The Effect of Thriving and Workplace Spirituality on Innovative Work Behavior and Career Adaptability Among Railway Employees

Introduction-This research aimed to study the effect of Thriving and Workplace Spirituality on Innovative Work Behavior and Career Adaptability among railway employees (TC) because of the competitive environment they experience. Method- The participants were 105 railway employees between the age of 40-60 years, residing in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The purposive and snowball sampling methods were used for the study. The scales used were - Thriving at work scale (Porath et al,2012), Spirit at work scale (SAW) (Kinjersky, 2013), Innovative work behavior ( Jesson, 2009), Career Adapt Abilities Scale – short form (CAAS- SF) (Maggiori et al, 2012). The data were analyzed using 4 independent ‘t tests’. Results-Thriving had a significant effect on Innovative Work Behavior and Career Adaptability among railway employees. Thus Thriving might act as an advantage in the competitive work environment of TCs. Since Thriving cannot be developed individually as a skill, there is a need to study Workplace Spirituality. Results obtained suggest that there was no significant effect of Workplace Spirituality on Innovative Work Behavior which can be attributed to the Covid-19 situation. Later analysis shows that Workplace Spirituality has a significant effect on Career Adaptability, suggesting that the Workplace Spirituality plays will help in better career adaptability among railway employees. Conclusion- Thriving is considered to be a human aspect of sustainability which is important to produce high performance. Thus if we can enhance Workplace Spirituality for railway employees, they might experience Thriving which will eventually contribute to enhancing IWB and Career Adaptability.

Comportamiento innovador en el trabajo: Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la Escala de Janssen / Innovative work behavior: Confirmatory factorial analysis of Janssen's Scale

Resumen El comportamiento laboral innovador constituye un complejo conjunto de acciones tendientes a la generación (producción de ideas novedosas y útiles), promoción (socialización y construcción de coaliciones entre aliados potenciales necesarios para desarrollarlas) y realización (desarrollo efectivo de la innovación) de ideas novedosas. Entre los instrumentos diseñados para medir este constructo, la Escala de Comportamiento Laboral Innovador de Janssen se destaca como uno de los más utilizados en las investigaciones contemporáneas. No obstante, aún no existe consenso respecto a su estructura factorial. Este estudio presenta evidencias de validez interna de su adaptación para Argentina. Se diseñó un estudio instrumental sobre una muestra multiocupacional de 543 trabajadores (64 % mujeres; .edad = 35.32 años; .antigüedad laboral = 8.78 años). Mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios se contrastaron tres modelos de medida elaborados con base en la teoría y la evidencia empírica: (a) un modelo unifactorial, (b) un modelo trifactorial oblicuo y, (c) un modelo trifactorial con un factor de segundo orden. Los índices de ajuste absoluto, incremental y parsimonioso fueron adecuados para los tres modelos. No obstante, se encontraron coeficientes de correlación entre los factores latentes superiores a 1, lo que indicó que los dos últimos modelos no eran inválidos. No se encontró evidencia que sustente la validez discriminante-convergente y la confiabilidad de las supuestas tres dimensiones del comportamiento innovador. Con base en estos hallazgos, se concluye que el modelo de medida unifactorial constituye la solución más idónea en la muestra analizada, presentando adecuada confiabilidad compuesta e invarianza configural y métrica entre varones y mujeres.

