Effects of reducing postprandial hyperglycemia and metabolism of acetate wheat starch on healthy mice

Abstract Recently, the acetate wheat starch (AWS) has been prepared by acetylation with an acetyl content of 2.42%, containing of rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) with 25.0%; 22.9% and 34.5%, respectively. In this study, this kind of starch was continuously evaluated with the postprandial blood glucose response and determined short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolized from AWS in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy mice by HPLC. The result showed that the mice fed with AWS exhibited a very limited increase in blood glucose level and remained stable for 2 hours after meals efficiently comparing with the control group fed with natural wheat starch (NWS). Simultaneously, the content of SCFAs produced in the caecum of the mice fed with AWS was significantly higher than mice fed with NWS, especially with acetic and propionic acids by 28% and 26%, respectively. Thus, AWS has shown to limit the postprandial hyperglycemia in mice effectively through the resistance to amylase hydrolysis in the small intestine. When going into the caecum, it is fermented to form SCFAs providing a part of energy for the body's activities, avoiding rotten fermentation causing digestive disorders which are inherent restrictions of normal high cellulose and fiber food.

Avaliação in vitro e in vivo do potencial imunomodulador de frações polissacarídicas extraídas do chuchu / In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the immunomodulatory potential of polysaccharide fractions extracted from chayote

Os polissacarídeos não amido constituem importante parcela das fibras dietéticas, e podem ser considerados modificadores de resposta biológica (MRBs), uma vez que são capazes de interagir com o sistema imune, e suas características estruturais estão atreladas aos efeitos biológicos gerados. O potencial imunomodulador dos polissacarídeos do chuchu já foi demonstrado, entretanto, informações sobre suas características estruturais e sua relação com o perfil imunológico são limitadas a ensaios in vitro, não havendo, até o momento, estudos in vivo. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar, in vitro e in vivo, o perfil imunomodulador de frações isoladas do polissacarídeo do chuchu. Por meio da filtração tangencial foram obtidas as frações de estudo, SeRI<50 e SeSE<50, respectivamente as frações isoladas do polissacarídeo do chuchu extraídas do resíduo insolúvel e do sobrenadante pós-tratamento enzimático para retirada do amido com peso molecular menor que 50 kDa. A caracterização por meio da determinação da composição monossacarídica e da análise de ligação apontou que ambas as frações são formadas por galacturonanos, arabinanos, arabinogalactanos e glicomananos. A SeRI<50 é menos ramificada e, provavelmente, composta por galactanos, enquanto SeSE<50 é mais ramificada e, provavelmente, composta por galactuglucomananos. Essas frações foram capazes de estimular os macrófagos murinos RAW 264.7 e as células mononucleares do baço, do sangue e do intestino delgado de camundongos Balb/c, sugerindo um perfil de ação mais pró-inflamatório, com base nos efeitos produzidos pelas espécies reativas de oxigênio, citocinas e pelos marcadores de ativação de linfócitos. Ambas as amostras, SeRI<50 e SeSE<50, mostraram ser eficientes em ativar a cascata imunológica, não sendo citotóxicas mesmo com a maior concentração testada no ensaio in vitro

Non-starch polysaccharides are important components of dietary fibers, and they may be considered biological response modifiers (MRBs), as they may interact with the immune system, depending on their structural characteristics. The immunomodulatory potential of chayote polysaccharides has already been demonstrated, however, information on their structural characteristics and their relationship with the immunological profile are limited to in vitro assays, with no reports on in vivo studies. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate, in vitro and in vivo, the immunomodulatory profile of polysaccharide from chayote. Through tangential filtration two fractions, SeRI <50 and SeSE <50, were obtained, respectively the fraction isolated from the chayote polysaccharide extracted from the insoluble residue and the fraction from the enzymatic post-treatment supernatant to remove starch, both under molecular weight 50 kDa. The monosaccharide composition and linkage analysis showed that both fractions are formed by galacturonans, arabinans, arabinogalactans and glycomanans. SeRI <50 is less branched and probably composed of galactans, while SeSE <50 is more branched and probably composed of galactuglucomannans. These fractions were able to stimulate murine macrophages RAW 264.7 and mononuclear cells of the spleen, blood and small intestine of Balb / c mice, suggesting a more proinflammatory action profile, based on the reactive oxygen species production, cytokines and lymphocyte activation markers. Both samples, SeRI <50 and SeSE <50, were able to efficiently activate the immunological cascade, not being cytotoxic even at the highest concentration tested in the in vitro assay

