Curing Chronic Hepatitis C: A Cost Comparison of the Combination Simeprevir Plus Sofosbuvir vs. Protease-Inhibitor-Based Triple Therapy

ABSTRACT Introduction. Interferon-free, multi-direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly effective and well tolerated, but costly. To gain perspective on the evolving economics of HCV therapy, we compared the cost per cure of a multi-DAA regimen with the prior standard of triple therapy. Material and methods. Patients infected with HCV genotype 1 who were treated through the University of Colorado Hepatology Clinic between May 2011 and December 2014 comprised the study population. The multi-DAA regimen of simeprevir plus sofosbuvir (SMV/SOF) was compared to the triple therapy regimen consisting of peginterferon and ribavirin, with either boceprevir or telaprevir (TT). Sustained-virologic response (SVR) rates, total costs per treatment and adverse events were recorded. Total cost per SVR were compared for the two treatments, controlling for patient demographics and clinical characteristics. Results. One hundred eighty-three patients received SMV/SOF (n = 70) or TT (n = 113). Patients receiving SMV/SOF were older, more treatment experienced, and had a higher stage of fibrosis. SVRs were 86% and 59%, average total costs per patient were $152,775 and $95,943, and average total costs per SVR were $178,237 vs. $161,813.49 for SMV/SOF and TT groups, respectively. Medication costs accounted for 98% of SMV/SOF and 85% of TT treatment costs. Conclusion. The high cure rate of multi-DAA treatment of HCV is offset by the high costs of the DAAs, such that the cost per cure from TT to multi-DAA therapy has been relatively constant. In order to cure more patients, either additional financial resources will need to be allocated to the treatment of HCV or drug costs will need to be reduced.

Evidence of a Broken Healthcare Delivery System in Korea: Unnecessary Hospital Outpatient Utilization among Patients with a Single Chronic Disease Without Complications

This study aims to estimate the volume of unnecessarily utilized hospital outpatient services in Korea and quantify the total cost resulting from the inappropriate utilization. The analysis included a sample of 27,320,505 outpatient claims from the 2009 National Inpatient Sample database. Using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), patients were considered to have received 'unnecessary hospital outpatient utilization' if they had a CCI score of 0 and were concurrently admitted to hospital for treatment of a single chronic disease - hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), or hyperlipidemia (HL) - without complication. Overall, 85% of patients received unnecessary hospital services. Also hospitals were taking away 18.7% of HTN patients, 18.6% of DM and 31.6% of HL from clinics. Healthcare expenditures from unnecessary hospital outpatient utilization were estimated at: HTN (94,058 thousands USD, 38.6% of total expenditure); DM (17,795 thousands USD, 40.6%) and HL (62,876 thousands USD, 49.1%). If 100% of patients who received unnecessary hospital outpatient services were redirected to clinics, the estimated savings would be 104,226 thousands USD. This research proves that approximately 85% of hospital outpatient utilizations are unnecessary and that a significant amount of money is wasted on unnecessary healthcare services; thus burdening the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) and patients.

Frecuencia y pertinencia del perfil lipídico como examen inicial en vértigo periférico / Lipid profile frequency and relevancy as an initial test for peripheral vertigo

Objetivos Determinar la prevalencia de la solicitud del perfil lipídico como ayuda diagnóstica de primera línea en pacientes con impresión clínica de vértigo periférico, así como un análisis de la relación costo-beneficio de dicha solicitud. Métodos Estudio de tipo corte transversal retrospectivo. Revisión de 201 historias de pacientes atendidos en la consulta externa tanto de especialistas como de médicos generales de la Clínica Universitaria Teletón y Casa chía, con diagnóstico de vértigo periférico, en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2005 y julio de 2008. Resultados Las edades de los pacientes oscilaron entre 6 y 87 años, el 36 % de sexo masculino y el 64 % femenino. El perfil lipídico fue solicitado como prueba diagnóstica inicial para el manejo de vértigo a un 76 % de los pacientes. Los perfiles lipídicos hallados fueron normales en el 80 % de los pacientes a quienes se les solicitó. Se presenta el análisis de la relación costo-beneficio de esta prueba. Conclusiones Existe una alta prevalencia de solicitud de perfil lipídico como estudio de primera línea en el abordaje de pacientes con vértigo periférico, aunque no existe evidencia que avale esta solicitud, se requiere retroalimentación al cuerpo médico tanto de atención primaria como especialistas.

