Ômega 3 na gestação e seus benefícios / Omega 3 during pregnancy and its benefits

O objetivo desta pesquisa é levantar a literatura científica sobre os benefícios do Ômega-3 na gestação, que se deu pelas bases de dados Scientifc Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), Literatura Internacional em Ciências de Saúde (Medline) e National Library of Medicine (Pubmed) e Cochrane em literaturas nacionais e internacionais. Nesta pesquisa pode-se verificar que o ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) é considerado como o principal tipo de Ômega-3 pelo fato de proporcionar benefícios para a saúde, que vão desde o desenvolvimento do cérebro e da retina do bebê, os quais têm início a partir da suplementação da mãe já na gestação. O acúmulo do Ômega-3 ocorre no último trimestre da gestação e o transporte se dá através da placenta, sendo depositado no cérebro e na retina do concepto. Ocorre também um acúmulo simultâneo nas glândulas mamárias durante esta fase. O recomendado pelo consenso é de 200mg/dia, independentemente da fonte utilizada para suplementação. O adequado aporte de Ômega-3 na gestação e no pós-natal tem influência positiva no desenvolvimento visual e do sistema nervoso do recém-nascido, influenciando também na inteligência e na intelectualidade do indivíduo na vida adulta. O Ômega-3 é importante também na prevenção e tratamento de diversas doenças como obesidade, doenças cardiovasculares, imunológicas, câncer de cólon, entre outras.(AU)

The objective of this research is to raise the scientific literature on the benefits of omega-3 during pregnancy, which occurred in research in databases Scientifc Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (Lilacs) , International Literature in Health Sciences (MEDLINE) and national Library of Medicine (PubMed) and the Cochrane in national and international literature, which can be seen that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is considered as the main type of Omega-3, the fact provide health benefits ranging from brain development and the baby's retina, which begins from the mother during pregnancy supplementation already. The Omega-3 accumulation occurs in the last trimester of pregnancy and the transport is through the placenta being deposited in the brain and retina of the fetus. It is also a simultaneous accumulation in the mammary glands during this phase. The recommended by consensus is 200 mg / day, regardless of the source used for supplementation. Adequate intake of omega-3 during pregnancy and in the postnatal has positive influences on visual development and the nervous system of the newborn, influencing also the intelligence and the individual intellect in adulthood. The Omega-3 is also important in the prevention and treatment of various diseases as obesity, cardiovascular, immune disorders, colon cancer, among others.(AU)

Combination therapy with butyrate and docosahexaenoic acid for keloid fibrogenesis: an in vitro study

Abstract: Background: A single, effective therapeutic regimen for keloids has not been established yet, and the development of novel therapeutic approaches is expected. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, play multiple anti-inflammatory and anticancer roles via their respective mechanisms of action. Objective: In this study, we evaluated the antifibrogenic effects of their single and combined use on keloid fibroblasts. Methods: Keloid fibroblasts were treated with butyrate (0-16 mM) and/or DHA (0-100 µM) for 48 or 96 h. Results: Butyrate inhibited cell proliferation, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type III collagen expressions, with inhibition of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and TGF-β type I receptor expressions and increased prostaglandin E2 with upregulation of cyclooxygenase-1 expression with induction of histone acetylation. DHA inhibited α-SMA, type III collagen, and TGF-β type I receptor expressions. Then, the butyrate/DHA combination augmented the antifibrogenic effects, resulting in additional inhibition of α-SMA, type I and III collagen expressions, with strong disruption of stress fiber and apoptosis induction. Moreover, the butyrate/DHA combination inhibited the cyclooxygenase-2 expression, suggesting stronger anti-inflammatory effect than each monotherapy. Study limitations: Activation in keloid tissue is affected not only by fibroblasts but also by epithelial cells and immune cells. Evaluation of the effects by butyrate and DHA in these cells or in an in vivo study is required. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that butyrate and docosahexaenoic acid have antifibrogenic effects on keloid fibroblasts and that these may exert therapeutic effects for keloid.

Albumin and Lipid Enriched Albumin for the Critically Ill.

