Hallazgos imagenológicos de la apendicitis de muñón / Imagenological findings of stump apendicitis

Resumen La apendicitis del muñón es una complicación poco frecuente de la apendicectomía. Puede aparecer desde unas semanas a varios años luego del procedimiento quirúrgico. Para arribar a su diagnóstico es necesario un alto índice de sospecha. El objetivo de esta publicación es hacer una reseña de dos casos de esta entidad ocurridos en nuestra institución y mencionar sus hallazgos imagenológicos más frecuentes. La tomografía computarizada es un excelente método para valorar esta entidad, no solo para su diagnóstico sino también para descartar otras patologías que presentan un cuadro clínico similar.

Abstract Stump appendicitis is a rare complication of appendectomy. It may develop from a few weeks to several years after the surgical procedure. To achieve its diagnosis a high index of suspicion is necessary. The objective of this publication is to make a re view of two cases of this entity that occurred in our institution and to mention its most frequent imaging findings. Computed tomography is an excellent method to assess this entity, not only for its diagnosis but also to rule out other pathologies that present similar clinical features.

Congenital abnormalities and anatomical variations of the vermiform appendix and mesoappendix / Anomalias congênitas e variações anatômicas do apêndice vermiforme e mesoapêndice

ABSTRACT Aim: The purpose of this review was to present and discuss the anatomical variations and congenital abnormalities of the vermiform appendix and mesoappendix reported in recent years, and their associations with acute appendicitis and other associated pathologies. Methods: The search was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, and SciELO. Results: Thirty-seven studies were included in this review. Among the abnormalities of the vermiform appendix identified are agenesis and duplicity, and anatomical variations were related to length and positioning. Appendicular duplicity was a more frequent abnormality, mainly Type B2, associated with acute appendicitis, followed by agenesis, Type III. The first case of agenesis associated with acute appendicitis and volvulus-type duplicity of the appendix was identified. The most frequent position was retrocecal in adults and pelvic in children. In the mesoappendix, anatomical variations in its positioning, shape, absence, and length were identified. Conclusion: This review sought to present and discuss the anatomical variations and congenital abnormalities of the vermiform appendix and mesoappendix reported in recent years, and their associations with acute appendicitis and other associated pathologies, contributing to aid in clinical diagnosis and surgical interventions in patients with suspected acute appendicitis.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão foi apresentar e discutir as variações anatômicas e anomalias congênitas do apêndice vermiforme e mesoapêndice relatados nos últimos anos e suas associações com apendicite aguda e outras patologias associadas. Métodos: A busca foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: Pubmed, Science Direct e Scielo. Resultados: Trinta e sete estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão. Entre as anormalidades do apêndice vermiforme identificada estão agenesia e duplicidade e, variações anatômicas relacionadas ao comprimento e posicionamento. A duplicidade apendicular foi a anormalidade mais incidente, principalmente do Tipo B2, associada à apendicite aguda, seguida de agenesia do Tipo III. O primeiro caso de agenesia associada à apendicite aguda e à duplicidade de apêndice do tipo vólvulo foi identificado. A posição mais frequente foi a retrocecal em adultos e a pélvica em crianças. No mesoapêndice, foram identificadas variações anatômicas em seu posicionamento, formato, ausência e comprimento. Conclusão: Esta revisão procurou apresentar e discutir as variações anatômicas e anomalias congênitas do apêndice vermiforme e mesoapêndice relatados nos últimos anos e suas associações com apendicite aguda e outras patologias associadas contribuindo para o auxílio no diagnóstico clínico e intervenções cirúrgicas em pacientes com suspeita apendicite aguda.

