Síntese e caracterização de partículas de fosfato de cálcio funcionalizadas com TEGDMA e sua aplicação no desenvolvimento de materiais resinosos remineralizadores / Synthesis and characterization of calcium phosphate particles functionalized with TEGDMA and their application in the development of remineralizing resin-based materials

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram : 1) sintetizar e caracterizar partículas de fosfato di-cálcico di-hidratado (DCPD) funcionalizadas com dimetacrilato de trietileno glicol (TEGDMA), com o propósito de reduzir a aglomeração e melhorar a interação entre as partículas e a matriz orgânica dos materiais resinosos e 2) avaliar o efeito da adição de partículas funcionalizadas em uma matriz resinosa em relação a liberação de íons, propriedades ópticas, grau de conversão, propriedades mecânicas e microestrutura do material. Na primeira etapa do trabalho foram sintetizadas pelo método sol-gel dois tipos partículas de DCPD: funcionalizadas e puras. Além dessas, caracterizou-se nesta etapa partículas comerciais do mesmo composto. As partículas foram caracterizadas por difração de raio X (DRX), espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise elementar, análise termogravimétrica (TGA), isortermas de adsorção de nitrogênio e método BET, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e espalhamento de luz dinâmico (DLS). Na segunda etapa do trabalho, um novo lote de partículas funcionalizadas foi sintetizado, e como controle, sintetizou-se partículas não funcionalizadas. Quatro materiais resinosos foram formulados, um deles contendo apenas BisGMA e TEGDMA (1:1 em mols) e os demais contendo, além da matriz resinosa, 20% (em volume) de partículas funcionalizadas, partículas não funcionalizadas ou sílica coloidal silanizada. Os materiais foram avaliados quanto à liberação de íons, propriedades ópticas (transmitância total e E em relação à resina sem carga), grau de conversão (GC), resistência à flexão biaxial (RFB), módulo de elasticidade e análise microestrutural...

The aims of this study were: 1) to synthesize and characterize dicalcium phosphate dihidrate (DCPD) particles functionalized with triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), with the purpose of reducing agglomeration and improve the interaction between the particles and the organic matrix of resin-based materials and 2) evaluate the effect of the addition of functionalized particles in a resin matrix regarding ion release, optical properties, degree of conversion, mechanical properties and microstructure. In the first part of the study, two types of DCPD particles were synthesized by a sol-gel method: functionalized and bare. Additionally, proprietary DCPD particles were also characterized. Particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (DRX), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Nitrogen adsorption isotherms and BET method, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). In the second part, a new batch was synthesized and, as a control, non-functionalized nanoparticles were synthesized. Four resin-based materials were prepared, one containing only BisGMA and TEGDMA (1:1 in mols) and the other containing besides the resin, 20 % (in volume) of functionalized, non-functionalized or silanized colloidal silica particles. Materials were evaluated for ion release, optical properties (total transmittance and E, in relation to the unfilled resin), degree of conversion (DC), biaxial flexural strength (BFS), elastic modulus and microstructural analysis. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), complemented by Tukey test, with a global significance level of 5%. Particles composition was confirmed by DRX, while functionalization was confirmed by FTIR , elemental analysis and TGA. Functionalized particles presented surface area up to three times higher compared to bare and proprietary particles. These findings were confirmed by DLS, which found larger...

Hypertension: Salt restriction, sodium homeostasis, and other ions.

Salt is composed of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) which in body water becomes essential electrolytes, viz., Sodium (Na + ) and Chloride (Cl - ) ions, including in the blood and other extracellular fluids (ECF). Na + ions are necessary cations in muscle contractions and their depletion will effect all the muscles in body including smooth muscle contraction of blood vessels, a fact which is utilized in lowering the blood pressure. Na+ ions also hold water with them in the ECF. Na + homeostasis in body is maintained by thirst (water intake), kidneys (urinary excretion) and skin (sweating). In Na + withdrawal, body tries to maintain homeostasis as far as possible. However, in certain conditions (e.g., during exercise, intake of drugs and in disorders causing Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti Diuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH), diuretics, diarrhea) coupled with moderate or severe dietary salt restriction (anorexia nervosa), hyponatremia can get precipitated. Hyponatremia is one end point in the spectrum of disorders caused by severe Na + depletion whereas in moderate depletion it can cause hypohydration (or less total body water) and lower urinary volume (U v ). Moreover, salt sensitivity varies in various populations leading to different responses in relation to dietary Na + intake. Diabetes and Hypertension often co-exist but Na + withdrawal in salt sensitive subjects worsens diabetes though hypertension gets better and reverse occurs in salt loading. Therefore, Na + or salt restriction may be non-physiological. In hypertensive subjects other alternatives to Na + withdrawal could be Potassium (K + ) and Calcium (Ca 2+ ) supplementation. Further studies are required to monitor safety/side effects of salt restriction.

Enhancement of wanlongmycin production by nitrogen ion beam implantation / Mejora de la producción de wanlongmycin por implantación de haces iónicos de nitrógeno

In an attempt to obtain an industrial strain with higher yield of wanlongmycin, the wild strain Streptomyces griseovariabilis GAAS2507 was mutated by a novel mutagen, nitrogen ion beam with energy of 20 kilo electron volts (KeV) and dose ranging from 7.80 x 10(14) to 2.86 x 10(15) ions/cm². One mutant strain WN939 was obtained. Its yield of wanlongmycin reached 271.24 µg/mL, which was 82.10 percent higher than that of the wild strain. The mutant strain WN939 was relatively stable for the production of wanlongmycin through six successive transfers of cultures and a repeat fermentation in a 30 L fermentor. In addition, the mutant strains were investigated and divided into five types by their colony phenotypes and production of wanlongmycin. Among them, three types mutant strains exhibited positive mutation, while the other two types mutant strains exhibited negative mutation.

Liberação de íons por biomateriais metálicos / Ion release from metallic biomaterials

OBJETIVO: todo biomaterial metálico implantado possui alguma interação com os tecidos em contato, havendo liberação de íons por dissolução, desgaste ou corrosão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a liberação de íons metálicos por alguns tipos de biomateriais metálicos, descrevendo a interação íon/tecido e os possíveis efeitos adversos. CONCLUSÃO: os tratamentos de jateamento e ataque ácido propiciam aumento na dissolução e liberação de íons metálicos, mas o recobrimento destas superfícies com hidroxiapatita e o polimento eletroquímico reduzem esta tendência de liberação iônica. Na presença de sintomas de reação adversa ao biomaterial deve-se pesquisar sua composição, realizar testes de alergia e optar por materiais não-metálicos ou que não contenham o elemento agressor. As pesquisas sobre liberação de íons devem ser frequentes, devido ao crescente lançamento de novos biomateriais.

AIM: Every metallic biomaterial has some interaction with surrounding tissues, and ion release occurs by dissolution, wearing or corrosion of the alloy. The aim of this paper was to revise the metal ion release from some metallic biomaterials, describing the ion/tissue interaction and the possible side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Treatments such as sand blasting and etching increases the amount of metallic ion release, but the surface coated with hydroxyapatite and the polishing decreases the ion release. When clinical signs of side effects to the biomaterial are present one should search its composition, do allergic tests and choose non-metallic biomaterials or biomaterials without the aggressor element. The researches about ion release should be frequent due to the use of new biomaterials.