo aumento da expectativa de vida e pela redução da fertilidade e mortalidade. A partir daí, surgem desafios para esse segmento etário, principalmente em países que não se prepararam para tal tendência social, como é o caso do Brasil. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa propõe-se a compreender os significados da viagem a lazer para o idoso. Como método investigativo, a pesquisa desenha-se como exploratória e descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa, de enfoque etnográfico. Teve-se como lócus de investigação a cidade de São Luís, Maranhão, a partir de um projeto voltado para o idoso da Universidade Integrada da Terceira Idade - UNITI. Como técnicas e instrumentos de coleta, utilizaram-se entrevistas narrativas, observação participante e diário de campo. Como técnica de análise, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo de Bardin, para que se pudesse elaborar categorias. A coleta de dados segmentou-se em três etapas: a expectativa da viagem, a viagem e a pós-viagem. As categorias de análise e a interpretação dos conteúdos nos indicam que a viagem é uma atividade que atribui sentido à vida do idoso e estimula processos de autonomia, independência, qualidade de vida e expectativa de vida saudável, contribuindo para um envelhecimento com qualidade.

Aging is already a reality in contemporary societies with the rapid growth of the elderly population, motivated by increased life expectancy and reduced fertility and mortality. From then on, challenges arise for this age segment, especially in countries that have not prepared for such a social trend, such as Brazil. In this context, this research aims to understand the meaning of leisure travel for the elderly. As an investigative method, the research is designed as exploratory and descriptive, with a qualitative approach, ethnographic approach. The research locus was the city of São Luís, Maranhão, from a project aimed at the elderly of the Integrated University of the Third Age - UNITI. As collection techniques and instruments, narrative interviews, participant observation, and field diary were used. As an analysis technique, Bardin's content analysis was used, so that categories could be elaborated. Data collection was divided into three stages: travel expectation, travel, and post-trip. The categories of analysis and interpretation of the contents indicate that travel is an activity that gives meaning to the life of the elderly and stimulates processes of autonomy, independence, quality of life, and healthy life expectancy, contributing to quality aging.

El envejecimiento ya es una realidad en las sociedades contemporáneas con el rápido crecimiento de la población de ancianos, motivado por el aumento de la expectativa de vida y por la disminución de la fertilidad y mortandad. A partir de ahí, surgen retos para este segmento de edad, principalmente en países que no se prepararon para tal tendencia social, como es el caso de Brasil. En este contexto, esta investigación propone comprender los significados del viaje de ocio para el anciano. Como método la investigación se dibuja como exploratoria y descriptiva, con enfoque cualitativo, etnográfico. El locus de investigación fue la ciudad de São Luis, Maranhão, a partir de un proyecto especialmente para el anciano de la Universidad Integrada de la Tercera Edad - UNITI. Como técnicas e instrumentos de colecta, se utilizó entrevistas narrativas, observación participante y diario de campo. Como técnica de análisis, se utilizo el análisis de contenido de Bardin, para que se pudiera elaborar categorías. La colecta de datos se dividió en tres etapas: la expectativa del viaje, el viaje y el post- viaje. Las categorías de análisis y la interpretación de los contenidos indican que el viaje es una actividad que atribuye sentido a la vida del anciano y estimula procesos de autonomía, independencia, calidad de vida y expectativa de vida saludable, contribuyendo para un envejecimiento con calidad.

Le vieillissement est déjà une réalité dans les sociétés contemporaines avec la croissance rapide de la population âgée, motivée par une augmentation d'espérance de vie et une réduction de fécondité et de mortalité. Dès lors, des défis se posent à ce groupe d'âge, en particulier aux pays qui ne sont pas préparés à cette tendance sociale, comme le Brésil. Dans ce contexte, cette recherche se propose de comprendre la signification des voyages de loisirs pour les personnes âgées. En tant que méthode d'investigation, la recherche est conçue comme exploratoire et descriptive, avec une approche qualitative et ethnographique. Le site de recherche a été la ville de São Luís, au l'état du Maranhão au Brésil. Il s'agit d'un projet destiné aux personnes âgées de l'Université Intégrée du Troisième Âge - UNITI. On a utilisé comme techniques et instruments de collecte des entretiens narratifs, de l'observation des participants et un journal de terrain. La technique d'analyse utilisée a été l'analyse du contenu de Bardin afin de pouvoir élaborer des catégories. La collecte des données a été divisée en trois étapes: les attentes des voyageurs, le voyage et l'après le voyage. Les catégories d'analyse et d'interprétation des contenus indiquent que les voyages sont un activité qui donne de sens à la vie des personnes âgées et stimule les processus d'autonomie, d'indépendance, de qualité de vie et d'espérance de vie en bonne santé. Cela contribue au vieillissement en qualité.