Modificación del Almidón de maiz y sus efectos en el tratamiento de niños con glucogenosis / Modification of starch corn and its effects on the treatment of children with glycogenosis

Introducción: El almidón de maíz (AM) está indicado en el manejo de niños con glucogenosis hepática (GH).Objetivo: Describir la respuesta clínica en siete niños con GH I y III, del Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe de Medellín, Colombia, al cambiar el AM de uso alimenticio (UA), por AM de pureza farmacológica (PF). Metodología: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, descriptivo realizado en 51 meses en el que se comparan pruebas bioquímicas y evolución clínica de siete niños ambulatorios con GH, quienes recibían AMUA y se les cambió a AMPF, por recaída en sus controles bioquímicos, relacionados con el cambio en la composición del AM tradicional, al que se le adicionó una mezcla de vitaminas y minerales. Resultados: Se incluyeron 3 niñas y 4 niños entre 13 y 148 meses, 3 con GH I y 4 con GH III, que recibían AMUA, y luego de cambiar a AMPF, presentaron mejoría clínica y bioquímica así: glucemia en ayunas de 77 mg/dL (48-90) a 85 (68-119) mg/dL, ALT de 390 U/L (47-1410) a 159 (47-345) U/L y triglicéridos de 487 (186-1797) mg/dL a 240 (112-614) mg/dL.Conclusiones: El AMPF en niños con GH I y III, demostró resultados mejores, que los obtenidos con el AMUA. La evidencia bioquímica y clínica, permite recomendar su utilización en el tratamiento actual de los pacientes con estos tipos de GH.

Introduction: Corn starch (CS) is indicated for the management of children with liver glucogenosis (LG). Objective: To describe the clinic outcome in 7 children with LG I and III, from Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe from Medellín, Colombia, to change food (F) CS by the pharmacological purity (PP) CS. Methods: Observational, retrospective, descriptive study performed in 51 months comparing biochemical and clinical course of 7 children outpatient with LG, those receiving FCS and were switched to PPCS by relapse in biochemical controls related to the change in the composition of the traditional commercial CS, which was added a mixture of vitamins and minerals. Results: Were included 3 girls and 4 boys between 13 and 148 months, 3 with LG I and 4 with LG III, receiving FCS, and after switching to PPCS, they improved the biochemical tests and clinical status. Conclusions: PPCS in children with LG I and III, showed better results than those obtained with FCS. The biochemical and clinical evidence both to recommend its use in the current treatment of patients with these types of LG.

Alterações clínicas e laboratoriais em equinos adaptadosa dieta com nível elevado de concentrado e submetidos àsobrecarga dietética com amido / Clinical and laboratorial changes in horses adapted to diet with high levels of concentratedand submitted to dietetic starch overload

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da sobrecarga dietética com amido em equinos adaptados a dieta comnível elevado de concentrado. Seis equinos adultos foram previamente adaptados à dieta composta por feno de coastcross e concentrado na proporção de 60:40 e, posteriormente submetidos à infusão gástrica de 17,6 g amido/kg de pesocorporal. Os equinos foram avaliados por meio de exames clínicos e laboratoriais até 36 horas após a sobrecarga. Umequino veio a óbito 32 horas após a sobrecarga, apresentando quadro clínico de endotoxemia e laminite. Não houvediferença ( P > 0,05) nas frequências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, tempo de preenchimento capilar etemperatura superficial dos cascos dos equinos durante o experimento. Houve tendência ao aumento na motilidadeintestinal, seguido de aumento na fluidez das fezes. O volume globular e a concentração de proteína plasmática totalaumentaram ( P < 0,05) 24 horas após a sobrecarga quando comparados aos valores basais, de 26,7 a 32,0% e de 7,1e 8,1 g/dL, respectivamente. Os neutrófilos bastonetes aumentaram ( P < 0,05) durante o período de avaliação, comvalores variando de 0,1 a 0,7 x 103/μL antes da sobrecarga e 24 horas após, respectivamente, enquanto os eosinófilosapresentaram redução. A concentração plasmática de lactato teve aumento discreto com diferença ( P < 0,05) antes, 20 e28 horas após a sobrecarga, com valores de 0,7, 1,0 e 1,2 mmol/L, respectivamente. Conclui-se que equinos consumindodieta com elevado nível de concentrado e submetidos à sobrecarga dietética com amido apresentam alterações clínicas elaboratoriais moderadas, porém, casos graves, seguidos do óbito, podem ocorrer devido à variação individual.

