Insects associated to ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29ºS Coquimbo Region, Chile)

Abstract In northern central Chile, ephemeral pools constitute shallow isolated water bodies with a favourable habitat for fauna adapted to seasonal changes. Based on the limited knowledge about the faunaparticularly insectsassociated to these ecosystems, the objective of this study was to characterize the richness, composition, structure and similarity of the insect communities associated with ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29º S, Coquimbo Region, Chile). By using pitfall traps, 10,762 individuals were captured, represented by 7 orders, 27 families, and 51 species. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the best represented orders, with Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Plecoptera being poorly represented groups. The non-parametric estimators evaluated showed wealth values above those observed for all the studied pools, and their accumulation curves suggest the existence of an incomplete species inventory in the studied community. Additionally, the hierarchical and ordering analysis showed groupings of pools located in the northwest and southeast of Huentelauquén. Preliminarily we found a negative correlation between the area of the pools and the richness (species) and abundance of insects. Additional studies (on other arthropod groups and other seasons of the year) could provide a better understanding of the local processes of extinction and colonization of the species inhabiting these fragile coastal environments.

Resumo No norte central do Chile, lagoas efêmeras constituem corpos de água isolados e pouco profundos, com um habitat favorável para a fauna adaptada as mudanças sazonais que as zonas úmidas estão sujeitas. Com relação a estes ecossistemas, sabe-se pouco sobre sua fauna, principalmente a de insetos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a riqueza, composição, estrutura e similaridade das comunidades de insetos que habitam as lagoas temporárias de Huentelauquén (29º S, Região de Coquimbo, Chile). Usando armadilhas de interceptação, se capturou um total de 10.762 indivíduos, pertencentes a 7 ordens, 27 famílias e 51 espécies. Coleoptera e Hymenoptera foram as ordens mais representativas, enquanto Neuroptera, Orthoptera e Plecoptera foram grupos pouco representativos. Os estimadores não paramétricos avaliados mostraram valores de riqueza superiores ao observados para todas as lagoas estudadas, e suas curvas de acumulação parecem indicar que o inventario da comunidade estudada está incompleto. A análise hierárquica e de ordenamento revelou agrupamentos de lagoas correspondentes a zona nordeste e sudeste de Huentelauquén. Preliminarmente encontramos uma correlação negativa entre a área de lagoas efêmeras e a riqueza (espécies) e abundância de insetos. É necessário realizar estudos adicionais (sobre outros grupos de artrópodes e em outras estações do ano) para melhor compreensão dos processos locais de extinção e colonização das espécies que habitam estes frágeis ambientes costeiros estudados.

Insects associated to ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29ºS Coquimbo Region, Chile) / Insetos associados a lagoas temporárias em Huentelauquén (29ºS Região de Coquimbo, Chile)

Abstract In northern central Chile, ephemeral pools constitute shallow isolated water bodies with a favourable habitat for fauna adapted to seasonal changes. Based on the limited knowledge about the fauna—particularly insects—associated to these ecosystems, the objective of this study was to characterize the richness, composition, structure and similarity of the insect communities associated with ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29º S, Coquimbo Region, Chile). By using pitfall traps, 10,762 individuals were captured, represented by 7 orders, 27 families, and 51 species. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the best represented orders, with Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Plecoptera being poorly represented groups. The non-parametric estimators evaluated showed wealth values above those observed for all the studied pools, and their accumulation curves suggest the existence of an incomplete species inventory in the studied community. Additionally, the hierarchical and ordering analysis showed groupings of pools located in the northwest and southeast of Huentelauquén. Preliminarily we found a negative correlation between the area of the pools and the richness (species) and abundance of insects. Additional studies (on other arthropod groups and other seasons of the year) could provide a better understanding of the local processes of extinction and colonization of the species inhabiting these fragile coastal environments.

Resumo No norte central do Chile, lagoas efêmeras constituem corpos de água isolados e pouco profundos, com um habitat favorável para a fauna adaptada as mudanças sazonais que as zonas úmidas estão sujeitas. Com relação a estes ecossistemas, sabe-se pouco sobre sua fauna, principalmente a de insetos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a riqueza, composição, estrutura e similaridade das comunidades de insetos que habitam as lagoas temporárias de Huentelauquén (29º S, Região de Coquimbo, Chile). Usando armadilhas de interceptação, se capturou um total de 10.762 indivíduos, pertencentes a 7 ordens, 27 famílias e 51 espécies. Coleoptera e Hymenoptera foram as ordens mais representativas, enquanto Neuroptera, Orthoptera e Plecoptera foram grupos pouco representativos. Os estimadores não paramétricos avaliados mostraram valores de riqueza superiores ao observados para todas as lagoas estudadas, e suas curvas de acumulação parecem indicar que o inventario da comunidade estudada está incompleto. A análise hierárquica e de ordenamento revelou agrupamentos de lagoas correspondentes a zona nordeste e sudeste de Huentelauquén. Preliminarmente encontramos uma correlação negativa entre a área de lagoas efêmeras e a riqueza (espécies) e abundância de insetos. É necessário realizar estudos adicionais (sobre outros grupos de artrópodes e em outras estações do ano) para melhor compreensão dos processos locais de extinção e colonização das espécies que habitam estes frágeis ambientes costeiros estudados.

Effect of M-wave Amplitude on Inter-evaluator Concordance and Number of Detected Innervation Zones in the Medial Gastrocnemius Using Multichannel Electromyography / Efecto de la Amplitud de la Onda M sobre la Concordancia entre Evaluadores y el Número de Zonas de Inervación Detectadas en el Gastrocnemio Medial Mediante Electromiografía Multicanal

SUMMARY: The Innervation Zones (IZ) correspond to clusters of neuromuscular junctions. The traditional method of locating IZs through voluntary muscle contractions may not be feasible in individuals with motor disorders. Imposed contractions by electrostimulation are an alternative. However, there is limited evidence regarding the factors that affect inter-evaluator concordance and the number of localized IZs when using imposed contraction. The main objective of this research was to determine the effect of the amplitude of compound motor action potentials (CMAPs) containing the M-wave on inter-evaluator agreement. As a secondary objective, was investigate the effect on the number of detected IZs. Twenty-four healthy volunteers (age: 21.2 ± 1.5years, weight: 67.4 ± 13.2kg, height: 1.68 ± 0.80m) participated in the study. Electrostimulation was applied to the tibial nerve to induce contraction of the medial gastrocnemius. The IZ were identified based on the M-wave recorded through multichannel electromyography. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to assess sensitivity and specificity in detecting the IZs. Inter-rater agreement was evaluated using a two-way mixed effects test to determine the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The ROC analysis revealed that for both evaluators, a specificity of 95% was achieved with an amplitude ≥30 %. The area under the ROC curve was 0.980 [0.964, 0.996], indicating a strong influence of CMAP amplitude on detection of IZs. The highest level of agreement (ICC = 0.788 [0.713, 0.844]) among the evaluators was observed with CMAP amplitudes equal to or greater than 80 % of the maximum M-wave. The findings of this study demonstrate that both the number and the inter-evaluator concordance for detecting IZs using imposed contractions are strongly influenced by the amplitude of the M-wave. Higher M-wave amplitudes were associated with improved concordance and increased IZ detection, making it crucial to standardize amplitude settings for reliable outcomes.