Metagenomic analysis of symbiotic microorganism in sailors with long sea voyage / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of long sea voyage working environment on the symbiotic microorganisms and their relationship with their hosts .Methods The periumbilical microbial sam-ples from the operating workers of long sea voyage before and after operation were collected .Then 16S rRNA V4 section amplification ,sequencing and whole metagenome shotgun high-throughput sequencing were per-formed .Moreover the bacterial community structure ,kinds and microorganism metabolic function change were analyzed .The peripheral blood was collected from the workers of long sea voyage operation and shore-based operation for conducting the blood routine analysis .Results After 105 d ocean sailing ,the diversity of perium-bilical microbial community in the workers with long sea voyage operation decreased and the relative abun-dance of Firmicutes increased ,w hile w hich of Proteobacteria decreased ;w hich of Staphylococcus increased , while which of Corynebacteria decreased ,the differences were statistically significant (P<0 .05) ,the relative a-bundance of pathogenic bacteria or conditional pathogenic bacteria ,especially Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcusaureus aureus ,increased significantly .T he functional gene analysis indicated that the expres-sion of periumbilical microbial infection related genes increased after the long sea voyage operation .Compared with shore-based operation workers ,the proportion of workers with peripheral blood lymphocytes abnormal elevation in the long sea voyage group increased significantly ,the difference was statistically significant (P<0 .05) .Conclusion The periumbilical skin symbiotic microorganisms may reflect the health conditions in the workers with long sea voyage operation .

Biochemical indices of red blood cells in additive solution leukocytes reduced preserved in navy ship force during a long voyage / 军事医学

Objective To explore the influence on and changes in the biochemical indices of red blood cells(RBCs)in additive solution leukocytes reduced preserved in navy ship force on a long voyage.Methods According to the Requirement of Health Examination for Blood Donors(GB 18467 -2011),RBCs in additive solution leukocytes reduced were prepared from 10 healthy voluntary blood donators one day before sailing.Each blood sample was divided into two parts,one in test group and another in control group.All the groups had samples taken for the biochemical index detection after 1,3,5,7,14 and 21 days of sailing respectively.Results ①The change in total protein(P=0.235)and albumin (P=0.119)concentration was not obvious,and the difference between the two groups was not significant.②The change in total creatinine(P=0.001)and uric acid(P=0.001)concentration was obvious, but the difference between the two groups was not significant.③The change in total cholesterol(P=0.354)concentration was not obvious,but the change in triglycerides(P=0.005)concentration was significant.The difference between the two groups was not significant.④The concentration of lactate dehydrogenase, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase increased with the time of preservation(P<0.001).The difference between the two groups was not significant.⑤The interaction between grouping effect and time effect had no significant influence on the concentration of osmolarity(OSM)(P=0.968)and glucose(Glu) (P=0.406).Between the two groups,the difference of concentrations of OSM(P=0.569)and Glu(P=0.115)was not significant.Conclusion Under the 4 class sea conditions, a long voyage has some impact on the storage of RBCs in additive solution leukocytes reduced,as in the conventional blood storage refrigerator(4 ±2)℃.The results of this study have important clinical implications for our further study of marine blood support.

A preliminary study of emergency blood collection during a long-distance voyage / 军事医学

Objective To study the method of emergency blood collection during a long-distance voyage to ensure blood transfusion treatment.Methods Ten voluntary blood donors were recruited, a base unit of blood was collected and preserved.Reactions of the blood donors were observed, and the blood quality was tested.Results The success rate of blood collection was 90% and the qualification rate was 100%.Conclusion Emergency blood collection during a long-distance voyage is feasible,which can help ensure blood supply in peace time or war time.

À procura do pai: Observações sobre o filme Central do Brasil (Walter Salles, 1998) / En busca del padre. Notas sobre la película Estación Central de Brasil / Looking for father. Observations on the film Central Station / À la recherche du père. Notes sur le film Central do Brasil

O tema principal de Central do Brasil, obra-prima de Walter Salles (1998), é a separação e a perda. Ambos os personagens principais sofreram perdas dolorosas, uma mulher de meia-idade (Dora) e uma criança (Josué), pouco confiáveis, estão à procura de seu pai. No curso de sua jornada, uma jornada literal e metafórica, os dois encontram no "apego" que desenvolvem gradualmente um para o outro, repletos de ambivalência, uma maneira de reparar os danos que sofreram anteriormente em suas vidas.