This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietetic starch overload in horses adapted to diets with high levelof concentrated. Six crossbreed mature horses were previously adapted to diet composed by coast cross hay andconcentrate in a 60:40 proportion and later submitted to gastric infusion of 17.6 g starch/kg body weight. The horseswere evaluated by clinical and laboratorial examination until 36-hour after overload. One horse died 32 hours afteroverload, presenting clinical signs of endotoxemia and laminitis.No differences ( P > 0.05) were observed in heartand respiratory rate, rectal temperature, capillary refill time and hoof temperature of horses. There was a tendency toincrease intestinal mobility following by fluidity of faeces. Increase ( P < 0.05) in packed cell volume and total plasmaprotein were observed 24 hours after overload when compared to baseline, from 26.7 to 32.0% and 7.1 to 8.1 g/dL,respectively. Neutrophils increased ( P < 0.05) during the evaluation period, with values varying of 0.1 to 0.7 x 103/μLbefore overload and 24 hours after, respectively, while the eosinophils decreased. The plasma lactate concentration wasslight increased with difference (p < 0.05) before, 20 and 28 hours after overload, with values of 0.7, 1.0 and 1.2 mmol/L,respectively. It was concluded that horses consuming diets with high levels of concentrated and submitted to dieteticstarch overload had clinical and laboratory changes moderate, however, severe cases, followed by death may occur dueto individual variation.

Resposta plasmática de glicose e insulina em eqüinos alimentados com diferentes fontes de amido / Plasmatic response of glucose and insulin in horses fed diets containing different starch sources

O objetivo deste trabalho foi medir a resposta plasmática de glicose e insulina em cavalos alimentados com dietas contendo concentrados energéticos formulados com diferentes fontes de amido, tais como milho, aveia, sorgo e uma mistura de milho e aveia em partes iguais por peso. Foram utilizados quatro eqüinos com 36 meses de idade em media, mestiços, machos, castrados, com peso aproximado de 350 kg. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um quadrado latino 4X4 (quatro animais, quatro tratamentos, quatro períodos). Os resultados foram processados através de programa computacional,a normalidade dos resíduos verificada pelo Teste de Shapiro - Wilk, eas variâncias comparadas pelo teste F. Não foram observadas diferenças nos níveis de glicose plasmática entre tratamentos. No caso da glicose, todos os tratamentos atingiram seu máximo nível duas horas e meia pós-ingestão O nível de insulina plasmática foi significativamente inferior antes da refeição em aqueles cavalos tratados com a mistura de milho e aveia, e significativamente superior nos cavalos alimentados com milho como fonte de energia três horas e meia pós ingesta. Os valores de glicose e insulina plasmática observados neste estudo podem ter sido influenciados pelo processamento das dietas na forma peletizada, promovendo uma maior absorção de glicose no intestino delgado. As dietas contendo diferentes fontes de amido não influenciaram nem o tempo nem a quantidade de glicose absorvida no intestino delgado. As variações observadas nos níveis de insulina indicam que um manejo alimentar apropriado pode influenciar os níveis deste hormônio, moderando os seus efeitos indesejáveis.

This study was aimed to measure the plasmatic response of glucose and insulin of horses fed diets containing different starch sources,like corn, oat, sorghum and a mix of corn and oat in equal parts. Four standarbred gelding 36 month old an weighing average of 350 kg were used in a Latin Square 4 x 4 (four animals, four treatments and four period) trial design. No statistical differences were observed in plasmatic glucose levels either before or after ingestion between treatments. Maximum plasmatic level of glucose was observed in all diets two and a half hours post ingestion. Insulin plasmatic level was significantly lower before ingestion in horses treated with the mixed corn and oat diet, when compared with the other treatments. In the other hand, the insulin plasmatic level in horses fed corn-formulated diet was statistically higher than the others treatments at three hours and a half after ingestion. Diets containing different sources of starch had no effect in time neither quantity of glucose absorbed in small intestine. Variation observed in insulin plasmatic levels indicate that a proper feeding can have a regulatory effect of this hormone, avoiding undesirable’s behaviors.