Factores de riesgo para la aparición de abscesos intrabdominales tras la apendicectomía / Risk factors for the appearance of intra-abdominal abscesses after appendectomy

RESUMEN Introducción: Los abscesos intrabdominales son las complicaciones posapendicectomía que más frecuentemente provoca ingresos hospitalarios. Objetivo: Estudiar los factores de riesgo para la aparición de abscesos intrabdominales posapendicectomía. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes mayores de 14 años, intervenidos por sospecha de apendicitis aguda mediante apendicectomía laparoscópica, desde el 1 de enero de 2007 al 31 de diciembre de 2010. Se utilizaron los tests estadísticos Chi cuadrado, Prueba exacta de Fisher, T de Student y regresión logística. Resultados: Durante los 4 años del estudio, 672 pacientes padecieron con síntomas y signos compatibles con apendicitis aguda. Apareció un absceso intrabdominal en 35 casos (5,2 por ciento). En el análisis multivariante mediante regresión logística se constataron como posibles factores de riesgo: las formas avanzadas de apendicitis (p < 0,0001), las cuales aumentaron el riesgo en unas 6 veces (IC 95 por ciento 2,2-14,9) y el sexo masculino (p = 0,033), también podrían aumentar el riesgo unas 2,5veces (IC 95 por ciento 1-6). Conclusiones: Los posibles factores de riesgo para la aparición de abscesos intrabdominales tras apendicectomía son el sexo masculino y el estadio avanzado, siendo este último el factor más influyente(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Intra-abdominal abscesses are the post-appendectomy complications that most frequently cause hospital admissions. Objective: To study the risk factors for the appearance of post-appendectomy intra-abdominal abscesses. Methods: A retrospective study of patients over 14 years of age, operated on for suspected acute appendicitis by laparoscopic appendectomy, was performed from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2010. Chi-square statistical tests, Fisher's exact test were used. Student's t and logistic regression. Results: During the 4 years of the study, 672 patients suffered with symptoms and signs compatible with acute appendicitis. An intra-abdominal abscess appeared in 35 cases (5.2 percent). In the multivariate analysis using logistic regression, the following possible risk factors were found: advanced forms of appendicitis (p < 0.0001), which increased the risk by about 6 times (95 percent CI 2.2-14.9) and male sex (p = 0.033), could also increase the risk about 2.5 times (95 percent CI 1-6). Conclusions: Possible risk factors for the appearance of intra-abdominal abscesses after appendectomy are male sex and advanced stage, the latter being the most influential factor(AU)

Inflamed Appendix in an Incarcerated Femoral Hernia / Apéndice inflamado en una hernia femoral incarcerada

ABSTRACT The presence of appendicitis in an incarcerated femoral hernia is an extremely rare occurrence, known as De Garengeot's hernia, with potentially serious complications. An incarcerated femoral hernia was noticed intraoperatively, and the hernial sac, closely fused with femoral blood vessels, contained the phlegmonously inflamed vermiform appendix. Appendectomy and mesh hernioplasty were carried out. The postoperative period was uneventful.

RESUMEN La presencia de apendicitis en una hernia femoral incarcerada es una condición extremadamente rara, conocida como hernia de Garengeot, la cual presenta complicaciones potencialmente serias. Una hernia femoral incarcerada fue observada intraoperativamente, y el saco herniario, estrechamente fusionado con los vasos sanguíneos femorales, contenía el apéndice vermiforme con una inflamación flemónica. Se realizaron una apendicectomía y una hernioplastia con malla. El período postoperatorio se desarrolló sin problemas.

Comportamiento de la presión intrabdominal en el abdomen agudo quirúrgico / Behavior of intrabdominal pressure in the acute surgical abdomen

