Conhecimentos e atitudes de crianças escolares sobre prevenção de acidentes / Knowledge and attitudes of schoolchildren about the prevention of accidents

Resumo Os acidentes são frequentes na infância em razão da menor percepção de risco e maior vulnerabilidade à desastres. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os conhecimentos e as atitudes de crianças escolares em relação à prevenção de acidentes e os fatores associados. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo e transversal realizado entre novembro e dezembro de 2017 em Simão Dias, Sergipe, Brasil. A partir de cálculo amostral, foram avaliadas por meio de entrevista com uso de imagens ilustrativas 97 crianças escolares de sete a nove anos. Os resultados mostraram que pouco mais da metade das crianças entrevistadas consideram o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual uma forma de prevenir lesões em casos de acidentes (58,8%; n=57), sendo menos frequente entre as que possuíam menor escolaridade (RP: 0,66; IC95%: 0,16-0,99). O conhecimento e/ou uso desses equipamentos foi de 60,8% (n=59) para cinto de segurança, 54,6% (n=53) para capacete, 47,4% (n=46) para joelheira e 40,2% (n=39) para cotoveleira. Em relação às atitudes, 20,6% (n=20) responderam que não há problemas em colocar a mão (sem lavar) sobre o machucado e 12,4% (n=12) em atravessar a rua sem a companhia de um adulto. Concluiu-se que as crianças escolares avaliadas possuem conhecimentos e atitudes equivocadas sobre prevenção de acidentes.

Abstract Accidents are frequent in childhood because of the lower risk perception and greater vulnerability to disasters. This study aimed to analyze the knowledge and attitudes of schoolchildren concerning the prevention of accidents and associated factors. This is a cross-sectional and quantitative study conducted in November and December/2017 in Simão Dias, Sergipe, Brazil. Ninety-seven schoolchildren aged between 7 and 9 years of age from a sample calculation were evaluated through interviews with representative images. The results showed that little more than half of the children consider the use of personal protective equipment as a way of preventing injuries in case of accidents (58.8%; n=57), and is infrequent among those with low education level (PR: 0.66; 95%CI: 0.16- 0.99). The knowledge or use of this equipment was 60.8% (n=59) for safety belt, 54.6% (n=53) for helmet, 47.4% (n=46) for knee pad and 40.2% (n=39) for elbow support. Regarding attitudes, 20.6% (n=20) answered that there is no problem putting their (unwashed) hand on the wound and 12.4% (n=12) crossing the street accompanied without an adult. It was concluded that the knowledge and attitudes of schoolchildren concerning the prevention of accidents are misguided.

Three Cases of Spine Fractures after an Airplane Crash / 대한신경손상학회지

While injuries to the spine after an airplane crash are not rare, most crashes result in fatal injuries. As such, few studies exist that reported on spine fractures sustained during airplane accidents. In this report, we demonstrate three cases of spine fractures due to crash landing of a commercial airplane. Three passengers perished from injuries after the crash landing, yet most of the passengers and crew on board survived, with injuries ranging from minor to severe. Through evaluating our three spine fracture patients, it was determined that compression fracture of the spine was the primary injury related to the airplane accident. The first patient was a 20-year-old female who sustained a T6-8 compression fracture without neurologic deterioration. The second patient was a 33-year-old female with an L2 compression fracture, and the last patient was a 49-year-old male patient with a T8 compression fracture. All three patients were managed conservatively and required spinal orthotics. During the crash, each of these patients were subjected to direct, downward high gravity z-axis (Gz) force, which gave rise to load on the spine vertically, thereby causing compression fracture. Therefore, new safety methods should be developed to prevent excessive Gz force during airplane crash landings.

Cuando la humillación se convierte en accidente: las condiciones laborales de los pilotos en Brasil / When humiliation becomes an accident: working conditions of commercial pilots in Brazil

Este trabajo es parte de una breve discusión de las condiciones y organización del trabajo de los pilotos de aviones en Brasil, teniendo en cuenta sus implicaciones para la salud de esos trabajadores que están inmersos en una “crisis de la aviación”, hoy llamada “crisis aérea”. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, desarrollado bajo la lógica del método histórico y dialéctico, que capta lo real con su dinamismo. Es un estudio teórico, analítico y empírico respecto de la crisis en la aviación comercial brasileña, desde el punto de vista y la percepción de los pilotos del avión. Abarca, también, el análisis de las condiciones y de la organización de esos profesionales y las consecuencias en la “crisis de la aviación”. Varias investigaciones e intervenciones han sido llevadas a cabo con el objetivo de mejorar las condiciones y la organización del trabajo. Sin embargo, aún se hace necesario emprender más estudios de esa magnitud, para poder entender mejor el contenido simbólico existente entre las relaciones subjetivas del trabajador con la actividad que desarrolla, la humillación (relación esa que puede ocultar incidentes provocadores de graves accidentes) y el desgaste generado por la actividad y sus efectos en la salud física y mental de las personas. Esa es la intención al proponer este trabajo.

