In vitro evaluation of the effect of botanical formulations used in the control of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) on liver enzymes.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti Linn. (1792) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito, which is endemic in several regions of Brazil. Alternative methods for the control of the vector include botanical insecticides, which offer advantages such as lower environmental contamination levels and less likelihood of resistant populations. Thus, in this study, the ability of botanical insecticide formulations to inhibit the activity of the liver enzymes serum cholinesterase and malate dehydrogenase was evaluated. METHODS: Inhibition profiles were assessed using in vitro assays for cholinesterase and malate dehydrogenase activity and quantitated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy at 410nm to 340nm. RESULTS Insecticide products formulated from cashew nutshell liquid [A] and ricinoleic acid [B] showed cholinesterase activity levels of 6.26IU/mL and 6.61IU/mL, respectively, while the control level for cholinesterase was 5-12IU/mL. The products did not affect the level of 0.44IU/mL established for malate dehydrogenase, as the levels produced by [A] and [B] were 0.43IU/mL and 0.45IU/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that in vitro testing of the formulated products at concentrations lethal to A. aegypti did not affect the activity of cholinesterase and malate dehydrogenase, indicating the safety of these products.

Antidiarrheal effect of fractions from stem bark of Thespesia populnea in rodents: Possible antimotility and antisecretory mechanisms

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate antidiarrheal activity of the fractions of aqueous extract from stem barks of Thespesia populnea (Malvaceae).@*METHODS@#From the aqueous extract three fractions namely ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), methanolic fraction (MF) and residue fraction (RF) were made and studied for antidiarrheal activity. Antidiarrheal activity of the fractions were evaluated in castor oil induced diarrhea, prostaglandin E(2) (PG-E(2)) induced diarrhea and charcoal meal test as in vivo models and the most potent fraction was further evaluated with in vitro models to determine the possible antimotility effect.@*RESULTS@#In castor oil induced diarrhea model, the RF (10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, po.) and MF (100 mg/kg, po.) has significantly reduced the cumulative wet faecal mass, where as the EAF have not shown any significant antidiarrheal activity, RF was found to be more potent than MF. Based on these results and percentage yield, only RF was evaluated in PG-E(2) induced enteropooling and charcoal meal test. RF (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg) had shown significant inhibition of PG-E(2) induced secretions (antisecretory) and decreased the movement of charcoal in charcoal meal test indicating its antimotility activity. Furthermore, RF has showed significant inhibition of acetylcholine, histamine and BaCl(2) induced contractions on rat colon, guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum with EC(50) values of 241.7, 303.1 and 286.1 μg/mL, respectively indicating the antimotility effect of RF. The phytochemical analysis of RF showed presence of gums and mucilages and the possible mechanism may be the combination inhibition of elevated prostaglandin biosynthesis and reduced propulsive movement of the intestine.@*CONCLUSIONS@#RF possesses good antidiarrheal activity comparing with other two fractions and the possible mechanism thought to be associated with combination of antisecretory and antimolity.

Efefct of foliar fpraying with active dry yeast and complete fertilizer [sengral] on growth, yield and fixed oil of [RICINUS COMMUNIS L.]

The effect of dry yeast and complete fertilizer [sengral] on Ricinus communis L. plant during two successive seasons of 2000 and 2001 was studied. Four concentrations of foliar spraying with active dry yeast and complete fertilizer [sengral] were used [0, 1, 2 and 3 g/l]. The results showed that spraying active dry yeast and complete fertilizer [sengral] gave the highest values of vegetative growth, fruits and seeds yield as well as fixed oil of the seeds by using the highest concentration of the dry yeast and sengral [3 g/L.]. GLC analysis of oil seed showed that it contains palmetic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and recinoleic acids. Active dry yeast or complete fertilizer [sengral] spraying at 3 g/l. On coster bean plants, three times was recommended to obtain fixed oil of high quality and safe of environmental pollution

Estudo histológico do polímero poliuretano da mamona implantado no ângulo mandibular de ratos / Histological study of the ricinus communis polyrethane polymer implanted at rat's mandibular angle

Este estudo analisou o comportamento do polímero poliuretano da mamona implantado em leito subperióstico em ângulos mandibulares de ratos. Vinte Rattus novergicus (var.Albinus rodentia mammalia, cepa Wispar) foram divididos em quatro grupos de cinco animais. O polímero poliuretano da mamona, com adiçäo de carbonato de cálcio, foi implantado no bordo inferior da mandíbula dos mesmos. Em cada grupo, um animal correspondeu ao controle, tendo sido submetido à cirurgia sem a colocaçäo do implante. Os animais foram sacrificados após 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias pós-operatórios. Ao exame histológico, em cortes corados com hematoxilina e eosina (HE), observou-se a estabilidade do implante, a ausência significativa de reaçäo inflamatória, a formaçäo de cápsula fibrosa circunjacente ao implante, e neoformaçäo óssea. Segundo as condiçöes experimentais, concluímos que o polímero poliuretano da mamona, implantado em leito subperióstico, näo desencadeou reaçäo inflamatória tardia significativa, tendo levado ao desenvolvimento de cápsula fibrosa circunscrita, com evoluçäo para neoformaçäo óssea. Sinais de rejeiçäo, exposiçäo ou expulsäo do implante näo foram observados