The main theme of Central Station (1998), a Walter Salles' cinematographic masterpiece, is separation, loss. The main characters are an unreliable middle-aged woman (Dora) and a child (Josué). Both of them experienced painful losses in the past and, together, have been now looking for his father. In the course of their journey, they both have found a way to repair the damages they suffered earlier in their lives. The way they have found arises from the "attachment" they have gradually developed for each other - an attachment which is fraught with ambivalence.

El tema principal de Estación Central de Brasil, una obra maestra de Walter Salles (1998), es la separación y la pérdida. Ambos personajes principales sufrieron pérdidas dolorosas, una mujer de mediana edad (Dora) y un niño (Josué), poco fiable, están en busca de su padre. En el transcurso de esta jornada, una jornada literal y metafórica, ambos encuentran en el "apego" que se va desarrollando gradualmente entre uno y otro, repleto de ambivalencia, una manera de reparar los daños sufridos anteriormente en sus vidas.

Le thème principal de Central do Brasil, un chef-d'œuvre de Walter Salles (1998), c'est la séparation et la perte. Les deux personnages principaux ont subi des pertes douloureuses, une femme d'âge moyen (Dora) et un enfant (Josué), peu fiables, sont à la recherche de son père. Au cours de son voyage, un voyage métaphorique et littéral, les deux trouvent dans "l'attachement" qu'ils développent progressivement l'un pour l'autre, plein d'ambivalence, une manière de réparer les dommages subis auparavant dans leurs vies.

A tracking study on sleep characteristics of submariners during a long-term voyage / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To explore the sleep characteristics of submariners during a long-term voyage, so as to provide scientific evidence for ensuring submariners with good sleep during long-term voyages. Methods The sleep status of submariners who participated in a long-term voyage was tested by Self-Rating Scale of Sleep (SRSS) before the voyage, and before and after each voyage section during the voyage. The sleep status variation of submariners who performed different types of tasks, from the beginning to the end of each voyage section and of each resting-on-the-sea section was analyzed respectively. Comparison of sleep scores was performed between submariners and surface ship crew in the second voyage section. Numbers of submariners with sleep problem were compared in each voyage section. Results Generally speaking, submariners' sleep status at the end of voyage section was significantly worse than that at the beginning of voyage section and that before the whole voyage (P0.05). After finishing a voyage section and taking a resting-on-the-sea, submariners' sleep status returned to the level of pre-voyage (P>0.05), and was significantly better than that before the resting-on-the-sea (P0.05). Compared with that of surface ship crew who accomplished the same voyage section, submariners had an obviously better sleep status after taking a resting-on-the-sea (P0.05), but the latter was significantly more than the former when the second voyage section was finished (P<0.05). During the resting-on-the-sea period, the numbers of submariners with sleep problems in both the second and the third voyage section were significantly more than those in the first voyage section (P<0.05, P<0.01). The numbers of submariners with sleep problems who implemented the third voyage section were significantly more than those who implemented the first and the second voyage section (P<0.01). Conclusions Generally, the sleep quality of submariners is significantly worse after accomplished a voyage section task, and the degree of sleep problems may be accumulated to worse and worse along with the increase of long-term voyage time. Whereas, submariners may have a significantly better sleep status after taking a resting-on-the-sea, implying that resting-on-the-sea is an effective way to ensure submariners a good sleep during a long-term voyage.

