Valores hematológicos de psitácidos de los géneros ara y amazona cautivos en zoológicos de Venezuela / Hematological values in psittacine birds, ara and amazona genus, captive in Venezuela zoological parks

Se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas de 104 aves cautivas en zoológicos de Venezuela con la finalidad de obtener valores hematológicos de referencia en especies de los géneros Amazona (loros) y Ara (guacamayas). Utilizando métodos hematológicos manuales se determinaron los parámetros: Conteo de Glóbulos Rojos (CGR), Conteo de Glóbulos Blancos (CGB), Hematocrito (Hcto), Volumen Corpuscular Medio (VCM), y Conteo diferencial de Leucocitos. Se calcularon los valores absolutos leucocitarios. Los valores promedios de los parámetros hematológicos en el grupo Ara y Amazona, respectivamente fueron CGR (3,02x106µL y 2,33x106µL), Hcto (49,6 por ciento y 50,03 por ciento), VCM (175,5 fL y 225,5 fL), CGB (11,804 cel/ µL y 9,752 cel/µL). Las medias del conteo diferencial de leucocitos fueron: Heterófilos (67,2 por ciento y 62,5 por ciento), Linfocitos (28,2 por ciento y 31,6 por ciento), Eosinófilos (1,6 por ciento y 2,9 por ciento), Monocitos (1,4 por ciento y 1,9 por ciento). Estos resultados coinciden con los intervalos de referencia reportados en la literatura para otros países, a excepción del conteo de Eosinófilos, el cual se encontró aumentado posiblemente debido a parasitosis intestinales mantenidas por la condición de cautividad.

In order to determine hematological reference values, a total of 104 blood samples were obtained from captive birds of Ara and Amazona genera in different Venezuelan zoos. Red Blood Cell (RBC), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), White Blood Cell (WBC) and leukocytes differential counts were measured using manual haematological methods. Absolute leukocytes values were calculated hematological parameters of Ara and Amazona genus respectively were RBC (3.02x106µL and 2.33 x106µL), PCV (49.6 and 50.03%), MCV (175.5 fL and 225.5 fL ), WBC (11804 cel x µL and 9752 c/uL) Heterophils (67.2 and 62.5%) , Band Heterophils (0.9 and 0.9%) Lymphocytes (28.2 and 31.6%), Eosinophils (2.9 and 1.6%), Monocytes (1.97 and 1.4%). These results coincide with the reference intervals documented in other countries for this genera. Only Eosinophils values were higher than reported values probably due to intestinal parasitic diseases during captivity.

Comparison of serum hormone levels of captive and free-living maned wolves Chrysocyon brachyurus

Serum hormone levels were compared between captive and free-living maned wolves and seasonal variations of sex hormones were studied. Blood samples were collected from 16 male and 26 female adult animals from Brazilian zoos, and from 30 male and 24 female free-living adults to determine serum progesterone and testosterone by radioimmunoassay. Serum testosterone concentrations varied (P < 0.05) across seasons for 16 captive males, being higher in autumn (2184.7 ± 355.1 pg/mL) than in summer (1080.7 ± 205.4 pg/mL), winter (1270.1 ± 276.6 pg/mL) and spring (963.9 ± 248.1 pg/mL), although they did not differ between summer, winter and spring. Testosterone concentration of 30 free-living males differed (P < 0.05) between autumn (824.1 ± 512.2 pg/mL), winter (14.4 ± 8.0 pg/mL) and spring (151.9 ± 90.5 pg/mL). Comparison between captive and free-living animals showed no difference in autumn (P > 0.05). Sixteen captive males showed higher testosterone concentration during winter and spring compared with 30 free-living animals (P < 0.05). Progesterone concentration varied among seasons in 26 captive females (P < 0.05), being higher in autumn (15.3 ± 3.1 ng/mL) than in summer (6.6 ± 1.5 ng/mL), winter (5.3 ± 3.1 ng/mL) and spring (4.3 ± 0.7 ng/mL). Progesterone concentration of 24 free-living females varied between autumn (17.1 ± 6.0 ng/mL) and winter (1.7 ± 0.3 ng/mL) (P < 0.05), but we could not obtain data for spring or summer. No difference in progesterone levels was observed between captive and free-living females in autumn and winter.

