Antimicrobial and enzymatic activity of anemophilous fungi of a public university in Brazil

ABSTRACT To the fungal microbiota the UFPE and biotechnological potential enzymatic and antimicrobial production. Air conditioned environments were sampled using a passive sedimentation technique, the air I ratio and the presence of aflatoxigenic strains evaluated for ANVISA. Icelles were to determine the enzymatic activity of lipase, amylase and protease metabolic liquids to determine antimicrobial activity. Diversity was observed in all CAV environments, CFU/m3 ranged from 14 to 290 and I/E ratio from 0.1 to 1.5. The of the fungal genera were: Aspergillus (50%), Penicillium (21%), Talaromyces (14%), Curvularia and Paecilomyces (7% each). Aspergillus sydowii (Bainier & Sartory) Thom & Church presented enzymatic activity and the Talaromyces purpureogenus Samson, Yilmaz, Houbraken, Spierenb., Seifert, Peterson, Varga & Frisvad presented antibacterial activity against all bacteria that all environments present fungal species biodiversity no toxigenic or pathogenic fungi were found, according to ANVISA legislation for conditioned environments and airborne filamentous fungi present potential for enzymatic and antimicrobial activity.

Occurrence of fungi and aflatoxins B in nuts and products marketed the Brazilian northeastern regions / Ocorrência de fungos e aflatoxinas do tipo B em castanhas e produtos comercializados no Nordeste brasileiro

Aflatoxin contamination has been considered as a public health problem, especially in tropical countries, including Brazil. In order to investigate the presence of type B aflatoxins in products marketed in the city of Fortaleza, 23 samples were analyzed by thin layer chromatography. Visible fungal contamination in food was identified according to their macroscopic and microscopic features. The contamination by aflatoxins was detected in 8.7 % of 23 analyzed samples, and 12.5 % of Brazilian nuts samples were positive for AFB1 (<8 µg/kg) and for AFB2 in a contamination rate above the allowed value (16 µg/kg). Among the peanut samples, 33.3 % were positive to AFB1 and AFB2, also in a contamination rate (317.1 µg/kg) which was higher than that recommended by ANVISA. The isolation and morphological characteristics of fungi detected mainly in Brazilian nuts with peel showed the occurrence of the following species: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Fusarium sp, Aspergillus terreus and bacteria of Actinomycetes phylum. These findings indicate that it is needed to apply the mostly effective quality monitoring of food available to consumers.

A contaminação por aflatoxinas tem sido considerada um problema de saúde pública principalmente em países tropicais, incluindo o Brasil. Com o intuito de investigar a presença de aflatoxinas do tipo B em produtos comercializados na cidade de Fortaleza, 23 amostras foram analisadas por meio de cromatografia em camada delgada. Os fungos visivelmente presentes em alimentos foram identificados de acordo com suas características macroscópicas e microscópicas. A contaminação por aflatoxina foi detectada em 8,7 % das 23 amostras analisadas; e 12,5 % das amostras de castanha-do-Brasil apresentaram positividade para AFB1 (<8 µg/kg) e para AFB2 com taxa de contaminação acima do valor permitido (16 µg/kg). Quanto às amostras de amendoim, 33,3 % apresentaram positividade para AFB1 e AFB2, também com nível de contaminação (317,1 µg/kg) acima do preconizado pela ANVISA. O isolamento e a caracterização morfológica dos fungos encontrados principalmente nas castanhas-do-Brasil com casca revelaram a presença das espécies: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Fusarium sp, Aspergillus terreus e bactérias do filo Actinomicetos. Estes resultados demonstram que há necessidade de fiscalização mais efetiva da qualidade dos alimentos oferecidos aos consumidores.

