Métodos de avaliação cognitiva de pacientes com Síndrome de Apert e de Crouzon / Cognitive assessment methods of patients with Apert and Crouzon syndrome

A Craniossinostose Coronal bilateral implica em diminuição do Perímetro Craniano (PC) no eixo ântero-posterior (Braquicefalia) e frequentemente se associa ao aumento do eixo céfalo-caudal (vertical-altura) do crânio (Turricefalia), sendo um dos achados mais comuns nas Síndromes de Crouzon e Apert. Objetivo: Identificar, analisar e sintetizar os métodos de avaliação cognitiva apropriados para o acompanhamento da evolução de pacientes com cranioestenoses sindrômicas, em particular as síndromes de Apert e de Crouzon. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo. Para a formulação da pergunta norteadora da pesquisa e da estratégia de busca, foi utilizada a estratégia Population [((Apert OR Crouzon) AND (Disease OR Syndrom*))], Concept [((cognit* OR neurobehavioral OR neurocognit* OR neuropsyc*) AND (evaluation OR evaluations OR assessment OR "test" OR tests OR status OR development OR disorder OR disorders OR impairment OR impairments OR impaired OR function OR functions))] e Context (em qualquer contexto). Foram inclusos os artigos escritos em inglês, português e espanhol em qualquer período. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados: Embase, Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE e rede BVS Salud. Resultados:Inúmeros testes de avaliação cognitiva validados internacionalmente foram aplicados aos pacientes com Apert e Crouzon, mas não se observou uma padronização (protocolo) seguida pelas várias unidades de assistência. Dos 75 tipos de Testes Cognitivos aplicados houve o predomínio da Escala de Inteligência de Wechsler (e seus subtestes), 50%. Na população avaliada predominou duas faixas etárias: escolares e adolescentes. As crianças com Apert e Crouzon obtiveram escores piores nos transtornos de socialização, atenção e internalização quando comparadas com o grupo normativo, sendo os piores resultados encontrados em Apert. Fatores que interferem no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor: pressão intracraniana, malformações encefálicas, genética, idade na correção cirúrgica (postergação da primeira cirurgia após um ano de idade associou-se a um quociente de inteligência mais baixo), institucionalização, ambiente familiar, escolaridade dos cuidadores e nível socioeconômico. Considerações finais: os resultados obtidos contribuíram para maior conhecimento do perfil cognitivo dos pacientes com estas síndromes. Somente conhecendo as habilidades e dificuldades neuropsicomotoras, cognitivas e psicossociais dos pacientes com Apert e Crouzon é que as equipes de saúde, da escola e de cuidadores poderão entender melhor a capacidade perceptiva destes no processo de aprendizado e estarão mais aptas em atender as necessidades especiais destes pacientes e poderão ofertar os estímulos mais adequados no momento mais oportuno (AU).

Bilateral Coronal Craniosynostosis implies a decrease in the Cranial Perimeter (CP) in the anteroposterior axis (Brachycephaly) and is frequently associated with an increase in the cephalocaudal (vertical height) axis of the skull (Turrycephaly); being one of the most common findings in Crouzon and Apert Syndromes (Syndromic Craniosynostosis). In this Scope Review study, among the Syndromic Craniosynostosis, Apert and Crouzon Syndromes will be of special interest. Objective: This study aimed to identify, analyze, and synthesize the appropriate cognitive assessment methods for monitoring the evolution of patients with syndromic craniosynostosis, in particular Apert's and Crouzon's syndromes. Method: This is a scope review. In order to formulate the research guiding question and the searching strategy, the Population [((Apert OR Crouzon) AND (Disease OR Syndrom*))], Concept [((cognit* OR neurobehavioral OR neurocognit* OR neuropsyc*) AND (evaluation OR evaluations OR assessment OR "test" OR tests OR status OR development OR disorder OR disorders OR impairment OR impairments OR impaired OR function OR functions))] and Context (in any context) strategy was used. The articles written in English, Portuguese, and Spanish in any period were included. The search was performed in the following databases: Embase, Scopus, National Library of Medicine (PubMed/MEDLINE), and in the BVS Salud network (PAHO, WHO, BIREME, LILACS). Results: many internationally validated cognitive assessment tests were applied to patients with Apert and Crouzon, but no standardization (protocol) was followed. Of the 75 types of Cognitive Tests applied, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale predominated, 50%. In the evaluated population, two age groups predominated: school children and adolescents. Children with Apert and Crouzon had worse scores on disorders of socialization, attention, and internalization when compared to the normative group, with the worst results found in Apert. Factors that interfere with cognitive development: intracranial pressure, brain malformations, genetics, age at surgical correction, institutionalization, family environment, caregiver education, and socioeconomic status. Conclusion: the results contributed to a better understanding of the cognitive profile of patients with these syndromes and only by knowing about the neuropsychomotor, cognitive, and psychosocial skills and difficulties of these patients with Apert and Crouzon that health, school, and caregiver teams will be able to understand the perceptive capacity in the learning process of these patients deeply and will be able to offer the most appropriate stimuli at the most opportune time. Keywords: Apert, Crouzon, Neuropsyc, Tests, Development (AU).