Las Zonas de Inervación (IZ) corresponden a grupos de uniones neuromusculares. El método tradicional para localizar IZs mediante contracciones musculares voluntarias puede no ser factible en personas con trastornos motores. Las contracciones impuestas mediante electro estimulación son una alternativa. Sin embargo, existe poca evidencia sobre los factores que afectan la concordancia entre evaluadores y el número de IZs localizadas al usar este tipo de contracciones. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de la amplitud de los potenciales de acción motores compuestos (PAMCs) que contienen la onda M sobre la concordancia entre evaluadores. Como objetivo secundario, se investigó el efecto sobre el número de IZs detectadas. Veinticuatro voluntarios sanos (edad: 21.2 ± 1.5 años, peso: 67.4 ± 13.2 kg, altura: 1.68 ± 0.80 m) participaron en el estudio. Se aplicó electroestimulación al nervio tibial para inducir la contracción del gastrocnemio medial. Las IZs se identificaron según la onda M registrada mediante electromiografía multicanal. Se realizó un análisis de curva de las característica del receptor (ROC) para evaluar la sensibilidad y especificidad en la detección de las IZs. La concordancia entre evaluadores se evaluó utilizando una prueba de efectos mixtos de dos vías para determinar los coeficientes de correlación intraclase (ICC). Se consideró un valor de p menor que 0.05 como estadísticamente significativo. El análisis ROC reveló que para ambos evaluadores se logró una especificidad del 95% con una amplitud ≥30 %. El área bajo la curva ROC fue de 0.980 [0.964, 0.996], lo que indica una fuerte influencia de la amplitud del CMAP en la detección de las IZs. El nivel más alto de concordancia (ICC = 0.788 [0.713, 0.844]) entre los evaluadores se observó con amplitudes de CMAP iguales o mayores al 80 % de la onda M máxima. Los hallazgos de este estudio demuestran que tanto el número como la concordancia entre evaluadores para detectar IZs mediante contracciones impuestas están fuertemente influenciados por la amplitud de la onda M. Las amplitudes más altas de la onda M se asociaron con una concordancia mejorada y un aumento en la detección de IZs, lo que hace crucial estandarizar los ajustes de amplitud para obtener resultados confiables.

Experiencia del personal de salud frente a la COVID-19 en las zonas rojas de Santiago de Cuba / Experiences of the Health Personnel Confronting COVID-19 in the Red Zones of Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: En Cuba, la lucha contra la COVID-19 ha sido tarea de todos los que están relacionados a la atención sanitaria, con su consagración continúa, exponiendo sus capacidades y habilidades profesionales en el tratamiento y atención especializadas a los pacientes hospitalizados. Objetivo: Valorar las principales vivencias del personal de salud que trabajó en las zonas rojas, en los centros de aislamiento con casos sospechosos y positivos a la COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo. Para realizar el análisis de las vivencias se aplicaron las técnicas de entrevista y observación. Se trabajó con una muestra de 43 sujetos, de ellos se seleccionaron 17 médicos, 10 enfermeras, siete técnicos y nueve del personal de servicio que participaron en los centros de aislamiento. Resultados: Las vivencias del personal de salud que laboraron en las zonas rojas se basaron en la expresión de los sentimientos, emociones, relaciones interpersonales, percepción de riesgo y vivencias únicas durante la labor realizada. Los principales sentimientos y emociones fueron: alegría, cooperación, altruismo, apoyo, gratitud, admiración, compromiso y las negativas fueron: miedo, ansiedad, estrés, depresión, rechazo y desesperanza en menor medida. Las relaciones interpersonales se desarrollaron en colaboración y aprendizaje grupal, la percepción de riesgo fue alto por la carga viral de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Las vivencias de los sujetos investigados se expresaron en manifestaciones negativas al principio del tratamiento con los pacientes y evolucionaron hasta la conversión a estados positivos que permitieron elevar la calidad del trabajo realizado(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba, the fight against COVID-19 has been a task for everyone related to healthcare, with their continuous consecration, showing their professional capacities and skills in the specialized treatment of and care for hospitalized patients. Objective: To assess the main experiences of the health personnel who worked in red zones, in isolation centers, with suspected or positive cases of COVID-19. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out. The interview and observation techniques were used to analyze the experiences. The sample consisted of 43 subjects, of whom 17 physicians, 10 nurses, 7 technicians and 9 service employees who participated in isolation centers were selected. Results: The experiences of the health personnel who worked in the red zones were based on the expression of feelings, emotions, interpersonal relationships, perception of risk, and unique experiences during the work performed. The main feelings and emotions were joy, cooperation, altruism, support, gratitude, admiration, commitment; while the negative ones were fear, anxiety, stress, depression, rejection, and hopelessness to a lesser extent. Interpersonal relationships were developed in collaboration and group learning, while the perception of risk was high due to the viral load of the disease. Conclusions: The experiences of the studied subjects were expressed through negative events at the beginning of involvement with patients, and evolved until conversion to positive states that allowed raising the quality of the work performed(AU)

Antibacterial Activities of Extracts from four Wild Food Fruits

Aims: This study aimed to assess the in vitro antibacterial effects of extracts from four wild food fruits: Balanites aegyptiaca, Saba senegalensis, Ziziphus mauritiana, and Raphia sudanica. Place and Duration of Study: The samples of plant material were collected at Banamba and Sikasso, Mali between January and May 2018. The bacterial strains were collected at Research Centre for Biological Food and Nutritional Sciences (CRSBAN), University Professor Joseph Ki-Zerbo; Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The experimental parts were also carried out at CRSBAN from October 2019 to January 2020. Methodology: The fruit extracts were screened for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, S. aureus, B. cereus, and L. monocytogenes strains. The diameters of the inhibition zones (ID), the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as well as the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were evaluated using agar diffusion method. Results: The findings revealed that these parameters have varied as a function of fruit species and/or their zones of provenances. All fruit extracts showed significant growth reducing effect against all the tested bacteria. The extracts from R. sudanica have exhibited the strongest growth-inhibiting activity specifically against E. coli (ID = 15.33±0.58 mm) and Salmonella typhi (ID = 18.00±1.00 mm) with lower MIC (from 2.08±1.44 to 5.83±1.44 mg/mL). Moreover, the MBC/MIC ratios revealed that the extracts from the studied fruits possess mainly bacteriostatic effects towards the tested strains. Conclusion: These findings support local therapeutics properties attributed to these fruits. They also demonstrate that, in addition to their nutritional values, these edible fruits could be used for developing antibiotics to treat infectious diseases and food poisoning.