Inventario de la tortuga arrau, Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812) en zoológicos de Venezuela: valores referenciales del hemograma y la bioquímica sérica / Inventory of the arrau sideneck turtle, Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812) in Venezuelan zoos: haematology and blood chemistry reference values

La tortuga arrau o tortuga gigante del río Orinoco (Podocnemis expansa), es el quelonio de agua dulce de caparazón duro más grande del mundo, el cual ha sido sometido a una cacería irracional al punto de estar en peligro crítico de extinción. Entre las diversas estrategias de conservación para esta especie se ha considerado la posibilidad de incluir a algunos zoológicos bien sea logrando la reproducción que permanecen cautivos o participando en el levante de neonatos provenientes de áreas naturales para su posterior liberación. En tal sentido se realizó un inventario de los ejemplares existentes en los zoológicos, verificándose la presencia de 101 adultos (94 hembras y 7 machos). Se pudo apreciar que las exhibiciones donde son mantenidos no están diseñadas específicamente para este especie, requiriendo la mayoría de modificaciones en su infraestructura y el manejo de los ejemplares, para que puedan servir como centros de reproducción ex situ. Se extrajeron muestras de sangre de tortugas de la nuca para ser analizadas en el laboratorio, con la finalidad de obtener valores hematológicos y de química sanguínea de referencia, como un paso esencial para estimar su estado de salud. Los resultados arrojados por la observación bajo el microscopio y un analizador automático de sangre fueron: hematocrito 34,30 por ciento, eritrocitos 470 x 10 a la nueve/L, leucocitos, 3,085 x 10 a la nueve/L, linfocitos 34,00 por ciento, monocitos 1,33 por ciento, heterófilos 63,50 por ciento, proteínas totales 43,7 g/L, albúmina 19,2 g/L, globulinas 19,6 g/L, bilirrubina total 0,004 g/L, bilirrubina directa 0,001 g/L, ácido úrico 0,012 g/L, urea 0,366 g/L, glucosa 0,485 mg/L, hierro 1,088, mg/L, calcio 0,093 g/L, sodio 134,78mmol/L, potasio 4,26 mmol/L, cloro 104,38 mmol/L, fósforo 0,033 g/L, CK 1673 u/L, AST 26,50u/L, ALT 16,80 u/L, y ALP 154,60 u/L, respectivamente.

The Arrau sideneck turtle (Podocnemis expansa) is the biggest fresh water hard shell chelonian of the world, which has been subjected to an irrational hunting to the point of being in the verge of extinction. Among the diverse strategies of conservation of this species, it has been considered the possibility to employ the zoos that kept this species in their collections as ex situ breeding centers, and also for raising wild born hatchlings until one year of age for re-introduction purposes. In such a sense it was carried out an inventory of the captive zoo specimens where we counted 101 adult animals (94 females and 7 males). The inspection of the exhibits gave as a result that most of the facilities requires modifications, also in habitat conditions, animal husbandry, research and public information in order to reach mentioned aims. Blood samples were collected from the neck of some turtles, with the purpose to obtain hematological and blood chemistry reference values, as an essential step to estimate its health condition. The results obtained by the observation under microscope and a blood automatic analizer were: packed cell volume 34.30%, erythrocytes 470 x 109/L, leukocytes 3.08 x 109/L, lymphocytes 34.00%, monocytes 1.33%, heterophils 63.50%, total proteins 43.7 g/L, albumin 19.2 g/L, globulins 19.6 g/L, total bilirubine 0.004 g/L, direct bilirubin 0.001 g/L, uric acid 0.012 g/L, urea nitrogen 0.366 g/L, glucose 0.485 mg/L, iron 1.088, mg/L, calcium 0.093 g/L, sodium 134.78 mmol/L, potassium 4.26 mmol/L, chloride 104.38 mmol/L, phosphorus 0.033 g/L, CK 1673 u/L, AST 26.50 u/L, ALT (6.80 u/, and ALP 154.60 u/L),respectively.