This study is a brief reflection on the working conditions and organization of Brazilian aircraft pilots, in the context of their health implications for these workers, who are currently immersed in the so-called “air crisis”. It is a qualitative study carried out using the dialectical historical method, which captures reality through its dynamics. It is a theoretical and empirical study that analyzes the crisis in the Brazilian commercial aviation sector through the perceptions of aircraft pilots. It is also an analysis of the working conditions and organization of these professionals and the implications for the so-called “aviation crisis”. Several studies and interventions have been conducted aimed at both improving productivity and work conditions / work organization. However, it is still necessary to advance research aimed at better understanding the symbolic content of work and workers’ subjective relationships with their activity, the humiliation (leading to concealment of incidents that may become severe accidents) and the wear generated by the activity and its effects on physical and mental health. This is our intention in proposing this work.

Air disasters and mortality in Pakistan

To study the mortality in air disasters in Pakistan. Original study. This study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Frontier Medical and Dental College, Abbottabad and Fountain University Medical College, Rawalpindi from January 2009 to November 2012. The mortality data was collected from Internet, Civil Aviation Authority, Newspapers and research journals. The results are shown in tables and graphs. The air disasters are one of the significant cause of mortality. The factors responsible for air disasters should be minimized to reduce mortality

Pattern of injuries in a Fatal small aircraft accident.

Aircraft accident investigation is divided between human and machine factors. Human factors include intoxication, cardiovascular pathology, CO Poisoning, hypoxia, vertigo, operational errors. Machine factors are focused on impact based on speed, direction of travel, angle of impact and altitude. Autopsy data from individual aviation crashes have long been used in aviation safety research. The present study examines the injury pattern in occupants of a light executive jet aircraft crashed in bad monsoon weather, while on a flight, killing all eight persons on board including the two pilots. The bodies of the victims were brought to All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. All bodies were sufficiently intact and were easily identifiable. Detailed autopsies were performed on all the eight occupants, which yielded findings relevant to the cause of the accident. Our findings emphasize the need for autopsy on all aviation accident victims, especially pilots, as it is the only reliable method to find out the various factors contributing to an accident.

Fatores contribuintes aos acidentes aeronáuticos / Factores contribuyentes de accidentes aeronáuticos / Contributive factors to aviation accidents

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os resultados de investigações de acidentes aeronáuticos brasileiros do Centro de Investigação e Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos (Cenipa) com os do sistema de análise e classificação de fatores humanos (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System - HFACS). Foram analisados e comparados os relatórios finais de 36 investigações de acidentes aeronáuticos ocorridos entre 2000 e 2005, no estado de São Paulo. Foram mencionados 163 fatores contribuintes dos acidentes aeronáuticos nos relatórios do Cenipa, enquanto 370 foram identificados por meio do HFACS. Conclui-se que as análises do Cenipa não contemplaram fatores organizacionais associados aos acidentes aéreos.

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los resultados de investigaciones de accidentes aeronáuticos brasileños del Centro de Investigación y Prevención de Accidentes Aeronáuticos (CENIPA) con los del sistema de análisis y clasificación de factores humanos (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System - HFACS). Se analizaron y compararon los informes finales de 36 investigaciones de accidentes aeronáuticos ocurridos entre 2000 y 2005, en el estado de Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil. Se mencionaron 163 factores contribuyentes de accidentes aeronáuticos en los informes del CENIPA, mientras que 370 fueron identificados por medio del HFACS. Se concluye que los análisis del CENIPA no contemplaron factores organizacionales asociados con los accidentes aéreos.