Introducción: la presión intrabdominal se define como el resultado de la tensión presente dentro del espacio anatómico abdominal y es un elemento clave en todos los procesos fisiopatológicos que se desarrollan en el abdomen agudo o en sus complicaciones. Objetivo: evaluar el comportamiento de la presión intrabdominal medida por vía transvesical en los pacientes con abdomen agudo quirúrgico. Método: se realizó una investigación de carácter cuasiexperimental del comportamiento de la presión intrabdominal, en 200 enfermos con cuadros de abdomen agudo quirúrgico, atendidos en el Hospital General Docente Comandante Pinares, durante el periodo comprendido de abril 2011 a octubre 2015. Se controlaron variables como la edad, sexo, presión intrabdominal, frecuencia respiratoria y cardiaca, así como diagnóstico etiológico. Resultados: la mayor incidencia de pacientes pertenece al sexo masculino, predominando las edades 40 - 49 años. El diagnóstico etiológico que más se presentó fue la apendicitis aguda con un valor de presión intrabdominal normal, entre 1 y 9 cm de agua. El incremento de la PIA modificó la frecuencia respiratoria (polipnea) y la frecuencia cardiaca (taquicardia). Después de realizar la laparotomía y descompresión abdominal la PIA regresa a valores normales en el postoperatorio. Conclusiones: la medición de la presión intrabdominal constituye una herramienta más para el diagnóstico del abdomen agudo quirúrgico y sus complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: intrabdominal pressure is defined as the result of the tension present within the abdominal anatomical space and is a key element in all the pathophysiological processes developed in the acute abdomen or in its complications. Objective: to evaluate the behavior of intrabdominal pressure measured by the transvesical approach in patients with acute surgical abdomen. Method: a quasiexperimental investigation was performed on the behavior of intrabdominal pressure in 200 patients with surgical acute abdomen, cared at Comandante Pinares General Teaching Hospital, during the period from April 2011 to October 2015. Some variables were controlled, such as age, sex, intrabdominal pressure, respiratory and cardiac frequency, as well as etiological diagnosis. Results: the highest incidence of patients belongs to the male sex, with ages ranging from 40 to 49 years old. The most frequent etiologic diagnosis was acute appendicitis with normal intrabdominal pressure, between 1 and 9 cm of water. The increase of intrabdominal pressure altered respiratory rate (polypnea) and heart rate (tachycardia). After performing abdominal laparotomy and decompression the intrabdominal pressure returned to normal postoperative values. Conclusions: the measurement of intrabdominal pressure is one more tool for the diagnosis of acute surgical abdomen and its complications(AU)

Appendicitis caused by ingestion of metal foreign body / Apendicite provocada por ingesta de corpos estranhos metálicos

INTRODUCTION: The ingestion of foreign bodies is a frequent occurrence, especially among children. The majority of these objects travel safely through the gastrointestinal tract, without causing symptoms or leaving sequelae. Acute appendicitis is the emergency surgical pathology of greater prevalence. However, the impaction of a foreign body into the appendicular lumen as an etiologic agent of appendicitis is a very rare event. CASE REPORT: We describe the case of a 21-year-old male patient with lower abdominal pain over approximately six days, in association with vomiting, fever and abdominal distension. After imaging studies, a radiopaque foreign body was identified in a pelvic topography, with distention and air-fluid levels in intestinal loops. Our patient was submitted to an open appendectomy, evidencing acute perforated appendicitis and the presence of two foreign bodies in its lumen. The patient progressed satisfactorily in the post-operative period, with use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. DISCUSSION: Foreign bodies impacted in the gastrointestinal tract are usually removed by endoscopic techniques. When these bodies cause infections, there should be a resolution, preferably by surgical laparoscopy, which will serve both for diagnostic as therapeutic purposes. (AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: A ingesta de corpos estranhos é um acontecimento frequente, principalmente entre crianças. A maioria destes passa de forma inócua pelo trato gastrointestinal, sem causar sintomas ou deixar sequelas. Apendicite aguda é a patologia cirúrgica emergencial de maior prevalência. CONTUDO: a impactação de um corpo estranho no lúmen apendicular como agente etiológico de apendicite é um evento muito raro. RELATO DE CASO: Descrevemos o caso de um paciente masculino de 21 anos com quadro de dor abdominal baixa há aproximadamente 6 dias, associando-se a vômitos, febre e distensão abdominal. Após exames de imagem, identificou-se corpo estranho radiopaco em topografia pélvica, distensão e níveis hidroaéreos em alças intestinais. Foi submetido a apendicectomia laparotômica, evidenciando-se apendicite aguda perfurada e presença de dois corpos estranhos em seu lúmen. Evoluiu de forma satisfatória no pós-operatório, tendo-se feito uso de antibióticos de largo espectro. DISCUSSÃO: Corpos estranhos impactados no trato gastrointestinal são usualmente retirados por técnicas endoscópicas. Quando provocam quadros infecciosos, deve-se proceder a uma resolução cirúrgica, preferencialmente por videolaparoscopia, a qual servirá tanto para fins diagnósticos quanto terapêuticos. (AU)

