CD57 (Leu-7, HNK-1) immunoreactivity seen in thin arteries in the human fetal lung / 대한해부학회지

CD57 (synonyms: Leu-7, HNK-1) is a well-known marker of nerve elements including the conductive system of the heart, as well as natural killer cells. In lung specimens from 12 human fetuses at 10–34 weeks of gestation, we have found incidentally that segmental, subsegmental, and more peripheral arteries strongly expressed CD57. Capillaries near developing alveoli were often or sometimes positive. The CD57-positive tissue elements within intrapulmonary arteries seemed to be the endothelium, internal elastic lamina, and smooth muscle layer, which corresponded to tissue positive for a DAKO antibody reactive with smooth muscle actin we used. However, the lobar artery and pulmonary arterial trunk as well as bronchial arteries were negative. Likewise, arteries in and along any abdominal viscera, as well as the heart, thymus, and thyroid, did not express CD57. Thus, the lung-specific CD57 reactivity was not connected with either of an endodermal- or a branchial arch-origin. CD57 antigen is a sugar chain characterized by a sulfated glucuronic acid residue that is likely to exist in some glycosphingolipids. Therefore, a chemical affinity or an interaction might exist between CD57-positive arterioles and glycosphingolipids originating from alveoli, resulting in acceleration of capillary budding to make contact with the alveolar wall. CD57 might therefore be a functional marker of the developing air-blood interface that characterizes the fetal lung at the canalicular stage.

Analysis of CD57+ natural killer cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the number of CD57+ natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes between periapical granulomas (PGs) and radicular cysts (RCs). Twenty-fives cases of PGs and 25 of RCs were submitted to histological analysis and immunohistochemistry using anti-CD57 and anti-CD8 biomarkers. Positive cells were counted in 10 fields (400× magnification) and the median value was calculated for each case. Statistical tests were used to evaluate differences in the number of CD57+ NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes according to type of lesion, intensity of the infiltrate and thickness of the lining epithelium. The number of CD57+ NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes was higher in PGs than in RCs (p = 0.129 and p = 0.541, respectively). Comparison of the number of CD57+ NK cells in atrophic and hyperplastic epithelium revealed a larger number of cells in the atrophic epithelium (p = 0.042). A larger number of CD57+ NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes were observed in grade III infiltrates compared to grade I/II (p = 0.145 and p = 0.725, respectively). CD8+ T lymphocytes were more prevalent than CD57+ NK cells in most cases when PGs and RCs were analyzed separately or in combination (p < 0.0001). CD57+ NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes play a key role in antiviral defense and the presence of these cells supports evidence suggesting the participation of these microorganisms in the pathogenesis of PGs and RCs. The response mediated by CD8+ T lymphocytes was more frequent, indicating greater participation of the adaptive immunity in these chronic lesions.

Case report and immunohistochemical study of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a dog / Relato de caso e estudo imuno-histoquímico de tumor maligno da bainha do nervo periférico em um cão

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor is rare and rarely reported in dogs. The term neurofibroma/sarcoma is classically used when the tumor is composed of Schawann and perineural cells. This work describes the clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical case of a subcutaneous malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, most likely a malignant neurofibroma located in the pelvic member of a Rottweiler dog. Histopathological features and immunohistochemical analysis corroborated the diagnosis, showing positivity for S-100 protein, vimentin, and CD57, and was useful to distinguish this type of neoplasm from other malignancies of similar morphologies.(AU)

O tumor maligno da bainha do nervo periférico é raro e pouco descrito em cães. Classicamente, o termo "neurofibroma/sarcoma" é empregado quando o tumor é composto por células de Schwann e células perineurais. Neste relato são descritos os achados clínicos, histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de um caso de tumor maligno da bainha do nervo periférico, provavelmente neurofibrossarcoma, localizado no subcutâneo do membro pélvico de um cão da raça Rottweiler. Os achados histopatológicos associados às observações imuno-histoquímicas contribuíram para o diagnóstico, sendo observada positividade para proteína S-100, vimentina e CD57, permitindo a diferenciação da neoplasia em questão de outros tumores malignos com características morfológicas similares.(AU)