Current status of insecticide resistance and its underlying mechanisms in Aedes aegypti (L.) in Punjab, Pakistan

Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) plays an important role as a vector of different deadly diseases particularly dengue fever. Insecticides are used as a primary tool to control Ae. aegypti. However, due to the excessive use of insecticides on agricultural, public health, and industrial levels, mosquitoes have developed resistance. In this study, the current susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes against different insecticides (Temephos, DDT, dieldrin, Malathion, Bendiocarb, Permethrin, Cypermethrin, and Lambda-cyhalothrin) was evaluated in district Lahore and district Muzaffargarh of Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, WHO bioassays and biochemical assays were performed on Ae. aegypti population from Lahore (APLa) and Aedes population from Muzaffargarh (APMg). Results of APLa and APMg showed high levels of resistance against the larvicide Temephos. Resistance against all adulticides was also observed in APLa and APMg (% mortality < 98%). The biochemical assays indicated statistically significant elevated levels of detoxification enzymes in APLa and APMg. APLa showed slightly higher levels as compared to APMg. Mosquitoes were also screened for the presence of kdr mutations. The results revealed no mutation in domain II while the presence of mutation F1534C in domain III was found in both field populations. The results showed the presence of moderate to high grade resistance against all insecticides in Ae. aegypti in district Lahore and district Muzaffargarh of Punjab, Pakistan

Prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in Wild Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in Punjab region, Pakistan / Prevalência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em Wild Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) na região de Punjab, Paquistão

The current study was carried out to estimate the prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in rock pigeons in different regions of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 120 birds were captured from March 2017 to February 2019. The ectoparasites were collected by standard procedures and preserved in 70% ethanol containing one drop of glycerin. Data related to age, health status, sex, type of area, sampling location and season were collected using a standardized form. Ectoparasites were identified based on morphological characteristics by using identification keys. Ninety-six (80%) birds were infested with ectoparasites. A total of seven families and thirteen species of different ectoparasites were observed. Mainly, seven species of lice, two species of flies, one species of tick and three species of mites were recovered from infested birds. The female pigeons were more often infested (89.02%) than male pigeons (60.52%). The prevalence was found higher during summer (100%) as compared to other seasons. The infestation rate was higher in Industrial area (97.50%) as compared to other regions. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites (100%) was recorded from Sargodha district. There was significant (P < 0.05) variation among number of ectoparasites on wing, chest, tail and neck within age groups, seasons and ecological zones. The occurrence of parasites in relation to area, age, health status, sex and season were significant. The infestation rate of parasites in rock pigeon is high in different districts of Punjab. It is recommended that these wild birds infested with multiple species of ectoparasites could be the potential source of infestations in domesticated birds if they come in contact with them. The contact of domesticated birds should be prevented from wild birds to minimize the chance of cross species transmission of ectoparasites.

O presente estudo foi realizado para estimar a prevalência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em pombos-das-rochas em diferentes regiões de Punjab, Paquistão. Um total de 120 aves foram capturadas de março de 2017 a fevereiro de 2019. Os ectoparasitas foram coletados por procedimentos padrão e preservados em etanol 70% contendo uma gota de glicerina. Os dados relativos à idade, estado de saúde, sexo, tipo de área, local de amostragem e época do ano foram coletados em formulário padronizado. Os ectoparasitas foram identificados com base nas características morfológicas por meio de chaves de identificação. Noventa e seis (80%) aves estavam infestadas com ectoparasitas. Um total de sete famílias e treze espécies de diferentes ectoparasitas foram observados. Principalmente, sete espécies de piolhos, duas espécies de moscas, uma espécie de carrapato e três espécies de ácaros foram recuperadas de aves infestadas. Os pombos fêmeas foram infestados mais frequentemente (89,02%) do que os pombos machos (60,52%). A prevalência encontrada foi maior no verão (100%) em comparação com as outras estações. A taxa de infestação foi maior na área Industrial (97,50%) em relação às demais regiões. A maior prevalência de ectoparasitas (100%) foi registrada no distrito de Sargodha. Houve variação significativa (P <0,05) entre o número de ectoparasitas na asa, tórax, cauda e pescoço dentro das faixas etárias, estações do ano e zonas ecológicas. A ocorrência de parasitas em relação à área, idade, estado de saúde, sexo e estação do ano foi significativa. A taxa de infestação de parasitas em pombo-correio é alta em diferentes distritos de Punjab. Recomenda-se que essas aves selvagens infestadas com várias espécies de ectoparasitas possam ser a fonte potencial de infestações em aves domesticadas se entrarem em contato com elas. O contato de aves domesticadas deve ser evitado com aves selvagens para minimizar a chance de transmissão cruzada de ectoparasitas.

Prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in Wild Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in Punjab region, Pakistan

Abstract The current study was carried out to estimate the prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in rock pigeons in different regions of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 120 birds were captured from March 2017 to February 2019. The ectoparasites were collected by standard procedures and preserved in 70% ethanol containing one drop of glycerin. Data related to age, health status, sex, type of area, sampling location and season were collected using a standardized form. Ectoparasites were identified based on morphological characteristics by using identification keys. Ninety-six (80%) birds were infested with ectoparasites. A total of seven families and thirteen species of different ectoparasites were observed. Mainly, seven species of lice, two species of flies, one species of tick and three species of mites were recovered from infested birds. The female pigeons were more often infested (89.02%) than male pigeons (60.52%). The prevalence was found higher during summer (100%) as compared to other seasons. The infestation rate was higher in Industrial area (97.50%) as compared to other regions. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites (100%) was recorded from Sargodha district. There was significant (P 0.05) variation among number of ectoparasites on wing, chest, tail and neck within age groups, seasons and ecological zones. The occurrence of parasites in relation to area, age, health status, sex and season were significant. The infestation rate of parasites in rock pigeon is high in different districts of Punjab. It is recommended that these wild birds infested with multiple species of ectoparasites could be the potential source of infestations in domesticated birds if they come in contact with them. The contact of domesticated birds should be prevented from wild birds to minimize the chance of cross species transmission of ectoparasites.