Abstract Innovative work behaviour is defined as the intentional creation, introduction and application of new ideas within a work role, group or organization, in order to benefit role performance, the group, or the organization. Following Janssen (2000), it is conceive as complex behaviour consisting of a set of three different behavioural tasks: idea generation (the production of novel and useful ideas in any domain), idea promotion (the socialization of ideas and built of a coalition of supporters among potential allies such as friends and sponsors, who provide the necessary power and resources to develop the idea), and idea realization (the production of a prototype or model of the innovation that can be experienced and ultimately applied). Although innovative work behaviour is theoretically treated as multi-dimensional, available measures are mostly one-dimensional. Also, the empirical evidence for the validity of innovative work behaviour measures is limited. The Innovative Work Behavior Scale of Janssen (2000) stands out as one of the most measures used in contemporary research. However, there is still no consensus regarding its uni or tri-factorial structure. This study presents evidence of internal validity of the Janssen´s Innovative Work Behavior Scale. An instrumental study was designed on a multi-oupational sample of 543 workers (64 % women, .age = 35.32 years, labor .seniority = 8.78 years). Innovative work behaviours were measured with an argentinean adaptation of Janssen ´s scale. The scale consist in 9 item and it was completed by the own respondents (self-report). The response format was a 5-point scale ranging from 'never' (1) to 'always' (5). Confirmatory factorial analysis were conducted to examinate the scale´s dimensionality. Three measurement models (based on theory and empirical evidence) was estimated: (a) a uni-factorial model, (b) an oblique tri-factorial model and, (c) a tri-factorial model with a second-order factor. Values of absolute, incremental and parsimonious fit were within adequated ranges. Nevertheless, the correlation coefficients between the latent factors indicated problems in the estimation of the last two models (b and c). Specifically, the intercorrelations between idea realization and idea generation factor, as well as between the last one and idea promotion were above 1. This result indicated that a multi-dimensional structure was invalidate. In the same way, the average variance extracted (AVE) and the composite reliability (CR) indixes showed no evidence to support the discriminant-convergent validity and the reliability of the supposed three dimensions of innovative behavior. Given these results, it is concluded that the uni-factorial measurement model is the most suitable solution in the analyzed sample. This model showed adequate composite reliability, as well as configural and metric invariance between men and women. In line with own Janssen (2000) the dimensions may be to combine additively to create an overall scale of innovative work behavior. Future work should explore the nomological network of innovatiwe work behaviours in order to obtain more robust evidence for construct validity. Although some further research is needed, this study has tried to provide evidence of internal validity of a simple and pratical measure that is suitable for different work contexts, especially when innovative efforts are needed from all employees. It can be used in further research aimed to enhance our understanding of individual innovation.

Liderazgo y comportamiento innovador del trabajador en personal administrativo de una institución educativa / Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior in the Administrative Staff of an Educational Institution

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue describir las prácticas de liderazgo que percibe un grupo de 145 empleados respecto a su jefe inmediato y estimar si éstas guardan relación con su comportamiento innovador en el trabajo. El estudio se realizó en una institución de educación superior con funcionarios del área administrativa que pertenecían al mismo departamento. Para esto, se utilizó la Escala de Liderazgo para la Innovación (Innovational Leadership Scale [ils-15]) de Contreras, Espinosa y Dornberger (2019) y la Escala de Comportamiento Innovador en el Trabajo de Janssen (2000). Ambos cuestionarios mostraron altos niveles de confiabilidad (coeficientes alfa de Cronbach superiores a .90). De acuerdo con los resultados, se observa un nivel medio de desarrollo en las dos variables estudiadas. Así mismo, se observó que los empleados con mayor comportamiento innovador perciben un mayor liderazgo para la innovación en sus jefes. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a la formación de líderes que fomenten la innovación en las organizaciones y muestran la necesidad de continuar estudiando este estilo de liderazgo en las empresas colombianas en relación con el comportamiento innovador de sus trabajadores a fin de contribuir al desarrollo de organizaciones más adaptables a las circunstancias cambiantes del entorno.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe the leadership practices perceived by a group of 145 employees with regard to their immediate boss and to estimate whether these practices are related to their innovative behavior at work. The study was conducted in a higher education institution with employees from the administrative area who belonged to the same department. To this end, the Innovational Leadership Scale (ils-15]) of Contreras, Espinosa, and Dornberger (2019) and the Janssen Innovative Work Behaviour Scale (2000) were used. Both questionnaires showed high levels of reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficients greater than .90). According to the results, an average level of development may observed in the two variables that were studied. Likewise, it was observed that the employees with greater innovative behavior perceive greater leadership for innovation in their bosses. These findings contribute to the training of leaders that foster innovation in organizations and demonstrate the need to continue studying this style of leadership in Colombian companies with regard to innovative behavior among their staff, so as to contribute to the development of organizations more adaptable to the changing circumstances of the environment.