Hematopathologic features of T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the hematopathologic features of T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGLL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective analysis of the clinical presentation, bone marrow morphology, immunophenotyping and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement status were performed in 19 patients with T-LGLL.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 19 patients, the most frequent hematological abnormalities were anemia and neutropenia (16/19 and 17/19 patients, respectively). Large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) were observed in 17 of 19 peripheral blood smears and 15 of 19 bone marrow aspirate specimens. Lymphocytosis (> 0.2) was present in 17 of 19 patients in their bone marrow aspirate specimens. Bone marrow biopsy specimens revealed lymphocytosis in 16 cases, with a mild to moderate increase of lymphocytes observed in 12 cases (12/16). The pattern of lymphoid distribution was interstitial in bone marrow sections. Intravascular distribution was seen in 8 cases. Lymphoid nodules were present in 4 cases. Flow cytometery showed an immunophenotype of CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(+) CD56(-) CD57(+) of the tumor cells in 13 cases. Of the other 6 cases, the immunophenotypes included CD8(-) (1 case), CD56(+) (2 cases) and CD57(-) (3 cases). Immunohistochemistry showed CD3+ (10/10), CD57+ (3/3), CD8+ (6/7), TIA-1+ (6/7), granzyme B+ (4/7), perforin + (1/7), CD4- (4/4) and CD56- (9/9). Clonal T-cell receptor γ gene rearrangement by PCR was detected in 12 cases (12/17).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Hematopathologic features of most T-LGLL are distinct. Morphologic, immunophenotypic and molecular analysis of both peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens are essential and complementary in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of T-LGLL.</p>

Loss of CD127 & increased immunosenescence of T cell subsets in HIV infected individuals.

Background & objectives: HIV infection is characterized by a perturbation in T cell homeostasis, leading to alteration in T cell subsets. In addition to alteration in differentiation, HIV infection also leads to change in T cell survival and regenerative capacity, as suggested by differential expression of CD127 and CD57. We evaluated the expression patterns of CD127 and CD57 on CD4 and CD8 effector, memory and naïve T cell subsets in HIV-infected and uninfected individuals. Methods: We characterized T cell subsets based on expression of these markers, and compared their expression pattern in HIV infected subjects and uninfected controls. We further assessed therapy generated changes in these subsets and expression of CD127 and CD57 on them. Results: There was a generalized decrease in naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells in HIV infected subjects. These changes in T cell subset distribution were related to antigen load. CD127 expression was significantly reduced in T cells from HIV infected subject. In association to this, HIV infected subjects had higher percentage of T cell subsets expressing CD57. Increased CD57 and reduced CD127 expression correlated with plasma viraemia and CD8 T cell activation state. Incomplete restoration of T cell subset proportions was observed, despite suppression of viral replication and increase in CD4 T cell counts. Further, the improvement was more pronounced in CD127 expression. Interpretation & conclusions: HIV infected subjects have reduced T cell regenerative capacity along with increased senescence, highlighting decreased proliferation and effector activities.

Local cellular immune response induced by ultrasound-guided tumor bed superantigen injection after percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for liver cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the local cellular immune response after injection of superantigen, the highly agglutinative staphylococin (HAS), into the tumor bed after ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy (PMCT) in the liver cancer patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety-two patients with pathologically proven primary liver cancer were divided into two groups: 45 in group A were treated by PMCT alone and 47 in the group B by combined with ultrasound-guided percutaneous injection of highly agglutinative staphylococin (HAS). Before and after PMCT and HAS treatment, the patients underwent ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy from the tumor bed and the samples were examined by pathology and immunohistochemistry. The infiltration of CD3+, CD4+, CD57+ and CD68+ lymphocytes in treatment zone was compared between the two groups. Moreover, the infiltrating immunocytes were observed by transmission electron microscopy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>One week after HAS injection, the densities of CD3+, CD4+, CD57+ and CD68+ cells in the group B were 54.50 +/- 18.44, 38.14 +/- 12.44, 33.38 +/- 10.79 and 45.56 +/- 16.53, respectively. All the above mentioned parameters increased significantly in varying degrees compared with that before PMCT or HAS injection (P < 0.05). Four weeks after HAS injection, the density of CD3+, CD4+, CD57+ and CD68+ cells in the group B were 32.67 +/- 10.42, 23.43 +/- 6.99, 18.63 +/- 7.89 and 30.01 +/- 11.05, respectively, still significantly higher than those before PMCT (P < 0.05). Five weeks after PMCT and HAS injection, the densities of CD3+, CD4+, CD57+ and CD68+ cells in the group B were 54.50 +/- 18.44, 38.14 +/- 12.44, 33.38 +/- 10.79 and 45.56 +/- 16.53, versus 32.03 +/- 8.11, 15.67 +/- 8.32, 15.23 +/- 8.26 and 29.67 +/- 11.98 in the group A, respectively, still with a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). A lot of lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in the immune cells after injection of HAS were observed by transmission electron microscopy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The local cellular immunity in liver cancer treatment area can be significantly improved by ultrasound-guided injection of highly agglutinative staphylococin after percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy.</p>

