Anesthetic management of a patient with acquired angioedema submitted to broncofibroscopy: a case report

Abstract Acquired angioedema with C1 inhibitor deficiency (AAE-C1INH) is a very rare condition of bradykinin-mediated angioedema. One of its major complications is potentially life-threatening, laryngeal edema. We report a 53-year-old woman with AAE-C1INH proposed for an elective broncofibroscopy. The direct stimulation caused by broncofibroscopy poses a high risk of angioedema, thus presenting an anesthetic challenge. Due to the risk of death, it is essential to adopt preventive measures. Short-term prophylaxis was performed, and the acute treatment was readily available. A well-structured multidisciplinary periprocedural plan makes it possible to safely approach the airway, in a remote area of the hospital.

Peri-operative management of a pregnant patient with hereditary angioedema submitted to a cesarean-section: case report / Abordagem perioperatória de grávida com angioedema hereditário submetida a cesariana: relato de caso

Abstract Hereditary angioedema is an autosomal dominant disorder, presenting as sudden and recurring episodes of variable severity of subcutaneous and mucosa edema that may occur spontaneously or in response to triggers. There are three knwon types of hereditary angioedema. The disorder is caused by decrease in the plasma level or change in the functional capacity of C1 inhibitor, with increase in bradykinin and in vascular permeability, and consequent edema. Several measures are required in the perioperative period in order to avoid an acute attack. Prophylaxis should be carried out throughout pregnancy before any surgical procedure, before dental procedures, upon airway handling, on patients with previous episodes of angioedema, and when there are significant changes in volemia. The literature is scarce in regard to the association between hereditary angioedema and pregnancy. We describe a successful case of a pregnant patient with type I hereditary angioedema submitted to a C-section.

Resumo O angioedema hereditário é uma doença autossômica dominante, que se manifesta por crises súbitas, recorrentes e de gravidade variável de edema subcutâneo e submucoso, que podem ocorrer espontaneamente ou em resposta a gatilhos. São conhecidos três tipos de angioedema hereditário. A doença é condicionada por diminuição do nível plasmático ou alteração da capacidade funcional do inibidor de C1, com aumento da bradicinina e da permeabilidade vascular, com consequente edema. Várias medidas devem ser tomadas no período perioperatório de forma a evitar uma crise aguda. A profilaxia deverá ser realizada durante a gravidez antes de qualquer procedimento cirúrgico, antes de procedimentos dentários, quando existe manuseamento da via aérea, nos doentes com episódios prévios de angioedema e quando há alterações significativas da volemia. A literatura é escassa no que que diz respeito à associação de angioedema hereditário e gravidez. Descrevemos um caso de sucesso de uma grávida com angioedema hereditário tipo I submetida a cesariana.

Angioedema hereditario. Acerca de un caso clínico / Hereditary angioedema. A clinical case / Angioedema herediário. Informe de um caso clínico

Introducción: los angioedemas son motivo de consulta frecuente en alergología. Una minoría de ellos representa un desafío diagnóstico-terapéutico y concierne a la medicina transfusional. Objetivo: reseñar la presentación clínica y el tratamiento de un paciente con angioedema hereditario. Material y método: presentación de un caso clínico incluyendo antecedentes personales, familiares, descripción y reto de la enfermedad con aportes de literatura científica actualizada. Resultados: abordaje de la patología en términos clínicos, paraclínicos, terapéuticos y preventivos a partir del caso desarrollado. Conclusiones: se logró el encare de una entidad infrecuente y poco conocida con perspectivas de mejora diagnóstico-terapéutica a favor de la calidad de vida de estos pacientes.