Intervención fisioterapéutica en una niña con síndrome de Pfeiffer. Reporte de caso / Physiotherapeutic intervention in a girl with Pfeiffer syndrome. Case Report

Introducción: El síndrome de Pfeiffer es un trastorno congénito autosómico dominante que afecta a 1 entre 100.000 nacidos vivos. El objetivo de este reporte de caso es describir la intervención fisioterapéutica en una niña con síndrome de Pfeiffer tipo 2, la cual se basó en el concepto del entrenamiento centrado en tareas específicas, el análisis de cambios en el control postural y la educación y empoderamiento a los padres. Presentación del caso: Niña que inició tratamiento de fisioterapia con una frecuencia de dos sesiones semanales, desde los 6 meses hasta los dos años, cuando logró deambular por ocho pasos consecutivos de manera independiente. A los 12 meses logró la sedestación independiente, a los 18 meses la niña se ubicó en el percentil 50 según la escala Alberta y a los 24 meses pudo dar ocho pasos seguidos sin asistencia y realizar alcances y manipulación bimanual con objetos modificados. Conclusión: El entrenamiento basado en tareas y el enfoque centrado en el paciente y su familia permitieron que una niña con síndrome de Pfeiffer tipo 2, con deficiencias en las funciones y estructuras corporales musculoesqueléticas y relacionadas con el movimiento, lograra deambular por ocho pasos de manera independiente a los dos años y se interesara por manipular y explorar su entorno inmediato. La intervención en fisioterapia puede beneficiar a los niños con síndrome de Pfeiffer o síndromes similares, que evolucionan con deficiencias en su neurodesarrollo, mejorando su calidad de vida.

Introduction: Pfeiffer syndrome is an autosomal dominant congenital disorder that affects 1 in 100,000 live births. Variable malformations, developmental delay, and neurological complications occur. The objective of this case report is to describe the physical therapy intervention on a girl with type 2 Pfeiffer syndrome, which was based on the concept of training focused on specific tasks, the analysis of changes in postural control, and education and empowerment to parents. Case presentation: A girl who began physiotherapy treatment with a frequency of two weekly sessions, from 6 months to two years, when she managed to walk independently for eight consecutive steps. At 12 months, she achieved independent sitting, at 18 months the girl was in the 50th percentile according to the Alberta scale, and at 24 months she was able to take eight continuous steps without assistance and perform bimanual reaching and manipulation with modified objects. Conclusion: Task-based training and a patient and family-centered approach allowed a girl with type 2 Pfeiffer syndrome, with deficiencies in musculoskeletal and movement-related bodily functions and structures, to ambulate independently for eight steps at two years and to be interested in manipulating and exploring her immediate environment. Physiotherapy intervention can benefit children with Pfeiffer syndrome or similar syndromes, who evolve with deficiencies in their development, improving their quality of life.

Síndrome de Apert: alternativas de tratamiento ortodóntico - quirúrgico y tiempos de ejecución. Una revisión de la literatura / Apert Syndrome: Orthodontic - Surgical treatment alternatives and execution times. A review of the literature

Objetivo: realizar una revisión de la literatura acerca de los tratamientos ortodónticos y quirúrgicos del síndrome de Apert durante las diferentes etapas de crecimiento y desarrollo. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en las bases de datos MedLine (PubMed), Science Direct, Scopus y Wiley Online Library con la combinación de los siguientes términos: Syndromic craniosynostosis, Dental treatment, orthodontic treatment, Apert Syndrome, surgical treatment, dental care. Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas y de literatura, estudios retrospectivos, longitudinales y de cohorte, series y revisiones de caso publicados entre 1990 y 2020 en español o inglés; se excluyeron artículos relacionados con otros síndromes, así como estudios en animales. Los artículos fueron seleccionados según su pertinencia y disponibilidad de texto completo; hallazgos repetidos fueron eliminados; adicionalmente, se utilizó el sistema bola de nieve en los artículos seleccionados; la calidad de la evidencia fue evaluada mediante el sistema GRADE. Resultados: 34 artículos fueron incluidos (calidad alta: 2, moderada: 1, baja: 19 y muy baja: 12). Entre estos, se identificaron discusiones relacionadas con la etapa de crecimiento a la que se recomienda realizar los procedimientos quirúrgicos requeridos para minimizar sus impactos negativos. La mayoría de los artículos apoyan el manejo terapéutico ejecutado por equipos multidisciplinarios. Conclusiones: un plan de tratamiento combinado de ortodoncia y cirugía ortognática se presentó como la mejor opción para obtener los mejores resultados funcionales y estéticos para la población en cuestión. El momento adecuado durante el crecimiento y desarrollo de los individuos para implementar cada fase de tratamiento fue decidido por cada equipo multidisciplinario.

Objective: Carry out a literature review about the orthodontic and surgical treatments of Apert Syndrome, during the different stages of growth and development. Methods: A search was made in the MedLine (PubMed), Science Direct, Scopus, and Wiley Online Library databases with the combination of the following terms: Syndromic craniosynostosis; Dental treatment; orthodontic treatment; Apert Syndrome; surgical treatment; dental care. Types of the study included: Systematic and literature reviews, retrospective, longitudinal, and cohort studies, series, and case reviews that were published between 1990-2020 in Spanish or English; articles related to other syndromes and animal, or laboratory studies were excluded. The articles were selected according to relevance and availability of full text; repeated findings were eliminated; additionally, the snowball system was used in the selected articles; the quality of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE system. Results: 34 articles were included (High Quality: 2; Moderate: 1; Low: 19; Very Low: 12). Controversies were found related to the stage of growth to which it is recommended to perform the required surgical procedures to minimize the negative impacts. Most of the articles support therapeutic management by multidisciplinary teams. Conclusions: A combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgery treatment plan was presented as the indicated option to obtain the best possible functional and aesthetic results for the population in question. The appropriate time during the growth and development of individuals to implement each treatment phase was decided by each multidisciplinary team.