Peritonitis granulomatosa por el almidón en guantes quirúrgicos / Granulomatous peritonitis due to the starch used in surgical gloves

La peritonitis granulomatosa por almidón de guantes quirúrgicos es una entidad de difícil diagnóstico y escasa incidencia. Los pacientes presentan dolor abdominal, fiebre e íleo funcional prolongado tres a cuatro semanas después de una laparotomía con empleo de guantes lubricados con almidón de maíz. En la exploración quirúrgica se evidencia peritoneo y epiplón con múltiples nódulos pequeños blanquecinos y líquido libre inflamatorio. La anatomía patológica muestra tejido inflamatorio con células gigantes multinucleadas englobando material birrefringente, compatibles con cristales de polvo de guantes. Mediante luz polarizada se evidencia el típico patrón en cruz de malta del almidón de maíz. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 54 años con dolor abdominal, fiebre e íleo funcional inusualmente prolongado. Se realizó histerectomía convencional tres meses antes. Al ingreso se realizó videolaparoscopía exploradora, en la cual se perforó accidentalmente el yeyuno distal lo cual requirió laparotomía para enterorrafia. Un mes después fue relaparotomizada debido a la persistencia de íleo, evidenciándose peritonitis granulomatosa por almidón que confirmó la anatomía patológica. Recibió hidrocortisona endovenosa durante dos semanas y prednisona vía oral durante 4 semanas con disminución gradual hasta su suspensión. La paciente permanece asintomática a siete meses del postoperatorio. El tratamiento con corticoesteroides es una opción eficaz. La prevención es clave y radica en el uso de guantes quirúrgicos libres de almidón.

Granulomatous peritonitis due to surgical glove starch is an entity of difficult diagnosis and low incidence. Patients present with abdominal pain, fever and prolonged functional ileus three to four weeks postoperatory of a laparotomy where corn starch as glove's lubricant had been used. In surgical re-exploration both the peritoneum and omentum are widely affected with multiple small white nodules together with peritoneal fluid. Histopathology shows inflammatory tissue with giant multinucleated cells containing bi-refringent cornstarch particles inside. Under polarized light the typical maltese cross appearance of cornstarch is revealed. We present a 54 year old woman admitted with abdominal pain, fever and an unusually prolonged ileus in postoperatory period after a laparotomy. Conventional hysterectomy was performed three months before. At admission, exploratory videolaparocopy was done, in which accidentally distal jejunum was perforated which required laparotomy for enterorraphy. One month after she was re-laparotomized due to persistence of ileus. Granulomatous peritonitis was evidenciated and confirmed by histopathology. Endovenous hydrocortisone was given during two weeks and shifted to oral prednisone during four weeks with gradual diminution until suppression. Patient is asymptomatic at seven months of postoperatory. Corticosteroid treatment is an efficient choice. The prevention is crucial and is based on the employment of starch free surgical gloves.

Assessement of peritoneal adhesions due to starch granules of surgical glove powder an experimental study

Introduction of foreign material into abdominal cavity during surgery causes irritation of peritoneum leading to postoperative [P0] adhesions. To assess and prevent P0 adhesions, an experimental study was done to assess the caused by starch granules of the surgical glove powder and to avoid complications using the effect of normal saline and low molecular weight heparin [LMWH]. Thirty Wister Albino male rats were subjected to laparotomy and ileocaecal abrasions were done mechanically to induce postoperative peritoneal adhesions. Rats were divided into 3 groups, 10 animals each. The sterile starch powdered gloves were used in the laparotomy procedure. The basic procedure performed in the three groups was serosal abrasions at the ileocaecal region and using the 2-layer technique in the closure of the abdominal cavity. In GI no further management was performed than the basic procedure. In GIl and G III before closure normal saline and [LMWH] was spilled into the peritoneal cavity respectively. The results showed that in GI, there were severe firm intraperitoneal adhesions especially at the site of the ileocaecal abrasions. This was proved macroscopically and histologically. The reactions detected in biopsies of GIl and GIll were lesser in intensity compared to GI. Morphometric assessment of collagen deposition in the intra-peritoneal adhesions revealed a significant decrease in GIl and GIll compared to GI

Modified food starches in baby foods.

Modified food starches were developed as a stabilizer, providing desirable consistency, texture, and storage ability. They are used primarily in strained and junior foods and, to a minor extent, in infant formulas. However, despite the fact that there is an increasing tendency to introduce solid foods to infants at a very early age, there is few long-term studies to delineate the effect of starch feeding on the growth of young infants. Modified food starches used by the food industry for infants and young children are of concern and there is an urgent need for additional data regarding their bioavailability, effect on nutrient absorption, intestinal changes, and toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. Therefore, the inclusion of modified food starches should be used prudently and sparingly.