Complicaciones quirúrgicas de la ascaridiasis en la infancia / Surgical complications of childhood ascariasis

Introducción: La infestación por áscaris consttuye un problema de salud pública importante en áreas endémicas, provocando en algunos casos complicacionesque requieren la intervención del cirujano. El propósito del presente estudio es analizar las complicaciones quirúrgicas de la ascaridiasis,en nuestro medio.Diseño, lugar y partcipantes: se realizó un estudio descriptvo retrospectvo de los pacientes que presentaron complicaciones quirúrgicas debido a lainfestación por A. lumbricoides de enero de 1999 a marzo de 2015 que fueron tratados en la unidad de cirugía pediátrica del hospital general San Juande Dios.Resultados: Ingresaron 47 pacientes con infestación por áscaris, comprendidos en las edades de 1 a 13 años. Hubo 39 pacientes con obstrucción intestnal,7 con ascaridiasis en el colédoco y 1 con apendicits por áscaris. El diagnóstco de los 39 pacientes con oclusión intestnal por áscaris fue clínicoy con rayos X simple de abdomen, 19 resolvieron con tratamiento médico y 20 requirieron de tratamiento quirúrgico. Los pacientes con áscaris en elcolédoco fueron diagnostcados por USG a 1 se le logró extraer el áscaris por CPRE mientras que a los 6 restantes fue necesario la exploración de la víabiliar por laparotomía. El diagnóstco de la apendicits secundario a la obstrucción por áscaris se realizó trans operatoriamente. La morbilidad observadafue del 21% (10/47) de los pacientes: 8 presentaron respuesta infamatoria sistémica y 2 dehisencias de la anastomosis intestnal. La mortalidadfue del 2% (1/47): un paciente con fallo orgánico múltple por sepsis abdominal y desnutrición.Conclusiones: en este estudio, las complicaciones de la infestación por áscaris fueron la obstrucción intestnal, obstrucción de la vía biliar y apendicits...

Introducton: In endemic areas, ascariasis is an important public health problem. In cases of severe infestaton, some cases need to be surgically treated.The aim of this study is to analyze surgical complicatons of childhood ascariasis in our insttuton.Design, Place and Partcipants: A retrospectve study of all patents with ascariasis, from 1999 to 2015, evaluated in the surgical pediatric unit at SanJuan de Dios General Hospital.Results: We analyzed 47 patents with ascariasis, age range 1 to 13 years old. There were 39 patents with intestnal obstructon due to ascariasis, 7 withcholedochal ascariasis and 1 with appendiceal ascariasis. Diagnosis of intestnal obstructon due to ascariasis was made with clinical evaluaton andplain abdominal radiography. Of the 39 patents with abdominal obstructon, 19 resolved with medical treatment and 20 required surgical interventon.Patents with choledochal ascariasis were diagnosed by ultrasonography. In one patent, extracton of the worm was possible with endoscopic retrogradecholangiopancreatography, in the remaining 6 patents, open common bile duct exploraton was required. Diagnosis of the appendiceal ascariasiswas made during appendectomy without previous clinical suspicion. Serious morbidity was 21% (10/47): 8 patents with severe infammatory responseand 2 anastomosis dehiscences. Mortality was 2% (1/47), a patent with multple organ failure, abdominal sepsis and malnourishment. Morbidity andmortality occurred only in patents with intestnal obstructon due to ascariasis. Conclusions: In this study, complicatons of ascariasis were intestnal obstructon, choledochal obstructon and acute appendicits...