Síndrome de Saethre-Chotzen: a propósito de un caso / Saethre-Chotzen syndrome: a case report

El síndrome de Saethre-Chotzen es un síndrome malformativo craneofacial caracterizado por una sinostosis de las suturas coronales y alteraciones de extremidades. Tiene una prevalencia de 1 de cada 25 000-50 000 recién nacidos vivos. Se presenta el caso de un neonato sin antecedentes de interés con alteraciones craneofaciales al nacer. Ante los rasgos fenotípicos del paciente, se realizó una tomografía axial computada craneal, que mostró la fusión parcial de la sutura coronal y evidenció la presencia de huesos wormianos en localización metópica y lambdoidea derecha. Con la sospecha clínica de síndrome malformativo craneofacial, se solicitó análisis del exoma dirigido, que confirmó que el paciente era portador heterocigoto de la variante patogénica c.415C>A, que inducía un cambio de prolina a treonina en la posición 139 del gen TWIST1, responsable del síndrome. La presencia de huesos wormianos, hallazgo no descrito hasta ahora en la literatura, amplía la variabilidad fenotípica conocida de este síndrome.

The Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is a craniofacial malformation syndrome characterized by synostosis of coronal sutures and limb anomalies. The estimated prevalence of this syndrome is 1 in 25 000-50 000 live births. We present a case report of a neonate, without relevant family history, who presented craniofacial alterations at birth. Given the phenotypic features, a cranial computed tomography scan was performed, showing partial fusion of the coronal suture, evidencing the presence of wormian bones in the metopic and right lambdoid location. With the clinical suspicion of craniofacial malformation syndrome, an analysis of the directed exome was requested confirming that the patient is a heterozygous carrier of the pathogenic variant c.415C>A, which induces a change of proline to threonine at position 139 of the TWIST1 gene, responsible for Saethre-Chotzen syndrome.The presence of wormian bones, a finding not described so far in the literature, extends the well-known phenotypic variability of this syndrome.

Estudo cefalométrico nas craniossinostoses sindrômicas / Cephalometric study of syndromic craniosynostosis

As craniossinostoses constituem um grupo heterogêneo de síndromes caracterizadas por uma fusão sutural prematura que ocorre isoladamente ou associada a outras anomalias. A retrusão facial é regra nas craniossinostoses faciais, com inversão da oclusão, recuo dos zigomáticos, falta de projeção nasal, desencadeando déficits funcionais como: defeitos na mastigação, má proteção ocular, exotropia e dificuldade respiratória por falta de profundidade da faringe. Postula-se que uma malformação da base do crânio tenha como consequência a fusão prematura das suturas cranianas. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever e analisar através de exames cefalométricos obtidos a partir de tomografias computadorizadas com reconstruções tridimensionais o fenótipo cefalométrico das craniossinostoses sindrômicas e as peculiaridades da caracterização pontos anatômicos referentes a essa patologia. Apresentamos análise cefalométrica de uma série de casos de pacientes com craniossinostose sindrômica caracterizada por S. Crouzon (4 casos), S. Apert (1 caso), e S. Pfeiffer (1 caso). Nossos resultados demostraram que o fenótipo cefalométrico das craniossinostoses sindrômicas apresenta discrepância grave entre os complexos craniomaxilomandibulares associada à restrição do crescimento da base do crânio, exibindo maxila retruída e mandíbula em posição anteriorizada. Quando comparados à norma clínica apresentam retrusão maxilar grave, diminuição da base posterior do crânio, retroposição horizontal da maxila no sentido anteroposterior, retroinclinação do plano palatal e mordida aberta esquelética, e tendência a desenvolver Classe III de Angle. O estudo cefalométrico tridimensional torna-se uma propedêutica recomendada para as craniossinostoses sindrômicas visando intervenções cirúrgicas, terapias ortodônticas e estéticas pois exigem abordagens clínicas precoces que modificam os pontos anatômicos craniofaciais fundamentais para um correto diagnóstico e programa terapêutico..

Craniosynostosis is a heterogeneous group of syndromes characterized by premature suture fusion that occurs alone or associated with other anomalies. Facial retrusion is a rule in facial craniosystosis, with inversion of occlusion, recoil of zygomatics, lack of nasal projection, triggering functional deficits such as: defects in chewing, poor eye protection, exotropia and difficulty breathing due to lack of pharynx depth. It is postulated that a malformation of the base of the skull has as a consequence the premature fusion of cranial sutures. The aim of this study is to describe and analyze through cephalometric examinations obtained from computed tomography scans with three-dimensional reconstructions the cephalometric phenotype of syndromic craniosystosis and the peculiarities of the characterization of anatomical points related to this pathology. We present cephalometric analysis of a series of cases of patients with syndromic craniosynostosis characterized by S. Crouzon (4 cases), S. Apert (1 case), and S. Pfeiffer (1 case). Our results showed that the cephalometric phenotype of the syndromic craniosystosis presents a severe discrepancy between the craniomaxillomandibular complexes associated with the restriction of the growth of the skull base, presenting a retrudible maxilla and a mandible in an anteriorposition. When compared to the clinical norm, they present severe maxillary retrusion, decreased posterior base of the skull, horizontal retroposition of the maxilla in the anteroposterior direction, retroinclination of the palatal plane and skeletal open bite, and tendency to develop Angle Class III. Three-dimensional cephalometric study becomes a recommended propaedeutic for syndromic craniosynostosis aimed at surgical interventions, orthodontic and aesthetic therapies because they require early clinical approaches that modify the anatomical craniofacial points fundamental to a correct diagnosis and therapeutic program..