Objective Determining the prevalence of requesting lipid profile as a first-line diagnostic method in patients having a clinical impression of peripheral vertigo and also determining such request's cost- benefit ratio. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of 201 clinical charts regarding patients diagnosed as having peripheral vertigo at the Teletón teaching hospital's outpatient services in Chía between January 2005 and July 2008. Clinical charts drawn up by both general practitioners and medical specialists at first-time visit were compiled and analyzed Results The patients were aged 6 to 87 years old; 36 % were males and 64 % females. Lipid profile was requested for 76 % of the patients as initial diagnostic method; it was found that 80 % of the results revealed no abnormality. Conclusion Although a high prevalence regarding a request for lipid profile first-line study was found for patients having peripheral vertigo, there was no scientific evidence supporting such requirement. Ordering this kind of study not only increases unnecessary costs concerning diagnostic methods but also involves unjustified treatment. Feedback is needed for both doctors and first attention staff to ensure that this type of practice becomes changed.

Outpatient Quick Diagnosis Units for the evaluation of suspected severe diseases: an observational, descriptive study

BACKGROUND: Hospitals in countries with public health systems have recently adopted organizational changes to improve efficiency and resource allocation, and reducing inappropriate hospitalizations has been established as an important goal. AIMS: Our goal was to describe the functioning of a Quick Diagnosis Unit in a Spanish public university hospital after evaluating 1,000 consecutive patients. We also aimed to ascertain the degree of satisfaction among Quick Diagnosis Unit patients and the costs of the model compared to conventional hospitalization practices. DESIGN: Observational, descriptive study. METHODS: Our sample comprised 1,000 patients evaluated between November 2008 and January 2010 in the Quick Diagnosis Unit of a tertiary university public hospital in Barcelona. Included patients were those who had potentially severe diseases and would normally require hospital admission for diagnosis but whose general condition allowed outpatient treatment. We analyzed several variables, including time to diagnosis, final diagnoses and hospitalizations avoided, and we also investigated the mean cost (as compared to conventional hospitalization) and the patients' satisfaction. RESULTS: In 88 percent of cases, the reasons for consultation were anemia, anorexia-cachexia syndrome, febrile syndrome, adenopathies, abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea and lung abnormalities. The most frequent diagnoses were cancer (18.8 percent; mainly colon cancer and lymphoma) and Iron-deficiency anemia (18 percent). The mean time to diagnosis was 9.2 days (range 1 to 19 days). An estimated 12.5 admissions/day in a one-year period (in the internal medicine department) were avoided. In a subgroup analysis, the mean cost per process (admission-discharge) for a conventional hospitalization was 3,416.13 Euros, while it was 735.65 Euros in the Quick Diagnosis Unit. Patients expressed a high degree of satisfaction with Quick Diagnosis Unit care. CONCLUSIONS: Quick Diagnosis Units represent a useful and cost-saving model for the diagnostic study of patients with potentially severe diseases. Future randomized study designs involving comparisons between controls and intervention groups would help elucidate the usefulness of Quick Diagnosis Units as an alternative to conventional hospitalization.