El germen desgrasado de maíz: materia prima potencial para la industria de alimentos / Defatted corn germ: potencial raw material for the food industry

Se presentan algunas características fisicoquímicas, nutricionales y funcionales del germen desgrasado de maíz (GDM) y su efecto sobre la respuesta glicémica. Se proponen aplicaciones como sustituto parcial del maíz y el trigo. El germen nativo tiene alto contenido de grasas (15-30 por ciento), proteínas (10-18 por ciento), carbohidratos (50-60 por ciento) y fibra dietética total (FDT,32-33 por ciento), principalmente insoluble. Del gérmen de trigo extraído por molienda se extrae aceite de maíz, y se generan grandes cantidades de de GDM en forma de torta desgrasada. Esta se procesa comercialmente obteniéndose una fracción fina (30 por ciento del GDM, de granulometría mayor de 70 mesh, 21 por ciento de FDT), y la gruesa (70 por ciento del GDM, menos de 70 mesh y 26 por ciento FDT). Ambas fracciones contienen minerales en mayor cantidad que la harina de trigo. El GDM es una materia prima potencial para la industria por ofrecer un suministrto contínuo todo el año, ser de bajo costo y tener valor nutricional superior al endospermo de maíz. Las propiedades funcionales permiten proponer el uso de la fracción fina como agente espesante y como sustituto parcial de la harina de maíz precocida, así como del trigo o en la elaboración de pan, galletas y pastas. Se ha estudiado la factibilidad de utilizarla para obtener derivados de almidones y proteínas. La fracción gruesa podría utilizarse para empanizar, elaborar pastas, galletas integrales y embutidos. El contenido de almidón y de FDT del GDM lo ubica como ingrediente energético rico en carbohidratos complejos, que provocan una respuesta glicémica moderada

Cariogenic [correction of Carcinogenic] potential of a typical cassava flour from the Amazonian region of Brazil.

The purpose of this study was to compare the cariogenic potential of a typical cassava flour (CF) with sucrose and starch, using a severe cariogenic challenge model in rats. Thirty Wistar female pups with their dams (mutans streptococci free) were infected by Streptococcus sobrinus 6715, desalivated when aged 25 days, and placed in a Konig-Hofer programmed feeder at age 26 days. They received 17 meals daily at hourly intervals for 21 days as follows: group (1) powdered plain sucrose and sterile distilled water ad libitum (sdwal); (2) Lf and Sdwal (3) powdered starch and sdwal. Essential nutrition was administered by gavage. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. The percentage of S. Sobrinus related to the total flora and the number of this microorganism were higher in the sucrose and CF groups than starch group. Smooth-surface and [sulcal] caries scores for the groups were: (1) 105.5 [48.0]; (2) 34.1 [39.2]; (3) 10.2 [18.1]. All the groups were statistically significantly different from each other (p < 0.01), although the result for sulcal score for CF was very close to the sucrose group. It is concluded that cassava flour, the main source of carbohydrate for the Amazonian population of Brazil, has moderate cariogenic potential.

Comparaçäo da qualidade microbiologica de salsichas produzidas com amido de mandioca, goma guar e goma xantana e as comumente encontradas no comercio varejista da cidade de Säo Jose do Rio Preto-SP / The microbiological studies of sausage produced with cassava starch,guar and xantana gumsand the commonlyused in the retail trade

Three different types were made with 1 per cent of guar and xantana gums and 2 per cent of cassava starch. The gums were used in replacement of the cassava starch. The sausages hence made were submitted to microbiological analysis and compared with the sausages commonly found in the retail trade. The results proved that the sausages made by way of trial had the same standard pattern established by legislation. However, the samples taken from the retail trade showed a high level of contamination of mould and yeast. It was not found the presence of Salmonella nor of coliforms in the sausage made of guar gum, xanthan gum and cassava starch

Peritonite pós-operatória causada por reaçäo de hipersensibilidade ao amido da luva cirúrgica / Postoperative peritonits caused by hypersensitivity to storch glave powder

Os autores apresentam um caso de peritonite pós-operatória causada por hipersensibilidade ao amido da luva cirúrgica. Chamam a atençäo para as dificuldades de ordem diagnóstica e alertam os cirurgiöes para esta possibilidade ressaltando as medidas de ordem profilática