Factores extrínsecos e intrínsecos asociados a poblaciones fúngicas micotoxigénicas de granos de maíz (Zea mays L) almacenados en silos bolsa en Argentina / Extrinsic and intrinsic factors associated with mycotoxigenic fungi populations of maize grains (Zea mays L.) stored in silobags in Argentina

Con el objeto de caracterizar las poblaciones fúngicas, en particular las especies potencialmente micotoxigénicas, que pueden contaminar los granos de maíz almacenados en silos bolsa con un contenido de humedad superior al recomendado como seguro, se evaluaron 270 muestras extraídas al inicio, a los 90 días y al final de un período de almacenamiento de 5 meses. En dichas muestras se cuantificó e identificó la biota fúngica y se determinó la contaminación con fumonisinas y aflatoxinas. Asimismo, se evaluó el efecto de factores extrínsecos (ambiente), intrínsecos (granos) y tecnológicos (ubicación de los granos en el perfil del silo bolsa) sobre las poblaciones totales y micotoxigénicas. El pH de los granos y el nivel de O2 se redujeron significativamente a los 5 meses, mientras que la concentración de CO2 se incrementó en igual período. Los recuentos totales de la micobiota fueron significativamente mayores en los granos ubicados en el estrato superior del silo bolsa. Se identificaron especies micotoxigénicas de Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium y Eurotium. La frecuencia de aislamiento de Fusarium verticillioides se redujo al final del almacenamiento y Aspergillus flavus solo se aisló en el inicio del almacenamiento. Los recuentos de Penicillium spp. y Eurotium spp. se incrementaron al final del almacenamiento. El 100 % de las muestras presentaron contaminación con fumonisinas, con niveles máximos de 5,707 mg/kg, mientras que las aflatoxinas contaminaron el 40 % de las muestras con niveles máximos de 0,0008 mg/kg. Las condiciones ambientales y de sustrato generadas durante el almacenamiento produjeron cambios en la composición de las poblaciones fúngicas y limitaron el desarrollo de hongos micotoxigénicos y la producción de micotoxinas.

In order to determine the behavior of mycotoxin-producing fungal populations linked with silobags stored corn grains with a moisture content greater at the recommended as safe, 270 samples taken in three times (beginning, 90 days, final) over a five month period of storage were evaluated. The fungal biota was quantified and identified and the contamination with fumonisin and aflatoxin was determined. Extrinsic factors (environment), intrinsic factors (grains) and technological factors (location of the grains in the profile of silobag) were taken into account to evaluate the presence and quantity of total and mycotoxigenic fungal populations. The pH of grains and O2 levels were significantly reduced after five months, while CO2 concentration increased in the same period. The total counts of mycobiota were significantly higher in grains located in the top layer of silobag. Mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Eurotium were identified. The frequency of isolation of Fusarium verticillioides decreased at the end of storage and Aspergillus flavus was isolated only at the beginning of storage. The counts of the Penicillium spp. and Eurotium spp. were increased at the end of storage. Fumonisin contamination was found in all the samples (100 %) with maximum levels of 5.707 mg/kg whereas aflatoxin contaminated only 40 % with maximum levels of 0.0008 mg/kg. The environmental and substrate conditions generated during the storage limited the development of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin production.

Mycoflora study in a wheat flour mill of Argentina

The mycoflora of the environment: wheat conditioning, milling and screening, and filling zone, as well as, raw material -wheat-, intermediate product -grits- and end product -flour- on day 1, and after cleaning improvements -days 45 and 90- were studied in an Argentine wheat mill. Samples were incubated at 28°C for 5-7 days on Malt Extract Agar with chloramphenicol (100 mg L-1) and the results were expressed in colony forming units per cubic meter of air (CFU m-3) or per gram of sample (CFU g-1), respectively. Fungal genera and species were isolated and identified and the potential toxicogenic capacity of the Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum isolated was studied. Time-Place and Time-Product multifactorial ANOVA were carried out. After cleaning improvements, CFU m-3 of air decreased as a function of time. Cladosporium and Alternaria were abundant in every zone, Aspergillus predominated in the wheat conditioning zone and Penicillium and Eurotium decreased with time. Wheat was more contaminated than grits and flour; Aspergillus, Eurotium and Mucoraceae family were the most abundant. Deoxynivalenol was above the levels allowed in wheat, being acceptable in grits and flour. Aflatoxin and Zearalenone showed acceptable levels. When studied in vitro, 53% of Aspergillus flavus and 100% of Fusarium graminearum isolates, produced Total Aflatoxins, and Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone, respectively.