Evolução e viabilização de um centro cirúrgico ambulatorial para cirurgias de catarata em larga escala em um hospital universitário / Evolution and viability of an outpatient surgery center for cataract surgery on a large scale in a university hospital

Objetivo: Analisar a evolução do número de cirurgias realizadas no centro cirúrgico ambulatorial de um hospital universitário e avaliar sua viabilidade financeira durante e após a interrupção da Campanha Nacional de Catarata em 2006. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo analítico retrospectivo entre 2005 e 2009 no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP) em que foram avaliados a viabilidade econômica do centro cirúrgico ambulatorial, o número de cirurgias de catarata realizados e o número de cirurgiões presentes diariamente naquela unidade. Resultados: Seria necessária a realização de pelo menos 400 procedimentos mensais para garantir a viabilidade financeira do centro cirúrgico ambulatorial. Este número ficou abaixo do esperado nos anos de 2008 e 2009 (média de 370,6 e 390,1 cirurgias respectivamente). O número de estagiários de catarata diminuiu de 13 em 2005 para 3 em 2009. Conclusão: O principal fator para a redução no número de cirurgias de catarata realizadas no centro cirúrgico ambulatorial após 2006 foi a dificuldade de acesso da população necessitada ao hospital, decorrente de restrições à realização de projetos de triagem. A maior utilização das salas cirúrgicas por outras clínicas e a diminuição na admissão de novos cirurgiões, adequaram e viabilizaram o centro cirúrgico ambulatorial para a nova realidade políticoeconômica.

Purpose: To analyze the number of surgeries performed in outpatient surgical center at a university hospital and to assess its financial viability during and after the interruption of the Cataract National Campaign in 2006. Methods: Retrospective analytical study between 2005 and 2009 at the Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP) which evaluated the economic viability of the outpatient surgical center, the number of cataract surgeries performed and the number of surgeons present daily in that unit. Results: It would be necessary to perform at least 400 procedures monthly to ensure the financial viability of the outpatient surgical center. This number was lower than the expected in the years of 2008 and 2009 (average of 370.6 and 390.1 surgeries respectively). The number of cataract fellows decreased from 13 in 2005 to 3 in 2009. Conclusion: The main factor for the reduction in the number of cataract surgeries performed in the outpatient surgical center after 2006 was the difficulty of access of the population to the hospital due to restrictions on the development of screening projects. The increased use of the operating rooms by other clinics and the decrease in the admission of new surgeons, made the outpatient surgical center appropriate and viable for the new political-economic reality.

Impacto econômico dos casos de doença cardiovascular grave no Brasil: uma estimativa baseada em dados secundários / Economic burden of severe cardiovascular diseases in Brazil: an estimate based on secondary data

FUNDAMENTO: Há escassez de dados no Brasil para subsidiar a crescente preocupação sobre o impacto econômico das doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). OBJETIVO: Estimar os custos referentes aos casos de DCV grave no Brasil. MÉTODOS: O número de casos de DCV grave foi estimado a partir das taxas de letalidade e mortalidade dos pacientes hospitalizados. Estudos observacionais e bancos de dados nacionais foram utilizados para estimar os custos referentes à hospitalização, atendimento ambulatorial e benefícios pagos pela previdência. A perda da renda foi estimada com base nos dados do estudo de Carga de Doenças no Brasil. RESULTADOS: Aproximadamente dois milhões de casos de DCV grave foram relatados em 2004 no Brasil, representando 5,2 por cento da população acima de 35 anos de idade. O custo anual foi de, pelo menos, R$ 30,8 bilhões (36,4 por cento para a saúde, 8,4 por cento para o seguro social e reembolso por empregadores e 55,2 por cento como resultado da perda de produtividade), correspondendo a R$ 500,00 per capita (para a população de 35 anos e acima) e R$ 9.640,00 por paciente. Somente nesse subgrupo, os custos diretos em saúde corresponderam por 8 por cento do gasto total do país com saúde e 0,52 por cento do PIB (R$ 1.767 bilhões = 602 bilhões de dólares), o que corresponde a uma média anual de R$ 182,00 para os custos diretos per capita (R$ 87,00 de recursos públicos) e de R$ 3.514,00 por caso de DCV grave. CONCLUSÃO: Os custos anuais totais para cada caso de DCV grave foram significativos. Estima-se que tanto os custos per capita como aqueles correspondentes ao subgrupo de pacientes com DCV grave aumentem significativamente à medida que a população envelhece e a prevalência de casos graves aumente.