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado para estimar a prevalência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em pombos-das-rochas em diferentes regiões de Punjab, Paquistão. Um total de 120 aves foram capturadas de março de 2017 a fevereiro de 2019. Os ectoparasitas foram coletados por procedimentos padrão e preservados em etanol 70% contendo uma gota de glicerina. Os dados relativos à idade, estado de saúde, sexo, tipo de área, local de amostragem e época do ano foram coletados em formulário padronizado. Os ectoparasitas foram identificados com base nas características morfológicas por meio de chaves de identificação. Noventa e seis (80%) aves estavam infestadas com ectoparasitas. Um total de sete famílias e treze espécies de diferentes ectoparasitas foram observados. Principalmente, sete espécies de piolhos, duas espécies de moscas, uma espécie de carrapato e três espécies de ácaros foram recuperadas de aves infestadas. Os pombos fêmeas foram infestados mais frequentemente (89,02%) do que os pombos machos (60,52%). A prevalência encontrada foi maior no verão (100%) em comparação com as outras estações. A taxa de infestação foi maior na área Industrial (97,50%) em relação às demais regiões. A maior prevalência de ectoparasitas (100%) foi registrada no distrito de Sargodha. Houve variação significativa (P 0,05) entre o número de ectoparasitas na asa, tórax, cauda e pescoço dentro das faixas etárias, estações do ano e zonas ecológicas. A ocorrência de parasitas em relação à área, idade, estado de saúde, sexo e estação do ano foi significativa. A taxa de infestação de parasitas em pombo-correio é alta em diferentes distritos de Punjab. Recomenda-se que essas aves selvagens infestadas com várias espécies de ectoparasitas possam ser a fonte potencial de infestações em aves domesticadas se entrarem em contato com elas. O contato de aves domesticadas deve ser evitado com aves selvagens para minimizar a chance de transmissão cruzada de ectoparasitas.

Prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in Wild Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in Punjab region, Pakistan / Prevalência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em Wild Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) na região de Punjab, Paquistão

Abstract The current study was carried out to estimate the prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in rock pigeons in different regions of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 120 birds were captured from March 2017 to February 2019. The ectoparasites were collected by standard procedures and preserved in 70% ethanol containing one drop of glycerin. Data related to age, health status, sex, type of area, sampling location and season were collected using a standardized form. Ectoparasites were identified based on morphological characteristics by using identification keys. Ninety-six (80%) birds were infested with ectoparasites. A total of seven families and thirteen species of different ectoparasites were observed. Mainly, seven species of lice, two species of flies, one species of tick and three species of mites were recovered from infested birds. The female pigeons were more often infested (89.02%) than male pigeons (60.52%). The prevalence was found higher during summer (100%) as compared to other seasons. The infestation rate was higher in Industrial area (97.50%) as compared to other regions. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites (100%) was recorded from Sargodha district. There was significant (P < 0.05) variation among number of ectoparasites on wing, chest, tail and neck within age groups, seasons and ecological zones. The occurrence of parasites in relation to area, age, health status, sex and season were significant. The infestation rate of parasites in rock pigeon is high in different districts of Punjab. It is recommended that these wild birds infested with multiple species of ectoparasites could be the potential source of infestations in domesticated birds if they come in contact with them. The contact of domesticated birds should be prevented from wild birds to minimize the chance of cross species transmission of ectoparasites.

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado para estimar a prevalência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em pombos-das-rochas em diferentes regiões de Punjab, Paquistão. Um total de 120 aves foram capturadas de março de 2017 a fevereiro de 2019. Os ectoparasitas foram coletados por procedimentos padrão e preservados em etanol 70% contendo uma gota de glicerina. Os dados relativos à idade, estado de saúde, sexo, tipo de área, local de amostragem e época do ano foram coletados em formulário padronizado. Os ectoparasitas foram identificados com base nas características morfológicas por meio de chaves de identificação. Noventa e seis (80%) aves estavam infestadas com ectoparasitas. Um total de sete famílias e treze espécies de diferentes ectoparasitas foram observados. Principalmente, sete espécies de piolhos, duas espécies de moscas, uma espécie de carrapato e três espécies de ácaros foram recuperadas de aves infestadas. Os pombos fêmeas foram infestados mais frequentemente (89,02%) do que os pombos machos (60,52%). A prevalência encontrada foi maior no verão (100%) em comparação com as outras estações. A taxa de infestação foi maior na área Industrial (97,50%) em relação às demais regiões. A maior prevalência de ectoparasitas (100%) foi registrada no distrito de Sargodha. Houve variação significativa (P <0,05) entre o número de ectoparasitas na asa, tórax, cauda e pescoço dentro das faixas etárias, estações do ano e zonas ecológicas. A ocorrência de parasitas em relação à área, idade, estado de saúde, sexo e estação do ano foi significativa. A taxa de infestação de parasitas em pombo-correio é alta em diferentes distritos de Punjab. Recomenda-se que essas aves selvagens infestadas com várias espécies de ectoparasitas possam ser a fonte potencial de infestações em aves domesticadas se entrarem em contato com elas. O contato de aves domesticadas deve ser evitado com aves selvagens para minimizar a chance de transmissão cruzada de ectoparasitas.

Attitude Towards Anti-smoking Measures and Its Associated Factors Among Adults in Sub-urban Area, in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

@#Introduction: General population across different countries have shown an overall support for anti-smoking measures that vary significantly by certain population parameters. However, characteristics of the public attitude in a community who has been exposed to prolonged awareness campaigns and smoke-free area legislation is unclear. Consequently, we investigate residents who reside next to Batu Buruk beach in Kuala Terengganu city which has been gazetted as a smoke-free area since 2017. Methods: The cross-sectional study involves self-administered validated questionnaires. Multiple linear regression with forward method was applied to identify significant factors associated with the attitude towards anti-smoking measures. Results: A total of 295 residents participated. Most of them were Malays (96.6%), married (64.4%), attained up to the secondary school level (45.4%) and employed (59.7%). The mean value of the total attitude scores was 181.86 (range: 70-200). Multivariate analyses revealed those having higher monthly income had a higher total attitude scores (adjusted b: 6.91, 95% CI: 2.15, 11.66), while current daily smokers had a lower total attitude scores towards anti-smoking measures than non-smokers (adjusted b: -23.30, 95% CI: -29.55, -17.05). These findings highlight comparatively stronger and more consistent support for anti-smoking measures that may vindicate high-stake investment and legislation against smoking. Conclusion: The novel evidence may also better-inform the strategy to expand the initiatives further through profiling the target population with heightened emphasis on the economic standing and prevalence of current daily smokers. Future research may adopt experimental design to establish causality relationship between predictors and outcomes revealed in this community.

Identification guide of dung beetle species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) of the Brazilian Pantanal / Guia de identificação de espécies de besouros rola-bostas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) do Pantanal Brasileiro

Abstract The Pantanal is the largest seasonal freshwater wetland on Earth, characterized by the seasonal flooding and complex mosaic vegetation, which determines its biodiversity. Among this biodiversity, dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) are a group of insects that perform important ecological functions, such as: nutrient cycling, seed dispersion and parasite control. In order to mitigate the lack of information on dung beetle fauna of the Brazilian Pantanal, we conducted a bibliographic search of virtually all literature published until november-2020 on dung beetles sampled in the Pantanal. In addition, we had accessed to the records the largest collection of the dung beetle species from Brazilian Pantanal. We recorded 68 dung beetle species of 30 genera. The genera Canthon Holffmanseg 1847 is the most diverse with 13 species recorded. Although our knowledge about the dung beetle fauna in this ecosystem is still incipient, our results demonstrated a high richness of dung beetles in the Brazilian Pantanal. In addition, our study provides first list of dung beetle species and an illustrated dichotomy key to identify genera and some species occurring in the Brazilian Pantanal. Thus, the use of this guide for identification of dung beetle species and a list of species can be important tools to help researchers and provide incentive for new inventories on dung beetle fauna in the Brazilian Pantanal.