Aspergillus sp. y aflatoxinas en plantas medicinales y té comercial / Aspergillus sp. and aflatoxins in medicinal plants and commercial tea

The objective of this work is to determine the incidence of Aspergillus sp. (aflatoxins’s typesetters) fungus species in medicinal plants and bags for infusions, as well as to evaluate the relationship between the appearance of these fungi and their toxins in such substrata. A sample of 24 medicinal plants and 20 small bags of infusion used by the Cuban population were processed in order to determine the incidence of Aspergillus sp. (aflatoxins’s typesetters) fungus species, as well as aflatoxins's production. A microbiological test by means of Agar Malta for culture, and aflatoxins's determination by means of high precision thin layer chromatography were made. Out of the sample studied, Aspergillus ustus, A. flavus and A. parasiticus appeared in 48 percent, but the concentration of aflatoxins B1 detected did not exceed the maximum values of 10 parts per billion (ppb), already established worldwide. Taking into account the increasing use of medicinal plants and the results stated in this work, new regulations for the sake of controlling the appearance of these fungi and their toxins are required, although it becomes necessary to validate fast and specific analytical methods.

El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la incidencia de especies de hongos del genero Aspergillus sp. (formadores de aflatoxinas) en plantas medicinales y bolsas para infusiones, así como evaluar la relación entre la aparición de estos hongos y sus toxinas en dichos sustratos. Se procesaron 24 muestras de plantas medicinales y 20 bolsitas de infusión utilizadas por la población cubana, para determinar la incidencia de especies de hongos del genero Aspergillus sp. así como la producción de aflatoxinas. Se realizó análisis microbiológico utilizando Agar- Malta como medio de cultivo, y se realizó la determinación de aflatoxinas por cromatografía de capa delgada de alta precisión. De las muestras estudiadas, aparecieron Aspergillus ustus, A. flavus, A. parasiticus en el 48 por ciento, pero la concentración de aflatoxina B1 detectada no excedió los valores máximos establecidos internacionalmente de 10 ppb. Teniendo en cuenta el creciente uso de las plantas medicinales y los resultados expuestos en este trabajo, se hace necesario establecer nuevas regulaciones en aras de controlar la aparición de estos hongos y sus toxinas en las mismas, aunque para ello se hace necesario validar métodos analíticos rápidos y específicos.

Culturable fungal diversity of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei boone from breeding farms in Brazil

Litopenaeus vannamei, which is the most common shrimp species cultivated in the northeast of Brazil, is very susceptible to microbial diseases, and this consequently affects productivity. There are reports of bacteria, viruses and protozoa in these shrimp, but not fungi. This study aims to isolate and identify fungi present in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, and in their nursery waters, at two breeding farms in Brazil. The pathogenic potential of the isolates was assessed through the qualitative detection of proteases and aflatoxin B production. The 146 isolated fungi comprised 46 species. Aspergillus, Penicillium and Furarium were the three most relevant genera and Aspergillus flavus was the predominant species with a total of 33 isolates. Most of the isolated species are known as potentially pathogenic to humans and other animals. Eighteen isolates of A. flavus and two of A. parasiticus were able to produce aflatoxin B and 33 out of the 46 species produced protease, indicating that these fungi may also become pathogenic to shrimp and their consumers.