BACKGROUND: The scarce amount of data available in Brazil on the economic burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) does not justify the growing concern in regard to the economic burden involved. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims at estimating the costs of severe CVD cases in Brazil. METHODS: Cases of severe CVD were estimated based on hospitalized cases lethality and total CVD mortality rates. National data bases and sample studies were used to estimate costs of hospitalization, outpatient care, and social security benefits. Loss of income was estimated from the Burden of Disease in Brazil data. RESULTS: Approximately two million cases of severe CVD were reported in 2004 in Brazil. That accounts for 5.2 percent of the population over 35 years of age. The resulting annual cost was at least R$ 30.8 billion (36.4 percent for health care, 8.4 percent for social security and employers' reimbursements, and 55.2 percent due to loss in productivity). That corresponded to R$ 500.00 per capita (considering 35 year-old and older population) and R$ 9,400.00 per patient. Direct costs with health care from severe CVD cases accounted for 8 percent of total national expenditure on health and 0.52 percent of 2004 GNP (R$ 1,767 billion = US$ 602 billion). That corresponded to an yearly average direct cost of R$182.00 per capita (R$ 87.00 from public resources) and of R$ 3,514.00 per case. CONCLUSION: Total annual costs per severe CVD case were estimated to be significant. Costs per capita and total costs corresponding to this sub-group of CVD patients are expected to escalate as the population ages and the prevalence of severe cases increases.

The operational cost of a urology unit.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the operational cost of a urology unit, individual cost for certain index operations in urology, and to develop a framework to audit finances of a unit. DESIGN: A financial audit. SETTING: Urology unit in a teaching hospital. METHODS: Data of cost in providing urology services during one month were collected. It included three main areas: ward, operating theatre and outpatient clinic. Direct costs included staff wages, drugs, consumables, investigations and food. Indirect expenses such as administration, water, electricity and cleaning services were also calculated. For each type of operation a relative value was assigned depending on the nature of the operation. When direct expenses were not available, the hospital was divided into different cost centres and apportioning of the cost was done accordingly. RESULTS: The monthly operational cost of running a 19 bed urology unit with three operating sessions a week was Rs. 1 294 259. Staff wages constituted 61.2% of the cost. The cost of performing a pyelolithotomy was Rs. 18 669. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) was done at a cost of Rs. 21 271. CONCLUSION: When the basic principles and the framework are understood, clinicians can perform financial audit and cost analysis of their units.

Custo-benefício na implantação do serviço de visão subnormal do Instituto de Olhos do ABC / Cost of treatment by the low-vision service at the ophthalmology department, abc school of medicine

Objetivo: Implantar e aperfeiçoar o funcionamento do ambulatório de visão subnormal no Instituto de Olhos do ABC. Métodos: Atendimento, identificação, histórico, exame oftalmológico, teste com auxílios, treinamentos, custos. Resultados: Equipe multidisciplinar, material especializado e estatística. Discussão: Observou-se que cada país apresenta suas particularidades no que se refere aos dados relacionados à cegueira e à visão subnormal. Conclusão: Conclui-se com esse trabalho a necessidade de implantar e aperfeiçoar o serviço de visão subnormal.

Costs-effectiveness of the urban health center in Nakhon Ratchasima: a case study on diabetes and hypertension.

Health care reforms in Thailand are looking for a better health infrastructure within the urban setting. The urban health center is one of the models tried in many provinces. This study compared the costs--effectiveness of the urban health center in Nakhon Ratchsima with the Maharaj Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, using diabetes and hypertension as tracer conditions. The point estimates by a retrospective review and cross-sectional study revealed that the overall costs (provider plus patient costs) of the urban health center for these tracers were lower than the costs of the Maharaj Hospital. The effectiveness of treatment at the urban health center was also better. It was concluded that the urban health center should be considered as a better alternative of primary care institution within the urban area.