Resumo O Pantanal é a maior área úmida sazonal de água doce Neotropical da Terra, caracterizada pelas inundações sazonais e pela complexa vegetação em mosaico, que determina sua biodiversidade. Dentre essa biodiversidade, os besouros rola-bosta (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) são um grupo de insetos que desempenham importantes funções ecológicas, tais como: ciclagem de nutrientes, dispersão de sementes e controle de parasitas. A fim de mitigar a falta de informações sobre a fauna de besouros rola-bosta do Pantanal brasileiro, realizamos uma pesquisa bibliográfica de praticamente toda a literatura publicada até novembro de 2020 sobre besouros rola-bosta amostrados no Pantanal. Além disso, acessamos os registros da maior coleção da espécie de rola-bosta do Pantanal brasileiro. Registramos 68 espécies de besouros rola-bosta de 30 gêneros. O gênero Canthon Holffmanseg 1847 é o mais diverso com 13 espécies registradas. Embora nosso conhecimento sobre a fauna de rola-bostas neste ecossistema ainda seja incipiente, nossos resultados demonstraram uma alta riqueza de besouros rola-bosta no Pantanal brasileiro. Além disso, nosso estudo fornece a primeira lista de espécies de besouros rola-bosta e uma chave de dicotomia ilustrada para identificar gêneros e algumas espécies encontrados no Pantanal brasileiro. Assim, a utilização deste guia para identificação das espécies de besouros rola-bostas e uma lista de espécies podem ser ferramentas importantes para auxiliar pesquisadores e incentivar novos inventários sobre a fauna de besouros rola-bostas no Pantanal brasileiro.

A Proposal of Speed Zone Classification in Basketball: A New-Criteria Based on Maximum Registered Values / Propuesta para la clasificación de las zonas de velocidad en baloncesto: Un nuevo criterio basado en los máximos valores registrados

Abstract The quantification of training load has become mandatory for coaches and team staff. Within the analyzed variables, distance covered at different speed zones is one of the most studied. However, there is no consensus in the definition of speed zones in the published articles about each team sport, so it makes difficult a comparison between them. Therefore, the purposes of this article were to establish a criteria standard in the classification of speed zones in team sports and to analyze its practical application in basketball. Five speed categories were established for basketball following the methodology described above: 0-10km/h, >10-13.8 km/h, >13.8-17.6 km/h, >17.6-21.5 km/h, and >21.5 km/h. The results showed differences between periods in high-speed displacements and sprints, maximum speed, total decelerations, and accelerations. In conclusion, the categorization of workload based on standard deviation according to maximum speed could be a viable option to individualize the analysis of distance covered per speeds in team sports such as basketball. Its use may lead to a better understanding and contextualization of the locomotion data in specific sports and teams.

Resumen La cuantificación de la carga de entrenamiento se ha convertido en una obligación para el personal entrenador y el personal técnico en los deportes de equipo. Dentro de las variables analizadas, la distancia recorrida en distintas zonas de velocidad es una de las más estudiadas. Sin embargo, no existe consenso en la definición de zonas de velocidad en los artículos publicados sobre cada uno de estos deportes, por lo que dificulta la comparación entre ellos. Por tanto, los objetivos de este artículo fueron establecer un criterio estándar en la clasificación de zonas de velocidad en los deportes de equipo y analizar su aplicación práctica en baloncesto. Se establecieron cinco categorías de velocidad para el baloncesto siguiendo la metodología descrita anteriormente: 0-10 km/h, >10-13,8 km/h, >13,8-17,6 km/h, >17,6-21,5 km/h y >21,5 km/h. Los resultados muestran entre períodos en desplazamientos de alta velocidad y esprints, velocidad máxima, desaceleraciones y aceleraciones totales. En conclusión, la categorización de las demandas basadas en la desviación estándar, según la velocidad máxima, podría ser una opción viable para individualizar el análisis de la distancia recorrida por velocidades en deportes de equipo como el baloncesto. Su utilización puede ayudar a una mejor comprensión y contextualización de los datos de desplazamientos en deportes y equipos específicos.

Resumo A quantificação da carga de treinamento se tornou uma obrigação para treinadores e pessoal técnico em esportes coletivos. Entre as variáveis analisadas, a distância percorrida em diferentes zonas de velocidade é uma das mais estudadas. Entretanto, não há consenso na definição de zonas de velocidade nos artigos publicados sobre cada esporte coletivo, o que torna difícil a comparação entre eles. Portanto, os objetivos deste artigo eram estabelecer um critério padrão na classificação das zonas de velocidade nos esportes coletivos e analisar sua aplicação prática no basquetebol. Foram estabelecidas cinco categorias de velocidade para o basquetebol seguindo a metodologia descrita acima: 0-10 km/h, >10-13,8 km/h, >13,8-17,6 km/h, >17,6-21,5 km/h, >21,5 km/h. Os resultados mostram entre períodos de alta velocidade e sprints, velocidade máxima, desacelerações e acelerações totais. Em conclusão, a categorização das demandas com base no desvio padrão de acordo com a velocidade máxima poderia ser uma opção viável para individualizar a análise da distância percorrida pelas velocidades em esportes coletivos como o basquetebol. Seu uso pode ajudar a compreender e contextualizar melhor os dados de movimento em esportes e equipes específicas.

Satellite and historical data, and statistical modeling to predict potential fishing zones for dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus (Perciformes: Coryphaenidae) in Colombian Pacific / Datos satelitales e históricos, y modelado estadístico, para predecir zonas de pesca potencial del pez dorado, Coryphaena hippurus (Perciformes: Coryphaenidae) en el Pacífico colombiano

Introduction: The prediction of potential fishing areas is considered one of the most immediate and practical approaches in fisheries and is an essential technique for decision-making in managing fishery resources. It helps fishermen reduce their fuel costs and the uncertainty of their fish catches; this technique allows to contribute to national and international food security. In this study, we build different combinations of predictive statistical models such as Generalized Linear Models and Generalized Additive Models. Objective: To predict the spatial distribution of PFZs of the dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus L.) in the Colombian Pacific Ocean. Methods: We built different combinations of Generalized Linear Models and Generalized Additive Models to predict the Catch Per Unit Effort of C. hippurus captured from 2002 to 2015 as a function of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a concentration, sea level anomaly, and bathymetry. Results: A Generalized Additive Model with Gaussian error distribution obtained the best performance for predicting PFZs for C. hipurus. Model validation was performed by calculating the Root Mean Square Error through a cross-validation approach. The R2 of this model was 50 %, which was considered suitable for the type of data used. January and March were the months with the highest Catch per Unit Effort values, while November and December showed the lower values. Conclusion: The predicted PFZs of C. hippurus with Generalized Additive Models satisfactorily with the results of previous research, suggesting that our model can be explored as a tool for the assessment, decision making, and sustainable use of this species in the Colombian Pacific Ocean.