Progress of research on human tolerance to impact acceleration / 生物医学工程学杂志

Impact acceleration is one of the factors to which human body is exposed in aerospace exploring. When the impact level is greater than human tolerance, it usually results in human injuries which may be fatal. Therefore, in order to reduce or avert the risk of serious injury from crash impact, human tolerance to impact acceleration is a crucial consideration in aircraft since the beginning of aviation. The study on human tolerance to impact acceleration has become a cynosure in the realm of modern biomechanics. So this paper reviews the progress of the researches.

Sistemas de investigação dos acidentes aeronáuticos da aviação geral: uma análise comparativa / Accident investigation systems for general aviation: a comparative analysis

Introdução: Descreve o panorama do surgimento da avaliação e das teorias de investigação de acidentes aeronáuticos. Objetivo: Analisar a investigação dos acidentes e incidentes aeronáuticos ocorridos na Aviação Geral no Estado de São Paulo no período de 2000 a 2005 e verificar sua associação a fatores organizacionais. Método: Foram comparadas as atuações das agências de investigação de acidentes aeronáuticos dos Estados Unidos, União Européia e Brasil, identificado os métodos de investigação de acidentes empregados. Foi realizado o levantamento das ocorrências com as aeronaves classificadas na categoria de aviação geral no estado de São Paulo no período 2000 a 2005 e feita a análise comparativa de 36 relatórios finais de acidentes utilizados pelo Centro de Investigação e Prevenção de Acidentes (CENIPA) com o Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Resultados: Identificou-se que as agências de investigação dos Estados Unidos e União Européia atuam de forma sistêmica e a brasileira atua isoladamente. Foi constatado que houve 636 ocorrências com aeronaves da aviação geral, sendo que 92 por cento foram incidentes, que não foram investigados. Dos acidentes, 5,5 por cento possuíam relatórios finais concluídos. A análise dos relatórios finais, segundo o CENIPA, apontou 163 fatores contribuintes, sendo que o principal fator foi p "deficiente julgamento" presente em 80,5 por cento dos acidentes. A utilização do modelo HFACS identificou-se a presença de 370 fator(Continuação). Considerações Finais: O estudo possibilitou a identificação da falta de integração de diversos órgãos governamentais na investigação dos acidentes aeronáuticos. A ausência de investigação de incidentes aeronáuticos dificultando a prevenção. A análise do CENIPA não contempla de forma adequada os fatores organizacionais.

A Study of Pilot-Efficacy / 항공우주의학회지

Pilot's complacency and confidence have been implicated as a contributing factors in numerous aviation accidents and incidents. It is related to ones belief that one is capable of performing in a certain manner to attain certain goals which is called 'Self-Efficacy' as a psychological concept. The purpose of this study was to construct and validate pilot's self-efficacy scale. This study examined the necessity of pilot efficacy in terms of pilot's confidence and complacency, and considered what is components and processes of pilot self-efficacy through the reference to literature. This Study newly defined 'pilot-efficacy' as vocational self-efficacy in flight operation field. Based on literature review and advisory group's review, there made 3 factors of Pilot-Efficacy:Flight-Efficacy, Relational/Communication Efficacy, and physical and psychological Stress-Coping Efficacy. Preliminary pilot-efficacy scale was administered to pilot group analysis Item analysis was conducted to select appropriate items and common factor analysis was done to identify the subcomponents of pilot efficacy scale. In result, 35 items were selected. The measurement of pilot efficacy for individual makes it possible to predict pilots' behavior when they make decision both normal and non-normal situation. This scale is expected to be not only predictable but also useful to enhance aviation safety. Finally, suggestion for following studies were discussed.

Relationship between Brazilian airline pilot errors and time of day

Flight safety is one of the most important and frequently discussed issues in aviation. Recent accident inquiries have raised questions as to how the work of flight crews is organized and the extent to which these conditions may have been contributing factors to accidents. Fatigue is based on physiologic limitations, which are reflected in performance deficits. The purpose of the present study was to provide an analysis of the periods of the day in which pilots working for a commercial airline presented major errors. Errors made by 515 captains and 472 copilots were analyzed using data from flight operation quality assurance systems. To analyze the times of day (shifts) during which incidents occurred, we divided the light-dark cycle (24:00) in four periods: morning, afternoon, night, and early morning. The differences of risk during the day were reported as the ratio of morning to afternoon, morning to night and morning to early morning error rates. For the purposes of this research, level 3 events alone were taken into account, since these were the most serious in which company operational limits were exceeded or when established procedures were not followed. According to airline flight schedules, 35 percent of flights take place in the morning period, 32 percent in the afternoon, 26 percent at night, and 7 percent in the early morning. Data showed that the risk of errors increased by almost 50 percent in the early morning relative to the morning period (ratio of 1:1.46). For the period of the afternoon, the ratio was 1:1.04 and for the night a ratio of 1:1.05 was found. These results showed that the period of the early morning represented a greater risk of attention problems and fatigue.