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour: an elusive diagnosis.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) also termed as spindle cell malignancy of the peripheral nerve Schwann cells or neurogenic sarcoma, represents approximately 10% of all soft tissue sarcomas. This tumour is usually found in the lower extremities and only 10-12% of all lesions occur in the head and neck region, which makes it a rare entity. The diagnosis of MPNST has been described as one of the most difficult and elusive diagnosis in the soft tissue diseases because of its non-specific presentation both clinically and histopathologically. This was overcome by the use of immunohistochemistry. A case of MPNST of the left maxillary antrum in a 45 -year -old male patient is reported.

Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract preconditioning on discordant cardiac xenografts / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of ginkgo biloba extract (ginaton) preconditioning on discordant cardiac xenografts from guinea pig to rat, and explore its mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cervical cardiac transplantation model was established in the rats,which were divided into 4 groups Group 1 (cobra venom factor ( CVF) pretreatment, n = 10]; Group 2 (CVF + ginaton, n = 5) ; Group 3 Ccyclosporine (CsA); Group 4 (CVF + CsA + ginaton, n = 8]. The survival time and histopathology after xenograft were observed and expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) CD68 and CD57 were detected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Pathologic manifestion of grafts showed changes of acute vascular rejection (AVR) in all groups. The mean survival time after car diac xenograft was 41 hrs in Group 1, 68 hrs in Group 2, 55 hrs in Group 3 and 74 hrs in Group 4. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1 ) decreased after ginaton preconditioning (P < 0. 05). CD68 and CD57 expressions were down-regulated, HO-1 expression was up-regulated, as well as the apoptotic index (Al) reduced significantly after ginaton with cyclosporine A preconditioning.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Ginaton preconditioning can prolong the survival time after discordant xenograft, and significantly alleviate pathological lesion from acute xenograft vascular rejection combined with cyclosporine A.</p>

Differential diagnosis between nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma and T-cell/histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the differential diagnosis between nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) and T-cell/histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma (TCRBCL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>15 cases of NLPHL and 16 cases of TCRBCL were studied on both morphology and immunophenotype according to the WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms. SP-immunohistochemical staining were performed on paraffin sections. In situ hybridization for EBER1/2 and gene rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) were carried out in 3 cases of NLPHL and 4 cases of TCRBCL, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Histologically, a few atypical large cells scattered in a background of small lymphocytes with or without histiocytes were a common finding in both NLPHL and TCRBCL. Of NLPHL, nodular pathern predominated in 11 cases, diffuse patterns without nodules in 3 cases and one case showed nodular and diffuse pattern intermixed with a increased number of large cells. 14 cases of TCRBCL showed diffuse pattern. One case with micronodular pattern involving the splenic white pulp. One case showed a combination of nodules of NLPHL, diffuse areas of TCRBCL and a sheet of large cells of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) within the same lymph node biopsy specimen. Immunophenotypically, the large cells showed and CD20, CD79a, bcl-6 and EMA positive, and CD15, CD30, CD3, CD45RO and LMP-1 negative. In NLPHL, small B cells and CD57 positive cells were common, whereas in TCRBCL, TIA-1 positive cytotoxic cells and histiocytes dominated, small B cells were scarce or absent. EBER1/2 were negative and gene rearrangement of IgH was found in all tested 3 cases of NLPHL and 4 cases of TCRBCL, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There are some morphologic and immunophenotypic resemblance between NLPHL and TCRBCL. A combination of the morphological characteristics and the reactivity of the background cells for CD57 and TIA-1 seem to reliably discriminate between the entities and should therefore help to increase the interobserver reproducibility of diagnosis in the gray zone around Hodgkin lymphomas.</p>

Increased activation and expansion of a CD57+ subset within peripheral CD8+ T lymphocytes in mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected patients