Oral administration of piperine for the control of aflatoxin intoxication in rats

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins that have important toxic effects on human and animal health, even if consumed at low doses. The oral administration of piperine (1.12 mg/kg) during 23 days in rats seemingly interfered with the toxicity of aflatoxins, decreasing hepatic injuries and the leukocyte depletion in experimentally intoxicated animals.

Immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a potential aflatoxin decontaminating agent in pistachio nuts

In this study, we investigated the binding ability of Saccharomayces cerevisiae to aflatoxin in pistachio nuts. The obtained results indicate that S. cerevisiae has an aflatoxin surface binding ability of 40 percent and 70 percent (with initial aflatoxin concentrations of 10 and 20 ppb) in the exponential phase. Acid treatments increase this ability to approximately 60 percent and 73 percent for the two concentrations of aflatoxin, respectively. Heat treatments also enhance surface binding to 55 percent and 75 percent, respectively. Binding appears to be a physical phenomenon that saturates within the first 2-3 hours of the process. The obtained results indicate that yeast immobilization for toxin reduction on aflatoxin-contaminated pistachios had no effect on qualitative characteristics, such as color, texture, and peroxide value. Yeast cells, viable or nonviable, are effective for aflatoxin binding, and this property could lead to a promising solution to aflatoxin contamination in high-risk foods.

Mycological aspects of ostrich meat products with special reference to toxigenic moulds

Ostrich luncheon meat and frankfurter samples were produced locally in Egypt, and relatively highly contaminated by both moulds and yeasts and aflatoxin residues. The most frequently encountered fungi from the tested samples were yeasts genera [Candida, Rhodotorula, Torulopsis, Cryptococcus and Trichosporon] and moulds genera [Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium], less common were [Sacchromyces and Pichia] and [Fusarium and Mucor] Neither A.flavus nor A. Parasiticus were aflatoxin producer .Three ostrich meat product samples out of 30 analyzed were positive for aflatoxin Bl and Gl while all samples were negative for aflatoxin B2 and G2. Aflatoxin Bl was detected only in two and one samples out of 15 analyzed from each of ostrich luncheon meat and frankfurter respectively. The highest detectable level, 4.80 ppb, was recorded in luncheon meat sample and the least detectable level, 2.78 ppb was record in frank furter sample. Aflatoxin Gl at a concentration of 2.60 ppb was detected in only one sample while aflatoxin Bl contaminated two samples of ostrich luncheon meat; this sample also had the highest level of aflatoxin Bl. The hazardous potential of such contamination will be discussed

Nutritional changes in powdered red pepper upon in vitro infection of Aspergillus flavus / Alterações nutricionais em pimenta vermelha em pó após infecção in vitro com Aspergillus flavus

Quantitative losses in various biochemical constituents like capsaicin, carotenes, ascorbic acid, polyphenols,mineral matter, sugars (soluble and insoluble), protein and fat were estimated after the successful growth ofAspergillus flavus for 30 days on powdered red pepper. The fungal biomass was measured by ergosterolcontent and Aflatoxin B1 by HPLC. Amongst the various nutritional constituents evaluated for nutritionallosses and changes the highest nutritional loss was reported in total carotenoids (88.55%) followed by totalsugars (85.5%). The protein content of the infected sample increased from 18.01% to 23%. The nutritional profile of chilli powder (Capsicum annum var. sannam L.) shows highest share of total soluble sugars (32.89%) and fiber content (21.05%), followed by protein (18.01%) and fat (13.32%) making it an ideal solid - substrate for mould growth. At the end of incubation the fungal biomass was 192. 25 mg / 100 gram powder, total plate count 17.5 X 10 4 CFU/g and Aflatoxin B1 content was 30.06 μg / kg.