Eficacia del mini mental y PFEIFFER (SPMSQ) para detectar deterioro cognitivo en mayores de 65 años / Eficácia do mini mental e PFEIFFER (SPMSQ) para detectar deterioração cognitiva em mais de 65 anos / Efficacy of the mini mental and PFEIFFER (SPMSQ) to detect cognitive impairment in those over 65 years of age

INTRODUCCIÓN: el deterioro cognitivo (DC) es un problema cada vez más frecuente, y a menudo no es diagnosticado, porque impide una terapéutica temprana, dificultando posteriormente la calidad de vida de quien lo padece. OBJETIVO: determinar la eficacia de los cuestionarios Mini Mental y PFEIFFER (SPMSQ) para detectar la existencia de deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores de 65 años. MÉTODO: estudio analítico de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por los adultos mayores del centro geriátrico de Macas. La utilidad diagnóstica se evaluó mediante el cálculo del área bajo la curva ROC (AUC), para el cálculo de los valores de sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E) se tomaron los puntos de corte más significativos y se comparó ambos test para determinar DC. RESULTADOS: el 53% de los pacientes fueron del género masculino y la media de 82 años. El 50% presentaron síntomas de DC con al menos un cuestionario positivo; el 58% fueron positivos con Pfeiffer y el 91% con Mini mental. Finalmente, los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad del mini mental fueron de 91% y 100% respectivamente y el AUC fue de 1 mientras Pfeiffer obtuvo una S y Ede 100% y AUC de 0.9, demostrando este último ser más efectivo para el diagnóstico de DC. CONCLUSIÓN: se determinó que el test de Pfeiffer fue más efectivo que el Mini mental para el diagnóstico de DC; además, la edad y el nivel de escolaridad son factores más asociados a esta patología.

INTRODUCTION: cognitive impairment (CD) is an increasingly frequent problem, and it is often not diagnosed, because it prevents early therapy, later hindering the quality of life of those who suffer from it. OBJECTIVE: to determine the effectiveness of the Mini Mental and PFEIFFER questionnaires (SPMSQ) to detect the existence of cognitive impairment in people over 65 years of age. METHOD: analytical cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of the elderly from the Macas geriatric center. The diagnostic utility was evaluated by calculating the area under the ROC curve (AUC), for the calculation of the sensitivity (S), specificity (E) values, the most significant cut-off points were taken and both tests were compared to determine DC. RESULTS: 53% of the patients were male and the average was 82 years old. 50% presented symptoms of CD with at least one positive questionnaire; 58% were positive with Pfeiffer and 91% with Mini mental. Finally, the sensitivity and specificity values of the mini mental were 91% and 100% respectively and the AUC was 1 while Pfeiffer obtained an S and E of 100% and AUC of 0.9, proving the latter to be more effective for the diagnosis of DC. CONCLUSION: it was determined that the Pfeiffer test was more effective than the Mini mental for the diagnosis of CD; Furthermore, age and level of education are factors most associated with this pathology.

INTRODUÇÃO: o déficit cognitivo (DC) é um problema cada vez mais frequente, muitas vezes não diagnosticado, pois impede a terapia precoce, prejudicando posteriormente a qualidade de vida de quem a sofre. OBJETIVO: determinar a eficácia dos questionários Mini Mental e PFEIFFER (SPMSQ) para detectar a existência de déficit cognitivo em pessoas com mais de 65 anos. MÉTODO: estudo transversal analítico. A amostra foi composta por idosos do centro geriátrico de Macas. A utilidade diagnóstica foi avaliada pelo cálculo da área sob a curva ROC (AUC), para o cálculo dos valores de sensibilidade (S), especificidade (E), os pontos de corte mais significativos foram tomados e ambos os testes foram comparados para determinar DC. RESULTADOS: 53% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino e a média de idade foi de 82 anos. 50% apresentaram sintomas de DC com pelo menos um questionário positivo; 58% foram positivos com Pfeiffer e 91% com Mini mental. Finalmente, os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade do mini mental foram 91% e 100% respectivamente e a AUC foi 1 enquanto Pfeiffer obteve S e E de 100% e AUC de 0,9, provando que esta última é mais eficaz para o diagnóstico de DC. CONCLUSÃO: determinouse que o teste de Pfeiffer foi mais eficaz do que o Mini mental para o diagnóstico de DC; além disso, a idade e o nível de escolaridade são os fatores mais associados a essa patologia.

Síndrome de Apert: Acrocefalosindactilia, Caso Clínico / Apert Syndrome: Acrocephalosyndactyly, Clinical Case

Introducción:El síndrome de Apert tiene una incidencia variable. Se ha estimado una prevalencia de 1:160milnacimientos. Es de herencia autosómica dominante y se han encontrado algunos factores relacionados, como edad paterna avanzada. Caso:Niña, recién nacida a término, con dificultad respiratoria, hipotonía, sindactiliay retardo del neurodesarrollo. Con Tomografía de Senos paranasales se reportó una malformación del canal semicircular lateral y del vestíbulo bilateral, se confirmó la presencia de una estenosis nasal derecha con desviación septal hacia la derecha y la presencia de estenosis bilateral de coanas. Con una TAC de cráneo se reportó Plagiocefalia unilateral izquierdaylapresencia de craneosinostosis. Evolución: En hospitalización se logró el retiro del oxígeno suplementario, recibió terapia miofuncional con lo que toleró adecuadamente la alimentación oral y se programó la corrección de estenosis de coanas en forma ambulatoria la cual se realizó a los 14 meses. A los18 meses se realizó la cirugía de corrección de craneosinostosis con un avance fronto-orbitario, durante el período post-operatorio la paciente desarrolló una neumonía que fue tratada con antibióticos. Al resolverse el cuadro, fue dada de alta. Conclusión:el Síndrome de Apert, un desorden congénito caracterizado por craneosinostosis coronal, sindactilia simétrica en las cuatro extremidades y malformaciones craneofaciales. El diagnóstico es clínico.El tratamiento es sintomático, relacionado con las diferentes malformaciones asociadas y se debe realizar un manejo interdisciplinario