Introducción: La predicción de zonas potenciales de pesca se considera uno de los enfoques más inmediatos y efectivos en las pesquerías, es una técnica importante para la toma de decisiones en el manejo de los recursos pesqueros. Ayuda a los pescadores a reducir su costo de combustible y también a disminuir la incertidumbre de sus capturas, esta técnica permite contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria nacional e internacional. En este estudio, se construyeron diferentes combinaciones de modelos estadísticos predictivos como modelos lineales generalizados y modelos aditivos generalizados. Objetivo: predecir la distribución espacial de las zonas potenciales de pesca del pez dorado (Coryphaena hippurus L.) en el Pacífico colombiano. Métodos: La variable de respuesta se expresó en escala de captura por unidad de esfuerzo, es decir, el número de individuos de C. hippurus capturados por un número total de anzuelos disponibles entre 2002 y 2015. Temperatura de la superficie del mar, concentración de clorofila, anomalía del nivel del mar y batimetría, se utilizaron como variables explicativas para los meses de estacionalidad de C. hippurus (noviembre - marzo). Resultados: El modelo con mejor rendimiento para la predicción de zonas potenciales de pesca fue un modelo aditivo generalizado con distribución de error gaussiana y función de enlace de registro, que se seleccionó en función del criterio de información de Akaike, el R2 y la desviación explicada. La validación del modelo se realizó calculando el error cuadrático medio a través de un enfoque de validación cruzada. El ajuste de este modelo fue del 50 %, lo que puede considerarse adecuado para el tipo de datos utilizados. Enero y marzo fueron los meses con mayor captura por unidad de esfuerzo y noviembre-diciembre los meses con menor. Conclusión: Las zonas potenciales de pesca previstas coincidieron satisfactoriamente con investigaciones anteriores, lo que sugiere que nuestro modelo es una herramienta poderosa para la evaluación, toma de decisiones y uso sostenible de los recursos pesqueros de C. hippurus en el Pacífico colombiano.

Training intensity distribution on running time in amateur endurance runners: a scoping review / Distribución de intensidades de entrenamiento sobre el tiempo de carrera en corredores recreativos de resistencia: revisión de alcance

Problem: Intensity in endurance training is important for improving race time; its optimal handling in amateur runners has not been extensively studied. The polarized training intensity distribution (TID) model emerges as a possibility to reduce race time; however, effect of this model remains to be demonstrated compared to other TID models. Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the current state of the evidence and its the gaps, according to the effect of the polarized TID model on race time in amateur runners compared to other TID models. Method: A scoping review without date restrictions was carried out in PubMed, EBSCO, SciELO, LILACS, and Google Scholar. Randomized controlled studies, quasi-experimental studies, and case studies, which comprise polarized TID model in amateur runners on race time, were include. Results: Five studies evaluated the effect on running time using the polarized TID model compared to other models in amateur runners; four of them did not show differences between groups in the race times in two, five, and ten km. Only one study showed significant diferences in the race time at 21 km. Conclusions: The model with polarized TID did not show significant differences in race time compared to other models, except for a case report in which the polarized TID was higher by 21 km compared to the threshold TID: 1 hour. 20 min. 22 seconds and 1 hour. 26 min. 34s, respectively. The scarce evidence found, the heterogeneity in the distances in the evaluated race time, the distribution of zones in the same TID, the duration of the interventions, and the monitoring of the loads, are the main limitations found in the studies. The polarized TID could contribute to adherence, lower perception of effort, and injury prevention. However, this must be tested in future studies.

Problema: La intensidad en el entrenamiento de la resistencia es importante para mejorar el tiempo de carrera; su manipulación óptima en corredores recreativos no ha sido estudiada ampliamente. El modelo de distribución de intensidad del entrenamiento (DIE) polarizado emerge como posibilidad para reducir el tiempo de carrera. Sin embargo, falta demostrar su efecto comparado con otros modelos de DIE. Objetivo: Explorar el estado actual de la evidencia científica y sus vacíos respecto al efecto del modelo de DIE polarizado sobre el tiempo de carrera en corredores recreativos, en comparación con otros modelos de DIE. Método: Se realizó una revisión de alcance sin restricción de fechas en PubMed, EBSCO, SciELO, LILACS y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron estudios controlados aleatorios, estudios cuasiexperimentales y estudios de caso, que tuvieran como DIE el modelo polarizado en corredores recreativos sobre el tiempo de carrera. Resultados: Cinco estudios evaluaron el efecto en el tiempo de carrera usando el modelo de DIE polarizado comparado con otros modelos en corredores recreativos; cuatro de ellos no mostraron diferencias entre grupos en los tiempos de carrera en dos, cinco y diez km. Solo un estudio mostró diferencias significativas en el tiempo de carrera en 21 km. Conclusiones: El modelo con DIE polarizado no mostró diferencias significativas en el tiempo de carrera comparado con otros modelos, a excepción de un reporte de caso en el cual la DIE polarizado fue superior en 21 km comparado la DIE umbral: 1 hora. 20 min. 22 s y 1 hora. 26 min. 34 s, respectivamente. La escasa evidencia encontrada, la heterogeneidad en las distancias en el tiempo de carrera evaluado, la distribución de zonas en una misma DIE, la duración de las intervenciones y la monitorización de las cargas son las principales limitaciones encontradas en los estudios. La DIE polarizado podría contribuir a la adherencia, a una menor percepción del esfuerzo y a la prevención de lesiones. No obstante, esto debe ser probado en estudios futuros.