Introduction: angioedemas are a frequent cause of consultation in allergology. A small number of cases imply a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge and involve transfusion medicine. Objective: to outline the clinical presentation and handling of a patient with hereditary angioedema. Method: presentation of the clinical case including personal and family history, as well as a description and account of the condition's challenge with the contribution of updated scientific literature. Results: ways of approaching the condition in clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and prophylactic terms, based on the study of a case. Conclusions: the study managed to address this rather unusual and not well known condition, with the prospect of diagnostic and therapeutic improvement for the quality of life of these patients

Introdução: os angioedemas são uma causa de consulta frequente em alergologia. Uma pequena porcentagem é um desafio diagnóstico-terapêutico e é objeto de estudo da medicina transfusional. Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas e o manejo de um paciente com angioedema hereditário. Método: apresentação de um caso clínico incluindo antecedentes pessoais, familiares, descrição e desafio da doença e revisão da literatura científica. Resultados: abordagem da patologia em termos clínicos, de exames complementares, terapêuticos e preventivos a partir do caso estudado. Conclusões: estudou-se uma entidade rara e pouco conhecida com perspectivas de melhoria diagnóstico-terapêutica com benefícios para a qualidade de vida destes pacientes.

Angioedema hereditario: Guía de tratamiento / Hereditary angioedema: A therapeutic guide

El angioedema hereditario (HAE) es una enfermedad rara, autosómica dominante, caracterizada por episodios que comprometen la piel, el tracto gastrointestinal y la laringe. Tiene una mortalidad histórica por asfixia del 15 al 50%. Es producida por la deficiencia funcional del C1 inhibidor. La identificación de la bradiquinina como mediador principal ha estimulado el desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos para tratar la enfermedad. El tratamiento del HAE se establece en consensos internacionales. El desarrollo de guías para el tratamiento de la enfermedad permite ordenar el uso de procedimientos diagnósticos y drogas. Describimos aquí algunas características farmacológicas de los medicamentos utilizados en el tratamiento del HAE en la Argentina: el concentrado plasmático de C1 inhibidor, el antagonista de la bradiquinina, icatibant, el andrógeno atenuado danazol y los agentes anti-fibrinolíticos ácidos épsilon aminocaproico (EACA) y tranexámico. Asimismo, se describe su forma de uso y del control de los eventos adversos más frecuentes, así como las recomendaciones del último consenso internacional, aplicables para conformar una primera guía de tratamiento del HAE en la Argentina.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare autosomal dominant disease, characterized by episodes of edema involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract and larynx. HAE has a historical asphyxia mortality of 15% to 50%. It is the consequence of functional C1 inhibitor deficiency. The identification of bradykinin as the principal mediator of the disease has lead to the development of new drugs for its treatment. HAE management and treatment are agreed by international consensus decision. A therapeutic guide for the treatment of the disease is important to improve diagnosis and treatment. We here describe the pharmacology of drugs available for the treatment of HAE in Argentina: plasma derived C1 Inhibitor, the bradykinin antagonist: icatibant, the attenuated androgen danazol and the anti-fibrinolytic agents epsilonaminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid. Furthermore, we describe drug use and adverse effects control, as well as the last international consensus document recommendations applicable to Argentina to conform a first guide to HAE treatment in our country.

Brazilian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hereditary angioedema

Hereditary angioedema is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by edema attacks with multiple organ involvement. It is caused by a quantitative or functional deficiency of the C1 inhibitor, which is a member of the serine protease inhibitor family. Hereditary angioedema is unknown to many health professionals and is therefore an underdiagnosed disease. The causes of death from hereditary angioedema include laryngeal edema with asphyxia. The estimated mortality rate in patients in whom the disease goes undetected and who are therefore incorrectly treated is 25-40 percent. In addition to edema of the glottis, hereditary angioedema often results in edema of the gastrointestinal tract, which can be incapacitating. Patients with hereditary angioedema may undergo unnecessary surgical interventions because the digestive tract can be the primary or only organ system involved, thus mimicking acute surgical abdomen. It is estimated that patients with hereditary angioedema experience some degree of disability 20-100 days per year. The Experts in Clinical Immunology and Allergy of the "Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunopatologia -ASBAI" developed these guidelines for the diagnosis, therapy, and management of hereditary angioedema.