Foram avaliadas as perdas de vários constituintes bioquímicos como capsaicina, carotenos, acido ascórbico,polifenóis, matéria orgânica, açucares (solúveis e insolúveis), proteína e gordura em pimenta vermelha em pó após a multiplicação de Aspergillus flavus por 30 dias. A biomassa fúngica foi mensurada pelo conteúdo de ergosterol e aflatoxina por HPLC. Entre os vários constituintes avaliados, a maiorperda foi a de carotenóides totais (88,55%), seguido de açucares totais (85,5%). O conteúdo protéico da amostra infectada aumentou de 18,01% para 23%. O perfil nutricional da pimenta em pó (Capsicum annum var. sannam L.) indica alto teor de açucares totais (32,89%) e fibras (21,05%), seguido de proteína (18,01%) e gordura (13,32%), tornando-a umsubstrato ideal para crescimento de fungos. Ao final dos 30 dias, a biomassa fúngica foi 192,25 mg/100g, a contagem total em placas foi 17,5 x 104 CFU/g e o conteúdo de aflatoxina B1foi 30,06 μg/kg.

Aflatoxin contamination of food and food products in Thailand: an overview.

This paper presents an overview of reports of aflatoxin contamination in various foods and products, which have been carried out in Thailand between 1967-2001. Thirteen available international and local reports (n=3,206 samples) focused on type of food, season and geographic areas, and have been collected for statistical analysis. The accumulated data showed 1,248 (38.9%) of 3,206 samples were highly contaminated with aflatoxin. Over half (728) of the contaminated samples (1,248) were peanuts, milk, and poultry. In addition, analysis of the number of aflatoxin-contaminated samples in the above categaries, which were tested by chi-square test, indicated that there was a significant difference between the type of food and seasonal influence (p<0.05), but not geographical influence (p>0.05). Furthermore, detection methods for aflatoxin contamination, based on fundamental techniques, have been also reviewed. However, little research has been conducted on comparisons of the seasonal and geographical influences on aflatoxin contamination. Further study should be directed at these influences in larger samples.

Classificaçäo macroscópica, identificaçäo da microbiota fúngica e produçäo de aflatoxinas em híbridos de milho / Macroscopic classification, identification of fungal microbiota and aflatoxins production in cron hybrids

Com o objetivo de medir o potencial de resistência de 5 diferentes híbridos de milho, logo após a colheita, ao crescimento de fungos e produçäo de aflatoxinas (AFs), foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: 1) aspecto macroscópico dos gräos, sendo os gräos de cada híbrido classificados como íntegros, danificados por insetos (DI) ou danificados por fungos (DF); 2) contaminaçäo fúngica dos híbridos; 3) potencial para resistência à produçäo de AFs, através do cultivo de Aspergillus parasiticus, linhagem NRRL 2999, sobre gräos de cada híbrido estudado; 4) consumo de matéria seca dos híbridos pelo cultivo fúngico. Como resultado, observou-se que 38 por cento do milho de todos os híbridos apresentaram comprometimento macroscópico, sendo 26,7 por cento DI e 11,3 por cento DF. Os híbridos recém-colhidos apresentaram contaminaçäo fúngica por Penicillium sp. (14,3 por cento); Aspergillus sp. (23,6 por cento) e Fusarium sp. (57,1 por cento). O potencial de produzir AFs pelos diferentes híbridos em cultivos por 5 e 10 dias apresentou diferença somente com relaçäo à aflatoxina G2 em cultivos por 5 dias. A média de consumo de matéria seca dos híbridos de milho foi de 1,25 e 2,69 por cento submetidos ao cultivo de fungos por períodos de 5 e 10 dias, respectivamente.