Identification, characterization and mapping of honey bee flora of Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia

Aim: The study aimed to identify and document major honey bee flora, their blooming seasons (floral calendar), density and frequency, beekeeping potential areas, and place radius for the major bee flora of the Al-Baha region.Methodology: To identify the honey bee flora of al-Baha region, 420 quadrates were established in different seasons and ecological zones. Plants as honey bee forages were identified through observation of the foraging of honey bees on the flowers for nectar or/and pollen. The density and frequency of each plant was calculated, density and radius maps for major honey bee plants were made using the Arc-Map. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was carried out for major honey bee plants using MVSP software. Results: The results showed that more than 550 species of flowering plants were recorded in the study areas, of which 204 plant species belonging to 58 families were identified as honey bee plants. However, only 9 species were found to be an important source of major honeys in the region. The largest number (13%) of honey bee plants was recorded for the family Asteraceae, followed by Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae and Mimosaceae each with 13 (6.4%), 11 (5.4%), 11 (5.4%) and 10 (4.9%) plants, respectively. Each of the remaining families had 1 to 8 species. Interpretation: The radius maps, as well as the blooming periods of honey bee flora will guide beekeepers to move their colonies during the peak flowering periods

Layout and management of the surgical intensive care unit during the novel coronavirus infection epidemic period / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To discuss the key points of reconstruction from the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) to the negative pressure isolation ward which can treat patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP, COVID-19). Methods: The key points of the reconstruction are as follows: establishment of "three zones and two passages", transformation of the ventilation system, process management of personnel access room, and introduction of the visual management concept. Results: The reconstructed SICU can maintain the original space area. As for space layout, there are separate clean zone, semi-polluted zone and polluted zone as well as a separate passage for patients and medical personnel respectively, without the two groups of people contacting each other. To achieve positive air pressure in the clean zone, negative air pressure in the semi-polluted zone is -5 Pa to -10 Pa, and negative air pressure in the patient zone is -10 Pa to -20 Pa. And we ensure that the pressure difference (negative pressure) in adjacent rooms with the same pollution level is not less than 5 Pa. Under normal circumstances, the pressure can be switched to positive one for admission of general ICU patients. Results: Through the reconstruction, the SICU can meet the requirements of treatment of COVID-19 patients. The main points of reconstruction are space layout and the air conditioning and ventilation system.

Estimativa da concentração média diária de material particulado fino na região do Complexo Industrial e Portuário do Pecém, Ceará, Brasil / Estimate of mean daily concentration of fine particulate matter in the Industrial and Port Complex area of Pecém, Ceará, Brazil / Estimación de la concentración media diaria de material particulado fino en la región del Complejo Industrial y Portuario de Pecém, Ceará, Brasil

A exposição ao material particulado fino (MP2,5) está associada a inúmeros desfechos à saúde. Desta forma, monitoramento da concentração ambiental do MP2,5 é importante, especialmente em áreas amplamente industrializadas, pois abrigam potenciais emissores do MP2,5 e de substâncias com potencial de aumentar a toxicidade de partículas já suspensas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é estimar a concentração diária do MP2,5 em três áreas de influência do Complexo Industrial e Portuário do Pecém (CIPP), Ceará, Brasil. Foi aplicado um modelo de regressão não linear para a estimativa do MP2,5, por meio de dados de profundidade óptica monitorados por satélite. As estimativas foram realizadas em três áreas de influência (Ai) do CIPP (São Gonçalo do Amarante - Ai I, Paracuru e Paraipaba - Ai II e Caucaia - Ai III, no período de 2006 a 2017. As médias anuais das concentrações estimadas foram inferiores ao estabelecido pela legislação nacional em todas as Ai (8µg m-3). Em todas as Ai, os meses referentes ao período de seca (setembro a fevereiro) apresentaram as maiores concentrações e uma predominância de ventos leste para oeste. Os meses que compreendem o período de chuva (março a agosto) apresentaram as menores concentrações e ventos menos definidos. As condições meteorológicas podem exercer um papel importante nos processos de remoção, dispersão ou manutenção das concentrações do material particulado na região. Mesmo com baixas concentrações estimadas, é importante avaliar a constituição das partículas finas dessa região, bem como sua possível associação a efeitos adversos à saúde da população local.

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with numerous negative health outcomes. Thus, monitoring the environmental concentration of PM2.5 is important, especially in heavily industrialized areas, since they harbor potential emitters of PM2.5 and substances with the potential to increase the toxicity of already suspended particles. This study aims to estimate daily concentrations of PM2.5 in three areas under the influence of the Industrial and Port Complex of Pecém (CIPP), Ceará State, Brazil. A nonlinear regression model was applied to estimate PM2.5, using satellite-monitored optical depth data. Estimates were performed in three areas of influence (Ai) of the CIPP (São Gonçalo do Amarante - AiI, Paracuru and Paraipaba - AiII, and Caucaia - AiIII), from 2006 to 2017. Estimated mean annual concentrations were lower than established by Brazil's national legislation in all three Ai (8µg m-³). In all the Ai, the months of the dry season (September to February) showed the highest concentrations and a predominance of east winds, while the months of the rainy season (March to August) showed the lowest concentrations and less defined winds Weather conditions can play an important role in the removal, dispersal, or maintenance of concentrations of particulate matter in the region. Even at low estimated concentrations, it is important to assess the composition of fine participles in this region and their possible association with adverse health outcomes in the local population.

La exposición al material particulado fino (MP2,5) está asociada a innumerables problemas de salud. Por ello, la supervisión de la concentración ambiental del MP2,5 es importante, especialmente en áreas ampliamente industrializadas, puesto que albergan potenciales emisores de MP2,5 y de sustancias con potencial de aumentar la toxicidad de partículas ya suspendidas. El objetivo de esta investigación es estimar la concentración diaria del MP2,5 en tres áreas de influencia del Complejo Industrial y Portuario de Pecém (CIPP), Ceará, Brasil. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión no lineal para la estimación del MP2,5, mediante datos de profundidad óptica supervisados por satélite. Las estimaciones fueron realizadas en tres áreas de influencia (Ai) del CIPP (São Gonçalo do Amarante - Ai I, Paracuru y Paraipaba - Ai II y Caucaia - Ai III en el período de 2006 a 2017. Las medias anuales de las concentraciones estimadas fueron inferiores a lo establecido por la legislación nacional en todas las Ai (8µg m-³). En todas las Ai, los meses referentes al período de sequía (de setiembre a febrero) presentaron las mayores concentraciones y una predominancia de vientos este a oeste, los meses que comprenden el período de lluvia (marzo a agosto) presentaron las menores concentraciones y vientos menos definidos. Las condiciones meteorológicas pueden ejercer un papel importante en los procesos de eliminación, dispersión o mantenimiento de las concentraciones del material particulado en la región. Incluso con bajas concentraciones estimadas es importante que se evalúe la constitución de las partículas finas de esta región, así como su posible asociación con efectos adversos para la salud de la población local.

Anatomical study of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve with applications to knee surgery / Estudio anatómico de la rama infrapatelar del nervio safeno con aplicaciones a la cirugía de rodilla

The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve is a cutaneous nerve that innervates the area surrounding the patella and contributes to the peripatellar plexus. This nerve is target to iatrogenic injuries during a great deal of knee procedures, such as tendon harvesting, total knee arthroplasty and medial arthroscopic approaches to the knee. Lesion to this nerve can produce sensorial loss at its innervation territory. The study conducted herein aims to observe the anatomical aspects of the infrapatellar branch in cadaveric specimens. The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve of 40 male cadavers was dissected with the purpose of identifying the number of branches, its relation with the patella, tibial tuberosity and sartorius muscle. The nerve was dissected and several measurements were performed with the aid of a digital caliper. Statistical analysis was performed with the MedCalc 16.1 software. The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve was present in 100 % of the sample. Its mean distance from its origin to its branching point was 16.35±6.48 mm on the right and 21.94±4.31 mm on the left, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). A relatively safe zone for surgery was observed on the superior and medial aspect of the patella, which received less branches.