Albumin, the principal transporter of plasma fatty acids, binds to majority of the drugs ingested, traps oxygen radicals and has potent anti-oxidant actions. Albumin binds to its specific binding sites on vascular endothelial cells and thus, prevents endothelial apoptosis. Albumin regulates the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, the flux of glucose and lactate in astrocytes, and enhances the formation of anti-inflammatory lipoxins, resolvins and protectins from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids that, in turn, could limit ischemia-induced neuronal damage. This may explain the beneficial action of DHA-enriched albumin in stroke and other critical diseases. ©

Effect of fish oil on oxidative stress, lipid profile and renal function in IgA nephropathy.

The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil have been shown to produce beneficial effects, such as a reduction in blood pressure, proteinuria, lipid levels and inflammation. Aggregated immunoglobulin A obtained from IgA nephropathy patients induced greater oxygen free radicals in polymorphonuclear leukocytes than other glomerulopathy. All of which may affect the course of IgA nephropathy. Twenty-three adult patients with biopsy proven IgA nephropathy, with proteinuria more than 1 g/day, serum creatinine less than 3 mg/dl and blood pressure control less than 130/80 mmHg were given omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the form of an Omacor capsule 4 g/day equivalent to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 1.88 g and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 1.48 g for 6 months. A 3 to 6 month follow-up was planned, with monthly evaluations of the patients. By six months, the serum triglyceride was significantly reduced (143.45 +/- 62.65 vs 91 +/- 42.89 mg/dl, p = 0.002), serum cholesterol was also reduced but not statistically significant (234.16 +/- 56.29 vs 219.76 +/- 51.25 mg/dl, p = 0.07). There was a trend of increased serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (39.26 +/- 10.56 vs 42.72 +/- 8.37 mg/dl, p = 0.056). Urine beta-2-microglobulin was elevated in IgA patients and decreased statistically significant after 3 months (453 +/- 580 vs 308 +/- 274 microg/24 h, p < 0.001) and 6 months of fish oil therapy (453 +/- 580 vs 142 +/- 182, p < 0.03) while urine N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) was of no significant difference both before and after fish oil administration (21 +/- 10 vs 22 +/- 10 and 21 +/- 9 U/24 h, p = 0.08). Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), the end product of oxidative stress was statistically, significantly decreased (1.09 +/- 0.51 vs 0.89 +/- 0.49 nmol/L, p = 0.003). The study did not show any change in blood pressure, proteinuria, or serum creatinine. The authors conclude from the results of this study that patients with idiopathic IgA nephropathy with proteinuria and mildly reduced GFR did not benefit from short-term treatment with 4 g per day of omega-3 PUFA regarding the total protein excretion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), but the advantage was the improvement in tubular dysfunction, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress.

Fórmulas infantiles: aporte lipídico y perfil de ácidos grasos / Infant formulas: fat intake and fatty acid profile

Introducción y objetivos: La ingestión de grasas durante el primer año de vida es fundamental no sólo para cubrir las necesidades energéticas sino también como fuente de nutrientes esenciales. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son los de evaluar el aporte de calorías grasas, ácido linoleico, relación ácido linoleico/ácido a-linolénico y agregado de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga en fórmulas infantiles. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un relevamiento de las fórmulas infantiles existentes en el mercado y se trabajó con información provista por los fabricantes. De las 34 fórmulas del mercado se seleccionaron 21 en base a leche de vaca y 4 a base de soja. Resultados: En todas las fórmulas el aporte de grasas se encontraba dentro de las cifras recomendadas. La mayoría tenía una relación ácido linoleico/ácido a-linolénico entre 5 y 15, de acuerdo a las recomendaciones, mientras que 5 de ellas la superaban. Ocho fórmulas presentaban un contenido de ácido linoleico fuera del rango recomendado. Sólo tres tenían ácido grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga adicionados. Conclusiones: Los altos niveles de ácido linoleico y de la relación ácido linoleico/ácido a-linolénico en algunas fórmulas así como la falta de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga en la mayoría, podrían influir sobre el metabolismo lipídico y las funciones del sistema nervioso. Sin embargo, antes de proponer su adición en forma generalizada, sería importante realizar estudios sobre la forma más adecuada de hacerlo, teniendo en cuenta su biodisponibilidad y eventuales efectos adversos