Distribution of molds and aflatoxins in dairy cattle feeds and raw milk

Ninety six feedstuffs given to dairy cattle from four milk producing areas of the São Paulo state, Brazil (Sorocaba, Cotia, Vale do Paraíba and Itupeva) were analyzed over a one-year period (june 1992 to august 1993) for the presence of contaminating fungi, toxigenic or not, and aflatoxins. In addition, the occurrence of aftatoxins M(1) and M(2), in raw milk from the studied dairy cows was evaluated in 144 milk samples. Fungal species were isolated on potato-dextrose agar identified by routine mycological techniques. Detection and quatification of aftatoxins were done by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The most freguent fungi recovered from feeds were Fusarium spp. (67.7 per center main isolate: F. moniliforme), Aspergillus spp.(58.3 percentage; main isolate: A. flavus) and Penicillium spp. (52.0 per center), followed by eight other fungi genera. The numbers of colony forming units (CFU/g) ranged from 3.5 x 10(3) to 1.1 x 10(6) (Fusarium spp.), 3.0 x 10(2) to 7.8 x 10(3) (aspergillus spp.) and 1 x 10(2) to 3.1x x 10(5) (Penicillium spp.). Twelve (46.1 per center ) of the 26 A. flavus isolates were group B aflatoxins producers and 3 of the A. parasiticus isolates were group B and G aftatoxins producers. The presence of aflatoxins B(1) and B(2) was observed in 14 (14.6 per center) of the feed samples analyzed at levels that ranged between 11.5 and 287 ug/kg (AFB(1)) and 19 and 40 ug/kg (AFB(2)). No carryover of mycotoxins to raw milk was observed. Nonetheless, despite these negative results under the experimental conditions used, the continuous evaluation pf levels of aflatoxin M(1) and M(2) in dairy products is always necessary since either favorable or unfavorable conditions for mycotoxin production may vary over different periods.

Toxicidad de cepas de aspergillus flavus aisladas del maíz / Toxicity of aspergillus flavus strains isolated from corn

En muestras de granos de maíz de la zona centro norte de la Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina, se seleccionaron 10 cepas de Aspergillus flavus, para estudiar sus características morfotaxonómicas y toxicogénicas. Para los ensayos taxonómicos se efectuaron observaciones macro y microscópicas de los cultivos puros en CYA y MEA, mientras los ensayos de toxicidad en el medio YES, registrandose la producción de aflatoxina en algunas cepas a los 7, 14 y 21 días de incubación. Mediante el empleo de cromatografía en capa fina, se determinó la presencia de aflatoxinas con los estandares correspondientes (B1, B2, G1, G2). Los resultados obtenidos en base a la morfología y a la producción de aflatoxinas, permitió afirmar que la totalidad de las cepas ensayadas, pertenecían a las especie A.flavus Link:Fr. Dos cepas produjeron aflatoxinas B1 y B2, a los 14 y 21 días de incubación. Solo 1 de ellas produjo cantidades significativas de ambas toxinas, pero ninguna produjo aflatoxinas G. Se destaca el valor quimiotaxonómico de los estudios de toxigenicidad, para la identificación a nivel de especie dentro de la sección Flavi

Mycoflora, aflatoxigenic species and mycotoxins in freslhly harvested corn (Zea mays L.): a preliminary study

A micoflora, a ocorrência de espécies aflatoxigênicas e das aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2, zearalenona e ocratoxina A foram verificadas em amostras de milho recém-colhido coletadas em diferentes localidades do Estado de Säo Paulo durante 1992. A invasäo de gräos por fungos pertencentes aos gêneros potencialmente micotoxigênicos Fusarium spp. e Penicillium spp. foi elevada. Aspergillus também foi isolado mas a sua incidência foi menor comparada à dos outros dois gêneros mencionados. As espécies de Aspergillus detectadas foram: A. versicolor, A. flavus, A. niger, A. alutaceus, A. wentii, Eurotium chevalieri, Eurotium rubrum, Eurotium amstelodami and Eurotium repens. Oito espécies de Penicillium foram isoladas a saber: P. variabile, P. funiculosum, P. citrinum, P. pinophilum, P. brevicompactum, P. canescens, P. raistrikii and P. spinulosum. Embora fungos potencialmente toxigênicos tenham sido isoladas, zearalelona produzida por Fusarium spp.) e ocratoxina A (produzida por Aspergillus spp. e Penicillium spp.) näo foram encontrados nos gräos. Das dezessete cepas de A. flavus isoladas quatro eram produtoras das aflatoxinas B1 ou B1 e B2. A presença de cepas näo toxigênicas, condiçöes climáticas desfavoráveis, interaçäo entre espécies fúngicas e variedades resistentes de milho säo alguns dos fatores que isoladamente ou interagindo com outros podem explicar a ausência das micotoxinas estudadas em milho cozido em 1992 no Estado de Säo Paulo