Introduction: Apert syndrome has a variable incidence. A prevalence of 1: 160 thousand births has been estimated. It is autosomal dominant and some related factors have been found, such as advanced paternal age. Case: Girl, newborn at term, with respiratory distress, hypotonia, syndactyly and neurodevelopmental delay. With Paranasal Sinus Tomography, a malformation of the lateral semicircular canal and the bilateral vestibule was reported, the presence of a right nasal stenosis with septal deviation to the right and the presence of bilateral choanal stenosis was confirmed. With a CT of the skull, left unilateral plagiocephaly and the presence of craniosynostosis were reported. Evolution: In hospitalization, the withdrawal of supplemental oxygen was achieved, he received myofunctional therapy with which he tolerated oral feeding adequately and the correction of choanal stenosis was scheduled on an outpatient basis, which was performed at 14 months. At 18 months, craniosynostosis correction surgery was performed with a fronto-orbital advance, during the postoperative period the patient developed pneumonia that was treated with antibiotics. When the picture was resolved, she was discharged. Conclusion: Apert Syndrome, a congenital disorder characterized by coronal craniosynostosis, symmetric syndactyly in all four limbs, and craniofacial malformations. The diagnosis is clinical. Treatment is symptomatic, related to the different associated malformations and interdisciplinary management must be carried out

Síndrome de Apert. Reporte de caso / Apert syndrome. Case report

Introducción: El síndrome de Apert, o acrocefalosindactilia tipo I, es un síndrome caracte­rizado por craneosinostosis, acompañada de sindactilia simétrica en las cuatro extremidades, alteraciones maxilofaciales, cutáneas y retardo mental variable. Este síndrome se debe a una mutación en el gen del receptor 2 del factor del crecimiento fibroblástico (FGFR2), el cual se expresa de manera autosómica dominante (AD) Caso clínico: Se presenta caso de adolescente masculino de 24 años de edad, con las características fenotípicas clásicas de este síndrome como la acrocefalia y la sindactilia en manos y pies. Discusión: El síndrome de Apert hace parte de lo que hoy se denomina un espectro de enfermedades causadas por la mutación en el gen FGFR2 que se caracterizan por anorma­lidades en el cráneo y las extremidades. Este gen es necesario para la osificación normal y también está implicado en la diferenciación neural. Sus mutaciones producen un receptor anormal que funciona aun sin la unión de su ligando "ganancia de función", lo que se traduce en una osificación temprana de los huesos, en grados variables, dependiendo del sitio exacto de la mutación.

Introduction: Apert's syndrome or acrocefalosindactyly tipe I, is a syndrome character­ized by craniosynostosis, symmetric syndactylia in hands and feet's, maxillofacial and cutaneous disorders, and variable mental retardation. This syndrome is due to a mutation in the gene that encode the fibroblast growth factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2), which has an autosomal dominant inheritance (AD). Case report: We report a male24 yearsoldteen, with the classical phenotypic characteristics of this syndrome, as acrocefalia and syndactyly of hands and feet. Discussion: Apert's syndrome is part of what today is called a spectrum of disease caused by a mutation in the FGFR2 gene, which is characterized by abnormalities in the skull and extremities. This gene is required for normal ossification and is also involved in neural differentiation. Mutations cause an abnormal receptor that functions even without the binding of its ligand "gain of function", which translates into an early ossification of the bones, in varying degrees, depending on the exact site of the mutation.

Síndrome de Apert. Reporte de caso / Apert syndrome. Case report

RESUMEN Fundamento: El síndrome de Apert consiste en una enfermedad genética con anomalía craneofacial denominada acrocefalosindactilia; produce malformaciones en el cráneo como craneosinostosis, además de alteraciones en cara, manos y pies, puede ser hereditaria, secundaria a mutaciones esporádicas del gen FGFR2 y otros genes. Debido a los programas de pesquisaje genético el diagnóstico prenatal de este síndrome posibilita el asesoramiento genético y la asistencia médica multidisciplinaria. Objetivo: Ilustrar la importancia del diagnóstico prenatal del síndrome de Apert como elemento esencial para la atención multidisciplinaria posnatal del futuro niño. Reporte de caso: Se presenta un neonato de sexo masculino, nacido a las 39 semanas de gestación por parto eutócico, con signos de craneosinostosis y sindactilia en las manos y los pies por lo que se le realizó el diagnóstico posnatal de síndrome de Apert. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con el síndrome de Apert deben ser diagnosticados oportunamente durante la pesquisa prenatal, considerando el conjunto de sus signos y alteraciones y no como anomalías aisladas, como puede ocurrir de realizarse el diagnóstico en el período posnatal. De efectuarse el diagnóstico prenatal se lograría el tratamiento de forma multidisciplinaria y se podría garantizar al paciente una calidad de vida superior.

ABSTRACT Background: Apert syndrome consists of a genetic disease with craniofacial anomaly called acrocephalosyndactyly; it produces malformations in the skull such as craniosynostoses, in addition to alterations in the face, hands and feet, it can be inherited, secondary to sporadic mutations of the FGFR2 gene and some other genes. Due to genetic screening programs, the prenatal diagnosis of this syndrome enables genetic counseling and multidisciplinary medical assistance. Objective: To illustrate the importance of prenatal diagnosis of Apert syndrome as an essential element for the postnatal multidisciplinary care of the future child. Case report: A male neonate, born at 39 weeks of gestation by eutocic delivery, with signs of craniosynostoses and syndactyly on the hands and feet, so he was made the postnatal diagnosis of Apert syndrome. Conclusions: Patients with Apert syndrome should be diagnosed appropriately in time during prenatal screening, considering all their signs and alterations and not as isolated abnormalities, as may occur if the diagnosis is made in the postnatal period. If the prenatal diagnosis was made, the treatment would be achieved in a multidisciplinary way and a better quality of life could be guaranteed to the patient.