La rama infrapatelar del nervio safeno es un nervio cutáneo que inerva el área que rodea la patela y contribuye al plexo peripatelar. Este nervio es objeto de lesiones iatrogénicas durante una gran cantidad de procedimientos de rodilla, como la extracción de tendones, la artroplastía total de rodilla y los abordajes artroscópicos mediales de la rodilla. La lesión de este nervio puede producir pérdida sensorial en su territorio de inervación. El estudio realizado aquí tiene como objetivo observar los aspectos anatómicos de la rama infrapatelar en muestras de cadáveres. La rama infrapatelar del nervio safeno de 40 cadáveres masculinos se disecó con el propósito de identificar el número de ramas, su relación con la patela, la tuberosidad tibial y el músculo sartorio. Se disecó el nervio y se realizaron varias mediciones con la ayuda de un calibrador digital. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software MedCalc 16.1. La rama infrapatelar del nervio safeno estaba presente en el 100 % de las muestras. La distancia media desde su origen hasta su punto de ramificación fue de 16,35±6,48 mm a la derecha y de 21,94±4,31 mm a la izquierda, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p <0,05). Se identificó una zona relativamente segura para la cirugía en el aspecto superior y medial de la patela, que recibió menos ramas.

La formación del talento humano en el área de la salud en las zonas económicas especiales de Venezuela. Retos y logros II / The formation of human talent in the area of health in the special economic zones of Venezuela. Challenges and achievements II

En esta segunda parte del estudio sobre las políticas del gobierno para el incremento de la inclusión a la educación universitaria (EU), especialmente para el sector salud, quisimos hacer el análisis descriptivo y comparativo en las cuatro Zonas Económicas Especiales (ZEE) que ha creado el presidente Nicolás Maduro en su primera gestión, recordando que la primera parte las estudiamos a escala nacional. En esta oportunidad, realizamos el estudio con similares parámetros académicos, enfocados al área de las Ciencias de la Salud. Es decir, la demanda de cupos universitarios por parte del estudiantado, la oferta de plazas por las Instituciones de Educación Universitaria (IEU) y la asignación de cupos por el Sistema Nacional de Ingreso (SNI). Sin embargo, la matrícula y los valores de egresados de las IEU se estudiaron en tres periodos diferentes: Los tres últimos años de la presidencia de Rafael Caldera (1996-1998); los tres últimos años del presidente Hugo Chávez (2010-2012) y los cuatro primeros años de la primera gestión del presidente Nicolás Maduro (2013-2016). Finalmente, se investigó sobre los proyectos académicos aprobados por el CNU que han introducido las IEU de gestión pública de las ZEE desde 2006 hasta el 2013. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que los primeros años de la revolución se ha logrado incrementar notablemente los valores de todos estos parámetros, indicando el aumento de la inclusión a la EU en las regiones, pero existen deficiencias notables sobre la oferta académica, algunas veces divorciadas de la realidad circundante de la ZEE, la demanda no satisfecha aún y los pocos proyectos académicos aprobados por el CNU

In this second part of the study on government policies for increasing inclusion in university education (EU), especially for the health sector, we wanted to do a descriptive and comparative analysis in the four Special Economic Zones (EEZ) that it has created President Nicolás Maduro in his first term, remembering that we studied the first part on a national scale. In this opportunity, we carried out the study with similar academic parameters, focused on the area of Health Sciences. That is, the demand for university quotas by the student body, the offer of places by the University Education Institutions (IEU) and the allocation of quotas by the National Income System (SNI). However, the enrollment and values of IEU graduates were studied in three different periods: The last three years of Rafael Caldera's presidency (1996-1998); the last three years of President Hugo Chávez (2010-2012) and the first four years of President Nicolás Maduro's first term (2013-2016). Finally, research was carried out on the academic projects approved by the CNU that have been introduced by the UIS of public management of the EEZs from 2006 to 2013. The results obtained show that the first years of the revolution have managed to significantly increase the values of all these parameters, indicating the increase of the inclusion to the EU in the regions, but there are notable deficiencies in the academic offer, sometimes divorced from the surrounding reality of the ZEE, the demand not yet satisfied and the few academic projects approved by the CNU

Percepción de riesgo ante las inundaciones en personas que habitan en zonas vulnerables de Lima, Perú / Risk perception of people living in vulnerable zones of Lima (Peru) during floods

Introducción: En el último año, el Perú experimentó un fenómeno climático denominado el Niño costero. Este generó lluvias, huaicos e inundaciones, afectando a miles de personas y ocasionando la declaración en emergencia sanitaria del país. A pesar de la ocurrencia de fenómenos similares en las zonas afectadas, estas suelen ser ocupadas como lugares de residencia. Objetivo: Identificar las características de la percepción de riesgo ante las inundaciones en personas que habitan en zonas vulnerables. Método: Investigación empírica cualitativa desarrollada en el año 2017. Se aplicó la técnica de la entrevista semiestructurada a nueve personas residentes en cuatro distritos de Lima (Perú) propensos a inundaciones. La información recolectada se analizó con el apoyo del software para el análisis cualitativo de datos Atlas.ti v.7.0, utilizando elementos de la Teoría Fundamentada para desarrollar los procesos de codificación y categorización. Resultados: Se encontró que los participantes no poseen percepción de riesgo ante la amenaza de las inundaciones. Conciben a las inundaciones como una amenaza cuando experimentan sus consecuencias. Conclusiones: Se requieren desarrollar investigaciones de carácter interdisciplinario que permitan generar evidencia para el desarrollo de intervenciones orientadas a la construcción de una percepción de riesgo coherente con las consecuencias e impacto de las inundaciones(AU)

Introduction: In the last year, Peru experienced a climatic phenomenon called Niño Costero. This generated rains, alluviums and floods affecting thousands of people and causing the declaration of health emergency in the country. In spite of the occurrence of similar phenomena in the affected areas, these are usually occupied as places to live. Objective: To identify the characteristics of risk's perception during floods in people who live in vulnerable zones. Method: A qualitative empirical research was developed in the year 2017. The semi-structured interview technique was conducted in nine people living in four districts of Lima (Peru) whom were susceptible to flooding. The information collected was analyzed with the support of Atlas.ti v. 7.0., software for the qualitative data analysis, using elements of the Grounded Theory to develop the coding and categorization processes. Results: It was found that the participants do not elaborate a perception of risk before the threat of floods. They envisage the floods as a threat when experience their consequences. Conclusions: It is necessary to implement interdisciplinary researches that allow to generate evidence for the development of interventions aimed to the creation of a risk's perception that will be coherent with the consequences and the impact of floods(AU)