The disease constitution of crew members during different stages of a long voyage on the sea in a frigate / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the change of disease constitution at different stages of a long voyage on the sea in a frigate. Methods The participants included the crew members in a frigate of PLA navy force. The disease types of the crew members were recorded at different stages of a long voyage on the sea in the frigate, including the whole voyage, early stage of voyage, middle stage of voyage and the late stage of voyage. Then, the disease constitution ratios at different stages was calculated, compared and sorted. Results It was found that the disease constituent ratios during the whole course, from high to low, was: respiratory infection,acute gastroenteritis,lumbar muscle degeneration,insomnia,kinetosis,dermatitis,oral ulcer,conjunctivitis,trauma,disease of cardiovascular system,paronychia and urinary calculi. The ranking during the early stage, from high to low, was: kinetosis, respiratory infection,trauma,acute gastroenteritis,lumbar muscle degeneration,disease of cardiovascular system,insomnia and dermatitis; the ranking during the middle stage was respiratory infection,acute gastroenteritis,lumbar muscle degeneration,insomnia,dermatitis,oral ulcer,trauma,conjunctivitis, urinary calculi and paronychia; and that during the late stage was: respiratory infection,lumbar muscle degeneration,insomnia,dermatitis,oral ulcer,acute gastroenteritis,conjunctivitis,kinetosis,disease of cardiovascular system,trauma,urinary calculi and paronychia. Conclusion Both the disease type and the disease constitution of the crew members change during different stages of a long voyage on the sea in a frigate.

Bacteriological change in buccal mucosa during long-term voyage / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To study the bacteriological change in buccal mucosa of sailors during long-term voyage and provide basis for the prevention and treatment of buccal diseases .Methods Bacterial cultivation ,isolation of 164 buccal mucosa specimens were used and analyzed by both handwork and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) identification .Results 18 species and 64 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the whole samples .The num-ber of pathogenic bacteria increased while the number of dwelling bacteria decreased significantly later in the voyage .Comparing with the medical group ,the number of pathogenic bacteria detected in mechanical and electrical group was significantly high (P0 .05) .Conclusion Sailors to fatigue during long-term voyage indicates by decline of immunological function and buccal dysbacteriosis ,which easily lead to buccal and other system diseases .

As origens do alienismo no Brasil: dois artigos pioneiros sobre o Hospício de Pedro II / The origins of insane asylums in Brazil: two pioneer articles on Hospício de Pedro II (Pedro II Insane Asylum, Rio de Janeiro) / Les origines de l'aliénisme au Brésil: deux articles pionniers sur l'Hospice Pedro II / Los orígenes del alienismo en Brasil: dos artículos sobre el Hospício Pedro II

O artigo discute dois trabalhos que, de forma pioneira, descreveram o funcionamento do Hospício de Pedro II, primeira instituição psiquiátrica do Brasil: L'hospice Pedro II et les Alienés au Brésil, de Phillipe-Marius Rey (1875); e Visite a L'sile de Pedro II a Rio de Janeiro, de François Jouin (1880). O contexto histórico de criação do hospício e seu funcionamento inicial são analisados. Sua construção é correlacionada à afirmação política do Segundo Reinado. Aspectos referentes à organização do alienismo no país e às características raciais da sociedade brasileira são abordados.

This article discusses two important documents in Brazilian psychiatric history. One was written by Phillipe-Marius Rey (1875) and entitled "L'hospice Pedro II et les Alienés au Brésil." It described the operations of the Pedro II Asylum, located in Rio de Janeiro, which was the first psychiatric institution in Brazil. The second document was "Visite a L'asile de Pedro II a Rio de Janeiro," by François Jouin (1880). In these texts the historical context of its founding and initial operations of the asylum are analyzed. Its establishment is related to the political realities of the 19th century. Aspects concerning organization of the treatment of the insane in Brazil, and society's racial characteristics there are mentioned.

Cet article analyse deux études qui, de façon inédite, ont décrit le fonctionnement de l'Hospice Pedro II, la première institution psychiatrique brésilienne: ®L'Hospice Pedro II et les aliénés au Brésil¼, de Marius-Philippe Rey (1875), et ®Visite à l'Asile Pedro II à Rio de Janeiro¼, de François Jouin (1880). Le contexte historique de la création de l'hospice, ainsi que son fonctionnement initial sont analysés. Sa construction est corrélée à l'affirmation politique du Second Règne. Des aspects concernant l'organisation de l'aliénisme au Brésil et les caractéristiques raciales de la société brésilienne y sont traités.

El artículo analiza dos estudios que, por primera vez, han descrito el funcionamiento del hospicio Pedro II, la primera institución psiquiátrica en Brasil: "L'hospice Pedro II et les alienés au Brésil", de PhillipeMarius Rey (1875); y "Visite a L'asile de Pedro II a Rio de Janeiro", de Francois Jouin (1880). Se analiza el contexto histórico de la creación del hospicio y su funcionamiento inicial. Su construcción se relaciona con la afirmación política del Segundo Reinado. Además se abordan aspectos que tienen que ver con la organización del alienismo y con las características raciales de la sociedad brasileña.