Clinical and genetic findings of two cases with Apert syndrome / Hallazgos clínicos y genéticos de dos casos con síndrome de Apert

Abstract Background: Craniosynostosis is described as the premature fusion of cranial sutures that belongs to a group of alterations which produce an abnormal phenotype. Case report: Two unrelated female patients with clinical findings of Apert syndrome-characterized by acrocephaly, prominent frontal region, flat occiput, ocular proptosis, hypertelorism, down-slanted palpebral fissures, midfacial hypoplasia, high-arched or cleft palate, short neck, cardiac anomalies and symmetrical syndactyly of the hands and feet-are present. In both patients, a heterozygous missense mutation (c.755C>G, p.Ser252Trp) in the FGFR2 gene was identified. Conclusions: Two cases of Apert syndrome are described. It is important to recognize this uncommon entity through clinical findings, highlight interdisciplinary medical evaluation, and provide timely genetic counseling for the family.

Resumen Introducción: Las craneosinostosis se describen como la fusión prematura de las suturas craneales y resultan un grupo de alteraciones que producen un fenotipo anormal. Caso clínico: En este informe de casos se presentan dos pacientes de sexo femenino no emparentadas con hallazgos clínicos del síndrome de Apert, caracterizado por acrocefalia, región frontal prominente, occipucio plano, proptosis ocular, hipertelorismo, fisuras palpebrales hacia abajo, hipoplasia mediofacial, paladar alto o hendido, cuello corto, cardiopatía congénita y sindactilia simétrica en manos y pies. En ambas pacientes se identificó una mutación cambio de sentido en heterocigosis (c.755C>G, p.Ser252Trp) en el gen FGFR2. Conclusiones: Se presentan dos casos de síndrome de Apert. Es importante reconocer a través de los hallazgos clínicos esta entidad infrecuente, resaltar la evaluación médica interdisciplinaria y proporcionar un oportuno asesoramiento genético a la familia.

Severe Hyperhidrosis in Apert Syndrome: A Case Report / 대한피부과학회지

Apert syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by malformations of the skull, face, hands, and feet. We report a case of severe hyperhidrosis in a 13-month-old female infant with Apert syndrome who was born with craniosynostosis, midface hypoplasia, and syndactyly of both hands. She had a history of excessive sweating since birth and this was confirmed using the iodine-starch test. Hyperhidrosis was first reported as a key cutaneous manifestation of Apert syndrome in 1993. However, the main focus in the field of dermatology is on antibiotic-refractory acne, which serves as another cutaneous hallmark of the disease. This is the first report in the Korean literature that describes hyperhidrosis in Apert syndrome. We highlight the presentation of hyperhidrosis as a key cutaneous manifestation in Apert syndrome.

Aberrant growth of the anterior cranial base relevant to severe midface hypoplasia of Apert syndrome / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: A 9-year-old male showed severe defects in midface structures, which resulted in maxillary hypoplasia, ocular hypertelorism, relative mandibular prognathism, and syndactyly. He had been diagnosed as having Apert syndrome and received a surgery of frontal calvaria distraction osteotomy to treat the steep forehead at 6 months old, and a surgery of digital separation to treat severe syndactyly of both hands at 6 years old. Nevertheless, he still showed a turribrachycephalic cranial profile with proptosis, a horizontal groove above supraorbital ridge, and a short nose with bulbous tip. METHODS: Fundamental aberrant growth may be associated with the cranial base structure in radiological observation. RESULTS: The Apert syndrome patient had a shorter and thinner nasal septum in panthomogram, PA view, and Waters’ view; shorter zygomatico-maxillary width (83.5 mm) in Waters’ view; shorter length between the sella and nasion (63.7 mm) on cephalogram; and bigger zygomatic axis angle of the cranial base (118.2°) in basal cranial view than a normal 9-year-old male (94.8 mm, 72.5 mm, 98.1°, respectively). On the other hand, the Apert syndrome patient showed interdigitating calcification of coronal suture similar to that of a normal 30-year-old male in a skull PA view. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the Apert syndrome patient, 9 years old, showed retarded growth of the anterior cranial base affecting severe midface hypoplasia, which resulted in a hypoplastic nasal septum axis, retruded zygomatic axes, and retarded growth of the maxilla and palate even after frontal calvaria distraction osteotomy 8 years ago. Therefore, it was suggested that the severe midface hypoplasia and dysostotic facial profile of the present Apert syndrome case are closely relevant to the aberrant growth of the anterior cranial base supporting the whole oro-facial and forebrain development.

Syndromic craniosynostosis: neuropsycholinguistic abilities and imaging analysis of the central nervous system / Craniossinostoses sindrômicas: habilidades neuropsicolinguísticas e análise por imagem do sistema nervoso central