Cirugia mayor ambulatoria del paciente maxilofacial pediatrico / Major ambulatory surgery of the pediatric maxillofacial patient

Se exponen los resultados de la aplicacion de la cirugia mayor ambulatoria del paciente maxillofacial pediatrico en el Hospital General Provincial Docente "Carlos Manuel de Cespedes" de Bayamo, en el periodo de 1 ano (1993). El 6 por ciento de los pacientes fueron operados por este proceder, y recibio anestesia general el 70,8 por ciento de la serie. La exeresis de los dientes retenidos fue la intervencion quirurgica de mayor frecuencia con el 31,5 por ciento. Se discuten los resultados y se comparan con otrso autores. En concepto dia-paciente se produjo un ahorro significativo para la institucion de $16 450,56. El 100 por ciento de los familiares prefirieron este metodo al habitual

Laboratory investigation utilization in pediatric out-patient department Ramathibodi Hospital.

HYPOTHESES: Laboratory investigations are inappropriately utilized in the Pediatric OPD of Ramathibodi Hospital and this is due to lack of knowledge and unawareness of the cost of tests. OBJECTIVES: 1) To obtain information on laboratory utilization. 2) To evaluate the appropriateness of the residents' test ordering behavior. 3) To estimate the cost of unnecessary tests. 4) To reduce the utilization by combined education, feedback, and peer-review strategies. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial carried out from January 1987 to May 1988, consisting of pre-intervention period (Jan-May 1987). intervention period (June-November 1987), and post-intervention period (July 1987-May 1988). STUDY POPULATION: There were 3 intervention groups and 3 control control groups which were stratified by level of seniority as 10 first year residents (R1I vs R1C), 8 second year residents (R2I vs R2C), and 18 staff (SI vs SC). INTERVENTION: For the residents, education on diagnostic tests, chart audit and feedback on their test ordering behavior were provided twice a week. The second year residents also played an active role in giving comments on the first year residents' performances. For the staff, the strategy used was peer-review. The simulated cases derived from the actual medical records serviced by the residents were reviewed and rated, according to the appropriateness of the residents' test ordering behavior, from 0 (poor) to 10 (excellent). A score of less than 5 was considered to indicate inappropriate ordering behavior. OUTCOME: 1) Numbers and cost of tests per patient for each group. 2) The achievement of a score indicating appropriate test ordering behavior of the resident groups. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann Whitney test, Wilcoxon test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: 1. The utilization pattern was not correlated to the level of seniority of the physicians. 2. There was inappropriate laboratory utilization in this group of residents: overutilization defined as should not be ordered (26.9%), and underutilization defined as should have been ordered (17.7%). Most of the inappropriateness occurred in the ordering of microbiology (50%) and special blood chemistry (40%). 3. Only the number of tests per patient ordered by the R2I group was significantly lower than that of the R2C group in the late post-intervention period. The cost of tests per patient ordered by the R2C group was significantly increased as compared to their baseline. This suggested that the combination of education, chart audit and active feedback strategies was more effective than each strategy alone. 4. The appropriateness of the test ordering behavior of the resident intervention groups improved during the post-intervention period, although the change was not statistically significant. The control groups' behavior was statistically worse. This suggested that the strategy prevented the inappropriateness of test ordering behavior. 5. With the intervention, the overutilization significantly decreased while the underutilization increased. The underutilization might be a consequence of cost containment on laboratory utilization. 6. The cost of unnecessary tests accounted for 17.6 per cent of the total cost of tests ordered by the residents.

Custo da conduta ambulatorial num Hospital Universitario, para os responsaveis dos pacientes pediatricos / Cost of an ambulatorial consultation at the University Hospital for responsible person of the pediatric patients

Estudo descritivo transversal, sendo os dados coletados atraves de questionarios aplicados aos responsaveis por criancas que procuram o ambulatorio de pediatria geral do Hospital Universitario(HU) da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina(UFSC).Os objetivos foram a verificacao da procedencia e o por que da procura dos responsaveis pelo ambulatorio, bem como dos gastos da consulta. Discutido o sistema de saude brasileiro e apresentacao de proposta para sua viabilizacao