Phosphine fumigation of stored in-shell peanuts for the control of A. flavus. link/A. parasiticus speare growth and aflatoxin production

Amendoim em casca recém-colhido com conteúdos de umidade na faixa de 12,8 a 16,9, foi trilhado e ensacado em sacarias de poliestireno trançado. Em um armazém, duas pilhas, de 40 sacos cada uma, foram formadas sendo que uma delas foi fumigada com fosfina durante 7 dias aplicando-se 3,0 g/m inicialmente e após 24 horas. Aspergillus flavus/A. parasiticus näo foram detectados na pilha tratada, imediatamente após o tratamento. Aflatoxinas foram encontradas no topo (20 mg/kgB1, 16mg/kbB2) e na base (24 mg/kg B1, 5mg/kg B2) da pilha näo fumigada. Um mês após a fumigaçäo, a percentagem de gräos infectados com A. flavus/A. parasiticus foi aproximadamente de 8 a 3 vezes superior na base e no meio da pilha näo fumigada em relaçäo as camadas correspondentes da pilha näo tratada (270 mg-600 mg/kg B1, 18-92 mg/kg B2). Por outro lado contaminaçäo com aflatoxinas foi evidenciado na camada superior da pilha tratada (340 mg/kg B1 e 51 mg/kg B2) e da näo tratada (1200 mg/kg B1, 220 mg/kg B2). Os resultados indicam que a fosfina pode afetar o desenvolvimento de A. flavus/A. parasiticus e produçäo de aflatoxinas em amendoim armazenado em sacarias com teores de umidade acima dos limites recomendáveis em armazém. Estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para esclarecer alguns pontos que ficaram em dúvida

Aflatoxin removal from peanut meals with commercial aqueous ethyl alcohol

A remoçäo de aflatoxinas (AF), com álcool etílico aquoso comercial (carburante), de farelo de amendoim contaminado em vaso extrator de escala real foi testada em 2 experimentos (testes 1 e 2) realizados numa indústria de extraçäo de óleo no Estado de Säo Paulo, Brasil. No teste 1, álcool 90oGL (diluído a partir do 96oGL) aquecido a 75oC, foi utilizado para fazer 3 extraçöes de uma hora cada (sempre com álcool novo), tendo sido retiradas amostras após cada extraçäo, para análise de AF e de proteína. No teste 2, álcool 96oGL foi utilizado em 4 extraçöes de uma hora, nas mesmas condiçöes porém, sem parar o processo para retirada de amostras intermediárias mas, introduzindo um período de 30 minutos de maceraçäo entre as extraçöes. Neste experimento, pedaços de cerca de 2 cm de espessura e farelo grosseiramente moído, foram utilizados para testar a influência do tamanho da partícula na eficiência da extraçäo de AF pelo solvente. Vinte amostras (10 de cada tipo) foram retiradas no fim do processo para anólises de AF. Os resultados mostraram que a extraçäo de AF com álcool etílico aquoso carburante, em escala real, é dependente do tempo e tecnicamente possível. Alcool 96oGL removeu, em média 87,3 por cento do farelo em pedaços e 95,3 por cento do moído, após 4 extraçöes de uma hora. Houve uma melhor extraçäo na parte inferior do que na parte superior do vaso. O conteúdo de proteína foi avaliado antes e durante o TESTE 1 e mostrou um pequeno aumento de 60,19 por cento para 63,79 por cento