[Assessment of oral acetazolamide on postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy]

Carbon dioxide [Co2] is used during laparoscopy for producing pneumoperttoneum. Combination of this gas with irrigation fluid in the abdomen produces carbonic acid which creates two kinds of abdominal and referred pain to right shoulder. In the present research, we have studied the effect of oral acetazolamide in reducing postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This clinical trial was performed in 88 patients with cholelithiasis without any complication that were candidate for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patients devided randomly and equally in two groups. The experimental group received Acetazolamide [250 mg orally, 24 hours before surgery. every 8 hours] and control group recieved placebo. Abdominal and shoulder pain measured using McGill pain score by a person who was blind for both groups. Pain measurement was performed in four different times, before and after the surgery, discharge from recovery and 24 hours after surgery. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software. We observed that mean pain scores was significantly higher in acetazolamide group compared to the placebo group, 24 hours after the operation [P<0.05]. However; no significant changes were observed between groups in other times [P>0.05]. Although acetazolamide can reduce abdominal pain referred to right shoulder by reducing acidity in peritoneal irrigation fluid, but this drug can increase abdominal pain in the site of surgery with damaged tissues by producing tissue acidosis [as a side effect of drug]

Oxidized tissue proteins after intestinal reperfusion injury in rats

OBJETIVO: Analisar se a mensuração da proteína carbonilada pode ser validada como método capaz de permitir a identificação de um estresse oxidativo intestinal causado por lesões decorrentes da isquemia e reperfusão. MÉTODOS: Vinte e cinco ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, pesando entre 200 e 250g, foram divididos em três grupos. Grupo I – controle (n = 10). Grupo II – simulação (n = 5) e grupo III (n = 10) submetido a 60 minutos de isquemia intestinal e igual intervalo para reperfusão. Para este fim clampeou-se a artéria mesentérica superior no seu terço distal. Alterações histológicas e os níveis de proteínas carboniladas foram determinados em amostras obtidas em todos os grupos. No grupo III foram estudados segmentos ileais reperfundidos e normais. RESULTADOS: Em todos os segmentos reperfundidos houve edema da mucosa e submucosa, além de infiltrado inflamatório da lâmina própria. Os níveis de proteína carbonilada aumentaram no grupo III, inclusive nos segmentos não isquemiados. A sensibilidade e a especificidade da proteína carbonilada no tecido foram, respectivamente, de 94% e 88%. CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento da proteína carbonilada é útil como marcador biológico do estresse oxidativo após isquemia e reperfusão intestinal em ratos. Também foi relevante o efeito do estresse oxidativo, observado à distância do lócus da lesão primária.

Surface hardness and pressing accuracy of reused IPS empress 2 / 대한치과보철학회지

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: IPS Empress2 system was developed and used in prosthodontic treatment, but the cost of ingot is expensive for wide application. PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the possibility on recycling of IPS Empress 2 ceramic for wide application of IPS Empress 2 ceramic in prosthodontic treatment. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 1st, 2nd and 3rd pressed disc-shaped(10x1.5mm) IPS Empress 2 specimens were made with IPS Empress ingot(200, Ivoclar, Liechtenstein) and pressing furnace(IPS Empress EP 500, Ivoclar, Liechtenstein). Vicker's surface hardness and fracture toughness, acid resistance, and pressing accuracy of IPS Empress 2 ceramic were measured and analyzed. Surface hardness was measured by microhardness tester(MTX 70, Matsuzawa, Japan). before and after surface treatment with 0.5% hydrofluoric acid and carbonic acid(Coca cola) for evaluation of acid resistance. RESULTS: The surface hardness of 1st pressed specimen was the higher(5.11 GPa) than those of 2nd pressed( 4.89 GPa) and 3rd pressed specimen(4.86 GPa). and the fracture toughness of 1st pressed (1.58 MPam1/2)and 2nd pressed specimen(1.51 MPam1/2) were higher than that of 3rd pressed specimen(1.39 MPam1/2). The changes of surface hardness of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd pressed specimens after treatment with fluoric acid were 0.17, 0.06, 0.05(GPa) respectively, and those of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd pressed specimens after treatment with carbonic acid were 0.07, 0.00, 0.05(MPa) respectively. The pressing accuracy of 1st, 2nd and 3rd specimen were 77.22%, 85.681%, and 75.05%. The pressing accuracy of 2nd pressed specimen was higher than that of the 3rd specimen. CONCLUSION: The changes of physical properties according to recycling of IPS Empress 2 from this study were insignificant. Therefore the possibility of recycling of IPS Empress 2 can be suggested from the results.

The effect of feeding on the respiratory activity of the sloth

The aim of the present study was to confirm whether feeding influences the resting breathing rate and to observe possible alterations in blood gas and pH levels produced by feeding in unanesthetized sloths (Bradypus variegatus). Five adult male sloths (4.1 ± 0.6 kg) were placed daily in an experimental chair for a period of at least 4 h for sitting adaptation. Five measurements were made for each sloth. However, the sloths one, two and five were studied once and the sloths three and four were studied twice. Breathing rate was determined with an impedance meter and the output signal was digitized. Arterial blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis with a BGE electrolytes analyzer and adjusted for the animal's body temperature and hemoglobin content. The data are reported as mean ± SD and were collected during the resting period (8:00-10:00 h) and during the feeding period (16:00-18:00 h). The mean breathing rate increased during mastication of ymbahuba leaves (rest: 5.0 ± 1, feeding: 10 ± 1 bpm). No significant alterations were observed in arterial pH (rest: 7.42 ± 0.05, feeding: 7.45 ± 0.03), PCO2 (rest: 35.2 ± 5.3, feeding: 33.3 ± 4.4 mmHg) or PO2 (rest: 77.5 ± 8.2, feeding: 78.4 ± 5.2 mmHg) levels. These results indicate that in unanesthetized sloths 1) feeding evokes an increase in breathing rate without a significant change in arterial pH, PCO2 or PO2 levels, and 2) the increase in breathing rate produced by feeding probably is due to the act of mastication