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte responses restrict the spread of extracellular pathogens by limiting M.tuberculosis replication. Alterations in cytolytic function, inappropriate maturation/differentiation, and limited proliferation could reduce their ability to control M.tuberculosis replication. In an attempt to further characterize the immune responses during M.tuberculosis infection, we enumerated delta and alpha beta receptor-bearing T cells expressing CD8 or CD4 phenotype and analyzed the differentiation phenotypes of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte subpopulations in 47 cases [23 new cases and 24 multidrug resistant patients] and 20 control subjects, using flowcytometry. We found that the CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly lower in newly-diagnosed M.tuberculosis patients compared to multidrug resistant and control subjects [P < 0.003]. Also, we found that a large proportion of CD8+ T lymphocytes in newly-diagnosed patients was defined by increased surface expression of CD57 as compared to the two other settings [P < 0.002]. This increase was more profound in patients with an inverted CD4/CD8 ratio. Analysis of the late activation antigen revealed that this was predominantly HLA-DR+ [P < 0.003]. No significant changes were observed in the percentages of CD8+CD57+ T cells between the different settings. Moreover, the co-stimulatory molecule CD28+ tended to be underexpressed by CD8+ T cells in multidrug resistant patients when compared to newly-diagnosed subjects [P < 0.002], but not to the control subjects. In contrast, the frequency of CD28+ marker on CD4+ T cells was higher in the setting of multidrug resistant compared with those of new cases [P < 0.0001]. No significant changes were observed in percentages of delta receptor-bearing T cells between different groups. We suggest that the increase in the proportion of CD57+ within CD8+ T cells in newly-diagnosed patients results from M.tuberculosis antigenic stimulation, which is a hallmark of many infections and that the protracted accumulation of CD57+ T lymphocytes might reflect an end-stage differentiation phenotype

A clinicopathological and prognostic study of 22 cases central neurocytoma / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinicopathological features and prognosis of 22 cases of central neurocytoma (CNC), representing 0.48% of a series of 4 528 patients undergoing biopsy for central nervous system tumors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The histopathological, ultrastructral, immunohistochemical and clinical features of CNC were studied by electron microscopic examination and immunohistochemical stain for Synaptophysin (Syn), neuron special enolase (NSE), Leu-7, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), MBP and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The age of the cases ranged from 4 to 44 (average 27.9 years) with all tumors localized in the ventricles. In the 18 patients followed up, 14 were alive for 8 months to 14 years and 11 months after the operation, and 4 died. The average survival period was 70.7 months. Histologically, the tumor in all 22 cases had the oligodendroglioma-like pattern with honeycomb appearance and cell-free islands of eosinophilic matrix. Cellular anaplasia, mitosis and necrotic areas were rarely seen in the tumors. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated strong positivity for Syn, NSE and Leu-7, and negative for GFAP and MBP. Ultrastructural features showed presence of round tumor cells with abundant cell processes containing microtubules, neurosecretory granules, clear vesicles and lysosome-like structures.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The differential diagnosis between CNC and oligodendroglioma could not be established by routine light microscopy. The importance of immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies for making a correct diagnosis is emphasized. The prognosis of patients is usually favorable, even if the tumor was resected subtotally. The relationship between the presence of anaplastic histological features in CNC and patient outcome remains unclear.</p>

Increase of NK cells in decidua of women with recurrent spontaneous abortion

Various immunological mechanisms are known to be involved in maintenance of pregnancy but mechanisms underlying the failure of pregnancy in spontaneous abortion are poorly understood. Leukocytes consist a substantial percentage of endometrial stroma cells and classic natural killer cells have been proposed as immunological factor in spontaneous abortion. This study was performed to clarify the immunological role of classic NK cells in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion in the first trimester and of unknown etiology. This cell population was studied in 30 samples of decidua tissue of women with spontaneous abortion [test group] and compared with 30 samples of decidua of women undergoing elective pregnancy termination [control group]. Paraffin embedded sections were prepared from endometrial tissue samples of both groups and were dyed with specific monoclonal antibody against CD57 marker by using avidin-biotin-peroxides technique. NK cells positive for CD57 were then evaluated and counted under light microscopy with 400 magnification. Z-test was used to statistically compare NK population between test and control groups. Result showed that NK cells were scattered through stroma cells in both normal and abotion group. There was few NK cells observed in normal decidua tissue, where as this cell population was significantly increased in women with spontaneous abortion [P<0.003]. It seems that NK cells play key role in recurrent spontaneous abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy. Probably classic NK cells are activated by local cytokines and attack trophoblast cells of placenta and are thus involved in induction of spontaneous abortion