Medicina aeroespacial y factores humanos en aviación: la importancia de una aproximación transdisciplinaria a la salud / Aerospace medicine and human factors in aviation: the importance of a transdisciplinary approach to health / Medicina aeroespacial e fatores humanos em aviacion: a importância de uma aproximação transdisciplinaria à saúde

El estudio del factor humano en accidentes de aviación constituye un desafío para la medicina aeroespacial y para la seguridad aérea en este milenio. A pesar de los esfuerzos realizados para desarrollar modelos de interpretación desde diferentes aproximaciones y disciplinas, las investigaciones continúan arrojando información fragmentada, que enfatiza principalmente en el error del piloto, dificultando la identificación de problemas estructurales y conducentes a medidas de intervención focalizadas. La investigación en medicina aeroespacial requiere de la integración de diversas disciplinas y de la participación de los diferentes actores sociales de la industria aeronáutica, con el fin de contribuir a la solución de problemas tan complejos como son los relacionados con los factores humanos y de proponer acciones para la promoción de la salud de los pilotos y para la prevención de accidentes de aviación...

The study of the human factor in aviation accidents constitutes a challenge in aerospace medicine and aviation safety for the millennium. In spite of the efforts to develop models of interpretation from different approaches and disciplines, research continues to provide fragmented information emphasizing pilot error, making it difficult to identify structural problems leading to focalised intervention measures. Aerospace medicine research requires the integration of diverse disciplines and the participation of the different social actors of the aeronautic industry, in order to contribute to the solution of such complex problems as those presented by human factors and to propose actions for pilots’ health promotion and accident prevention...

O estudo do fator humano em acidentes de aviação constitui um desafio para a medicina aeroespacial e para a segurança aérea neste milênio. Embora dos esforços realizados para desenvolver modelos de interpretação desde diferentes aproximações e disciplinas, as pesquisas continuam produzindo informação fragmentada, que enfatiza principalmente no erro do piloto, dificultando a identificação de problemas estruturais e conducentes a medidas de intervenção focalizadas. A pesquiza em medicina aeroespacial requer da integração de diversas disciplinas e da participação dos diferentes atores sociais da indústria aeronáutica, com o fim de contribuir à solução de problemas tão complexos como são os relacionados com os fatores humanos e de propor ações para a promoção da saúde dos pilotos e para a prevenção de acidentes de aviação...

Remembering the Musi - SilkAir Flight MI 185 crash victim identification

On 19 December 1997, SilkAir Flight MI 185, a Boeing B737-300 airliner crashed into the Musi River near Palembang, Southern Sumatra, enroute from Jakarta, Indonesia to Singapore. All 104 passengers and crew onboard were killed. Of the human remains recovered, 6 positive identifications were made, including that of one Singaporean. Two of the identifications were by dental records, 2 by fingerprints, 1 by age estimation and 1 by personal effects. This paper describes the crash victim identification of Flight MI 185. The authors were part of an Indonesia- Singapore forensic team deployed for 3 weeks in Palembang to assist the Indonesian authorities in human remains identification.

Una retrospectiva de la gestión del riesgo en el Sector Salud 2004-2006 / A retrospective of risk management in the Health Sector 2004-2006

Compila los principales eventos adversos que implicaron la participación activa del Sector Salud. Contiene: el proceso de sistematización, ola de frío - 2004, sequía- 2004, marcha de campesinos productores de hojas de coca 2004, paro nacional del 14 de julio de 2004, peregrinación al señor cautivo de ayabaca- 2005, accidente aéreo en la ciudad de Pucallpa-agosto de 2005, difusión del conocimiento: centro de información sobre emergencias y desastres, lecciones por aprender

Error humano: La influencia de la fatiga y el estrés en los accidentes aéreos / Human error: Air accidents by the influence of fatigue and stress

Análisis del factor humano en este tipo de accidentes, especialmente en lo que se refiere a patologías como la fatiga y el estrés. También se incluyen algunas recomendaciones para los miembros de la tripulación