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize patients with syndromic craniosynostosis with respect to their neuropsycholinguistic abilities and to present these findings together with the brain abnormalities. Methods: Eighteen patients with a diagnosis of syndromic craniosynostosis were studied. Eight patients had Apert syndrome and 10 had Crouzon syndrome. They were submitted to phonological evaluation, neuropsychological evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. The phonological evaluation was done by behavioral observation of the language, the Peabody test, Token test and a school achievement test. The neuropsychological evaluation included the WISC III and WAIS tests. Results: Abnormalities in language abilities were observed and the school achievement test showed abnormalities in 66.67% of the patients. A normal intelligence quotient was observed in 39.3% of the patients, and congenital abnormalities of the central nervous system were observed in 46.4% of the patients. Conclusion: Abnormalities of language abilities were observed in the majority of patients with syndromic craniosynostosis, and low cognitive performance was also observed.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar as habilidades neuropsicolinguísticas de indivíduos com craniossinostoses sindrômicas e apresentar esses achados com as anomalias do sistema nervoso central. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 18 sujeitos com diagnóstico clínico de craniossinostose sindrômica, 44,4% com a síndrome de Apert e 55,6% síndrome de Crouzon. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos a avaliação fonoaudiológica, psicológica e exames de ressonância magnética do encéfalo. A avaliação fonoaudiológica foi contemplada pela Observação Comportamental da Linguagem, Teste Peabody (TVIP), Teste Token e Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE); enquanto a psicológica utilizou a WISC-III e a WAIS. Resultados: Observou-se alteração nas habilidades de linguagem em todos os protocolos utilizados, sendo o TDE o que apresentou maior porcentagem de alteração (66,67%).A avaliação cognitiva evidenciou quociente de inteligência dentro da média em 39,3% dos sujeitos, enquanto que 46,4% apresentaram malformações congênitas do sistema nervoso central. Conclusão: Constatou-se alterações nas habilidades de linguagem na maioria dos sujeitos com craniossinostoses sindrômicas, bem como o baixo desempenho cognitivo.

Sindrome de apert, reporte de caso clínico / Apert syndrome, clinical case report

El Síndrome de Apert llamado también acrocefalosin-dactilia tipo I, está caracterizado por craneosinostosis, sindactilia simétrica en las cuatro extremidades, retardo mental, alteraciones cutáneas y maxilofaciales; está ocasionado por una mutación en el gen receptor 2 del factor de crecimiento fibroblástico FGFR2 expresándo-se en forma autosómico dominante (AD).Caso Clínico: Se presenta caso de recién nacido masculino, Capurro de 38 semanas aproximadamente, con las características fenotípicas clásicas de este síndro-me: como es la acrocefalia y la sindactilia en manos y pies.

Apert syndrome also called acrocephalosyndactyly Type I is characterized by craniosynostosis , symmetric syndactyly in all four limbs , mental retardation , skin and maxillofacial disorders ; It is caused by a mutation in the gene receptor 2 fibrobroblástico growth factor expres-sing FGFR2 autosomal dominant (AD ) .Case report: as is the acrocephaly and syndactyly in the hands and feet of newborn male case, Capurro of 38 weeks approximately, with classical phenotypic characteristics of this syndrome is presented as is the acro-cephaly and syndactyly in hands and feet.

Sindrome de apert / Opening syndrome

El síndrome de Apert, o acrocefalosindactilia tipo I, es un síndrome caracterizado por craneosinostosis, acompañada de sindactilia simétrica en las cuatro extremidades, alteraciones maxilofaciales, cutáneas y retardo mental variable. Este síndrome se debe a una mutación en el gen del receptor 2 del factor del crecimiento FIbroblástico (FGFR2), el cual se expresa de manera autosómica dominante (AD). Caso Clínico: Se presenta caso de recién nacido masculino, Capurro de 38 semanas aproximadamente, con las características fenotípicas clásicas de este síndrome:(como) la acrocefalia y la sindactilia en manos y pies.

Apert syndrome, or acrocephalosyndactyly type I, is a syndrome characterized by craniosynostosis, syndactyly accompanied symmetrical in all four extremities, maxillofacial abnormalities, mental retardation, skin and variable. This syndrome is caused by a mutation in the gene for the receptor 2 broblástico growth factor (FGFR2), which is expressed as an autosomal dominant (AD). Case Report: We report the case of a newborn male, approximately 38 weeks Capurro, with classical phenotypic features of this syndrome as acrocephaly and syndactyly of hands and feet.

Manifestações bucais da síndrome de apert: relato de caso clínico / Expressions of oral apert syndrome: clinical case report

A Síndrome de Apert, também chamada de acrocefalossindactilia tipo 1, é caracterizada pelo encerramento prematuro das suturas cranianas (craniossinostose), sindactilia simétrica das mãos e dos pés e anomalias faciais. Outras anormalidades observadas são atraso mental, anquilose articular e anomalias da coluna vertebral. Destacam-se, ainda, a hipoplasia da face média com Classe III, lábios hipotônicos, úvula bífida, erupção ectópica, má oclusão e pseudofenda palatina. A cavidade bucal desses pacientes apresenta normalmente uma redução no tamanho da maxila, em particular na direção anteroposterior. Essa redução pode resultar em apinhamento dentário e uma mordida aberta anterior. A mandíbula está dentro do tamanho e da forma normal, e simula um pseudoprognatismo. Anomalias dentárias, tais como dentes inclusos, erupção retardada, agenesia dentária, hipoplasia do esmalte, dentes ectópicos ou supranumerários são comumente observadas. Diante da necessidade de um tratamento multidisciplinar e da relevância do cirurgião-dentista no acompanhamento desses pacientes, o objetivo deste relato é descrever as manifestações bucais da síndrome, enfatizando as características mais frequentes no período de transição da dentição decídua para a dentição permanente.