Comportamientos contraproducentes en el trabajo: diseño y validación de una escala / Counterproductive Work Behavior: Design and Validation of a Scale

Los comportamientos contraproducentes (CCP) son acciones voluntarias y discrecionales que violan las normas organizacionales. Se describen los pasos seguidos para el desarrollo y validación de una escala para medirlos. A partir de la revisión bibliográfica, entrevistas focales y consultas con expertos se elaboró una escala preliminar que fue aplicada a 336 empleados argentinos. Del análisis factorial exploratorio emergió una estructura trifactorial, la que fue corroborada a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio. La consistencia interna de los factores fue superior a .80. La validez discriminante se examinó mediante correlaciones con medidas de satisfacción, estrés laboral, percepciones de justicia, afectividad y deseabilidad social. Se discute la importancia de contar con instrumentos de medición que reflejen la cultura organizacional de las empresas latinoamericanas.

Counterproductive organizational behaviors (COB) are voluntary and discretionary actions that violate significant organizational norms. This article describes the steps followed for the development and validation of a scale to measure them. From the literature review, focus group, and expert opinion, a preliminary scale with 37 items was designed, which was applied to 336 Argentine employees. An exploratory factor analysis showed a three-factor structure, which was confirmed by a confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency of the factors was greater than .80. The discriminant validity was examined through correlations with measures of justice perceptions, affectivity, satisfaction, job stress, and social desirability. We discuss the importance to have measurement instruments that reflect the organizational culture of Latin American companies.

Incivismo en el lugar de trabajo: un nuevo factor de estrés laboral / Workplace incivility: a new factor of job stress / Falta de civismo no sítio de trabalho: um novo fator de estresse de trabalho

El siguiente trabajo presenta una revisión sobre el constructo "incivismo" en el lugar de trabajo. Se retoma el origen de este constructo, las definiciones, conceptos, diferencias con otros constructos de comportamientos contraproducentes en el trabajo, el proceso de escalada en forma de espiral que se puede dar para transformarse en otras formas más severas de conflicto laboral como mobbing, entre otros. Igualmente, se hace mención de las características personales y organizacionales que fomentan el "incivismo" en el lugar de trabajo, las estrategias organizacionales para prevenirlo y los instrumentos y estudios relacionados con el tema hasta el momento. Por último, se hace referencia del impacto de este nuevo constructo sobre el bienestar de la persona y la organización al considerársele como un nuevo factor de estrés laboral.

The following paper presents a review about the construct of Workplace Incivility. The origin of this construct, its definitions, concepts and differences with other counterproductive work behavior constructs are analyzed, as well as the process of its escalation in the form of a spiral that can be transformed into other forms of job conflict such as mobbing. This article, also examines the personal and organizational characteristics that foment Workplace Incivility, the organizational strategies for preventing it and the instruments and studies related to the topic that have been developed up to the present. Finally, this review describes the impact that this new construct is having on the person's and the organizational well-being as a new factor of job distress.

Neste artigo foi revisado o construto "falta de civismo" no sítio de trabalho. Foi retomada a origem deste construto, as definições, os conceitos, as diferenças com outros construtos de comportamentos contraproducentes no trabalho, o processo de escalada em espiral que pode ocorrer para transformar-se em conflitos de trabalho mais severos, como o mobbing, entre outros. Assim mesmo são mencionadas as características pessoais e organizacionais que levam a promover a "falta de civismo" no sítio de trabalho, as estratégias organizacionais para evitá-lo e as ferramentas e estudos relacionados com este tema até hoje. Por último, se refere ao efeito deste novo construto no bem-estar da pessoa e da empresa por considerar-se um novo fator de estresse de trabalho.

Analysis of the Effect of Dietitians' Work Behavior and Organizational Environment on Quality of Hospital Dietary Services

The purpose of this study was to explore the variables affecting the quality of hospital dietary services. The quality of hospital dietary services was inverstigated in two ways, which can be named by factual quality and perceived quality The variables affecting hospital dietary services were classified into two categories [organizational environment variables] and [work behavior variables]. Quality readiness survey was conducted to investigate [organizational environment variables] and [Work behavior variables] on 225 dietitians working in dietary departments of 45 general hospitals which had more than 400 beds. [organizational environment variables] were categorized into four variable group:'organizational work design', 'organizational culture', 'department head leadership' and 'top management leadership'. [work behavior variables] were categorized into three variable group: 'individual behavior', 'peer group behavior', and 'behavior toward supervisor'. Top management leadership (p< 0.01)' in the [organizational environment variables] had significant impacts on the factual quality of hospital dietary services.