The Introduction of Knowledge Management Technique in Aviation Safety Management

The causes of aviation accidents are not simple. Human error could possibly be caused by outside factors such as an environmental factor, laws and regulations, organizational, and national culture. An approach to an organizational factor on safety management and aircraft accident investigation is indispensable to improve aviation safety. Data collection from diversified sources is very important. Therefore, safety management focuses on safety inspections within the organization, and understanding the organization and employees' culture. Data from people who work in the aviation field must be merged with information technology to produce information and knowledge. Decision and policy making must be executed using knowledge-based aviation information. Policy makers must make it a priority to create an infrastructure for collecting data, transforming the data to information and the using information knowledge in amending aviation acts and regulations. The system that uses the infrastructure is composed of data collection from multi-channel, analysis and feedback to understand different culture organization-to-organization and country-to-country factors. Policy must be established and be enforced using this system to make it function positively. This study is a fundamental research to enhance aviation safety and to improve Korea's aviation acts and regulations.

Intervención de la Base Aeropuerto Ezeiza del SAME en el accidente del vuelo 932 de Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano / Intervention of Base Aeropuerto Ezeiza, SAME in the accident of 932 fly of Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano

Background: on december 17, 1903, the wright brothers put a human being in the air using a self-propelled mechanical system. The development of aviation has since then soared and turned present aviation into a safe and trustworthy activity. If an accident occurs in a modern airport, it brings togrther a complex mix of structures, companies, activities, and people, challenging the ability of aeronautic and sanitary emergency systems to respond. Objective: the intention of this communication is to detail the activity carried out by the Ezeiza Airport Base during the Lloyd Aereo Boliviano flight 932 accident on january 9, 2001. Case: at 5:10 pm, on this day, a Boeing 727-200 with 136 passengers and 8 crew members on board was taxing along Foxtrot towards runway 11. While the aircraft turned to position itself, the left section of the landing gear breaks down, causing the left wing to hit the ground, breaking the same and spilling fuel from the affected wingïs tanks. Of all the occupants of the aircraft (144) that were assisted and categorised, 14 required medical assistance, 8 were taken to Ezeiza hospital, 2 had to be hospitalised, and 12 were assisted by a human factor team

Efectos psicológicos a largo plazo de una catástrofe aérea en la población afectada / Long-term psychological effects of a plane crash on the affected population

La mayoría de los trabajos sobre las secuelas psicológicas que produce una catástrofe en las personas afectadas se limitan al período temporal que rodea el citado hecho. El presente trabajo muestra los resultados obtenidos mediante un cuestionario ad hoc sobre la repercusión que tuvo el accidente aéreo de septiembre de 1998 sobre la población afectada un año después del suceso, superada ya incluso la denominada fase de duelo psicológico...

Medio ambiente laboral de la tripulación de aeronaves / Occupational environment of the air crew

El factor humano es la principal causa de las catástrofes aéreas. Desde la década del `70 se está trabajando en un sistema que mejore el rendimiento de la tripulación de las aeronaves a fin de reducir esa incidencia. Los principlos del sistema de Administración de Recursos de Cabina apunta a generar habilidades, modificar actitudes y transformar la cultura de las organizaciones aeronáuticas: los fundamentos del sistema buscan que las tripulaciones mantengan un estado de ánimo apto a fin de cumplir eficientemente con su tarea, ya que de ello depende la seguridad de las operaciones aéreas y la excelencia de la aviación comercial

Estadística de las emergencias producidas en el Perú durante 1996: una contribución al Decenio Internacional para la Reducción de los Desastres Naturales / Statistics on emergencies produced in Peru during 1996

Presenta el compendio estadístico de todas las emergencias ocurridas en el Perú durante 1996. Incluye la descripción del fenómeno indicando los daños y las acciones tomadas por el INDECI, las Direcciones Regionales y/o la autoridad del sistema. La colección cuenta con el mismo compendio correspondiente al año 1994, con el mismo código

Reconhecendo pela boca / Recognition through oral mouth

Nunca se falou tanto na Odontologia Legal como no acidente do vôo 402 da TAM. Além de ser determinante na identificação de carbonizados, essa especialidade em ascenção encontra aplicação nos processos civis e criminais contra CDs, na confirmação de suspeitos em investigações policiais e em processos trabalhistas, entre outros