Apert syndrome, also called acrocephalosyndactyly type 1, is characterized by the premature closure of the cranial sutures (craniosynostosis), symmetric syndactyly of the hands and feet and facial anomalies of the midline. People with Aper syndrome have craniofacial abnormalities as exophthalmos, ocular hy-pertelorism, broad and short nose with a bulbous tip. The patients have hypoplasia midface with Class III, hypotonic lips, cleft uvula, ectopic eruption, malocclusion and pseudo cleft palate. The oral cavity usually these patients showed a reduction in the size of the jaw, in particular in the rearward direction. This reduc¬tion may result in tooth crowding and in an anterior open bite. The jaw size is within the normal way and simulates a pseudoprognathism. Dental anomalies, such as impacted teeth, delayed eruption, tooth agenesis, enamel hypoplasia, ectopic or supernumerary teeth are commonly observed. Given the need for a multidis¬ciplinary approach and the relevance of the dentist in monitoring these patients, the objective of this report is to describe the oral manifestations of the syndrome emphasizing the most common features in the transition period of the deciduous dentition to the permanent dentition.

Tratamientos ortopédicos y ortodóncicos de pacientes con síndromes poco comunes: protocolo / Orthopedic and orthodontic treatments of patients with unusual syndromes: a protocol

Son muchos los síndromes que manifiestan alteraciones dento-esqueletales y, a su vez, manifiestan diferentes complicaciones, no permitiendo tener un protocolo definido para cada síndrome. Para establecer un adecuado protocolo de tratamiento, basado en tratamientos realizados exitosamente y tomando en cuenta los fracasos para no incurrir en el mismo error, se hizo una revisión bibliográfica desdemayo hasta septiembre de 2012, de artículos publicados en los últimos diez (10) años, de revistas internacionales de ortodoncia, ortopedia y cirugía maxilofacial que registraban estudios de investigación y casuística, en buscadores científicos como PubMed, Scielo, Medline. Posteriormente, se tomó la clasificación de Kenneth Lyons Jones, MD, en su obra literaria Patrones Reconocibles de Malformaciones Humanas (2007), tomando en cuenta para la elaboración de este trabajo, los que presentan craneosinostosis, defectos faciales mayores y defectos faciales y de las extremidades como características mayores, que ameritan tratamiento para corregir problemas dento-esqueletales. De los 39 artículos se seleccionaron 11 que tenían relevancia con su tema. Conocer y describir todos los síndromes, mencionando cada característica, es de suma importancia para los profesionales de la salud, ya que de ellos depende no sólo el correcto diagnóstico, sino el tratamiento más adecuado...

Genetic Syndromes Associated with Craniosynostosis

Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures. It leads not only to secondary distortion of skull shape but to various complications including neurologic, ophthalmic and respiratory dysfunction. Craniosynostosis is very heterogeneous in terms of its causes, presentation, and management. Both environmental factors and genetic factors are associated with development of craniosynostosis. Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis accounts for more than 70% of all cases. Syndromic craniosynostosis with a certain genetic cause is more likely to involve multiple sutures or bilateral coronal sutures. FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR1, TWIST1 and EFNB1 genes are major causative genes of genetic syndromes associated with craniosynostosis. Although most of syndromic craniosynostosis show autosomal dominant inheritance, approximately half of patients are de novo cases. Apert syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, and Antley-Bixler syndrome are related to mutations in FGFR family (especially in FGFR2), and mutations in FGFRs can be overlapped between different syndromes. Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, Muenke syndrome, and craniofrontonasal syndrome are representative disorders showing isolated coronal suture involvement. Compared to the other types of craniosynostosis, single gene mutations can be more frequently detected, in one-third of coronal synostosis patients. Molecular diagnosis can be helpful to provide adequate genetic counseling and guidance for patients with syndromic craniosynostosis.

Molecular analysis of exons 8, 9 and 10 of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene in two families with index cases of Apert Syndrome / Análisis molecular de los exones 8, 9 y 10 del gen del factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos (FGFR2) en dos familias con casos índice de síndrome de Apert

Introduction: Apert syndrome (AS) is a craniosynostosis condition caused by mutations in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. Clinical features include cutaneous and osseous symmetric syndactily in hands and feet, with variable presentations in bones, brain, skin and other internal organs. Methods: Members of two families with an index case of Apert Syndrome were assessed to describe relevant clinical features and molecular analysis (sequencing and amplification) of exons 8, 9 and 10 of FGFR2 gen. Results: Family 1 consists of the mother, the index case and half -brother who has a cleft lip and palate. In this family we found a single FGFR2 mutation, S252W, in the sequence of exon 8. Although mutations were not found in the study of the patient affected with cleft lip and palate, it is known that these diseases share signaling pathways, allowing suspected alterations in shared genes. In the patient of family 2, we found a sequence variant T78.501A located near the splicing site, which could interfere in this process, and consequently with the protein function.

Introducción: El síndrome Apert (SA) es un síndrome que cursa con craneosinostosis el cual es ocasionado por mutaciones en el gen del Receptor 2 del Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos (FGFR2). Se caracteriza clínicamente por presentar sindactilias cutáneas y óseas en manos y pies de forma simétrica, cursa además con manifestaciones variables esqueléticas, cerebrales, en piel y otros órganos internos. Métodos: Miembros de dos familias con caso índice de Síndrome Apert fueron evaluados con el objetivo de describir las características clínicas relevantes y el análisis molecular (secuenciación y amplificación) de los exones 8, 9 y 10 del gen FGFR2. Resultados: La familia 1 está constituida por la madre, el caso índice y un medio hermano que presenta labio y paladar hendido. En esta familia solo se encontró la mutación S252W en la secuencia del exón 8 del gen FGFR2 del caso índice. A pesar no encontrarse mutaciones dentro del estudio realizado al paciente afectado con labio y paladar hendido, se conoce que estas patologías comparten vías de señalización, lo que permite sospechar alteraciones en genes compartidos. En la familia 2, el resultado molecular del caso índice reportó la variante T78.501A en la secuencia del intrón 8, la cual se sitúa cercana al sitio de splicing, pudiendo alterar este proceso con una consecuente alteración de la función de la proteína.