Apendicitis granulomatosa sarcoidal: una infrecuente entidad clínico-patológica. Caso clínico / Granulomatous appendicitis caused by sarcoidosis: Report of one case

Granulomatous appendicitis is uncommon and can be caused by Crohn's disease, foreign body reactions, infections or sarcoidosis. We report a 26-year-old female consulting in the emergency room for pain in the right lower abdomen. She was released with analgesics and consulted 14 days later for the same pain. This time she was operated with the preoperative diagnosis of appendicitis. The pathological study of the surgical piece was compatible with a granulomatous appendicitis caused by sarcoidosis.

Acute appendicitis in a woman with eclampsia complicated by a stroke at 28 weeks gestation: a case report

Eclampsia is defined as the occurrence of one or more convulsions superimposed on pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is pregnancy-induced hypertension in association with proteinuria >0.3g in 24 hours and virtually any organ system may be affected. In eclampsia, the case fatality rate has been reported as 1.8% and a further 35% of women experience a major complication. Acute appendicitis in pregnancy is not frequently encountered [0.05-0.13% pregnancies]. This condition is associated with delayed diagnosis and management. We report a 20-year-old Afghani primigravida, who presented at 28 weeks with multiple eclamptic fits at home and fever. Caesarean section was performed. The baby was stillborn with features of intra-uterine growth restriction. Her appendix was acutely inflamed and appendectomy was done. She sustained a minor stroke but recovered completely.

Apendicitis aguda en el niño / Acute appendicitis in children

"Los síntomas deben evaluarse y no contarse" PAYR. La apendicitis aguda del niño no tiene la evolución clínica de la del adulto. Los accidentes se suceden con mayor rapidez y adquieren mayor gravedad. Las condiciones de infección son las mismas que en el adulto; debe considerarse entonces el terreno como el factor que da a la infección un giro clínico diferente. Ombredanne y otros autores han establecido que el niño, en el curso de la apendicitis, con cierta frecuencia, tiene reacciones orgánicas diferentes a las del adulto. En verdad se sabe que pocas afecciones proporcionan la oportunidad de que se cometan tan variados errores de diagnóstico como las enfermedades del apéndice. Ello se debe a la situación muy variable de este órgano y sus relaciones anatómicas con las partes vecinas, al distinto grado de las alteraciones anatomo-patológicas y a la irregularidad, a la inconstancia y a la vaguedad con que muchas veces se presentan algunos de sus síntomas (Schwal-be).

Acute appendicitis following laparoscopic hysterectomy

Appendicitis after age 40 is unusual, and appendicitis two days after laparoscopic hysterectomy is very rare and has not been reported to date. We describe a 44-year-old woman who had abdominal pain two days after laparoscopic hysterectomy. The pathology report indicated early appendicitis and the pain disappeared after appendectomy. In our opinion, the cause of appendicitis may have been related to the use of monopolar and bipolar coagulation during laparoscopic hysterectomy, although the coincidence of appendicitis and laparoscopic surgery may be accidental

Apendicite aguda pós colonoscopia: desafio diagnóstico e tratamento minimamente invasivo - relato de caso / Case report - post-colonoscopy acute appendicitis: diagnostic challenge and minimally invasive treatment

We present a case of a 54-year-old man with abdominal pain four hours after colonoscopy and upper endoscopy. Since he had had a polipectomy and an ulcer was seen in the terminal ileum, the diagnosis of appendicitis was even more difficult. The authors discuss the rarity of this situation and the minimally invasive approach to treat appendicitis.

Parasitic appendicitis from past to present in Turkey

Understanding the etiology of appendicitis is important for developing effective treatments the relationship between parasitic appendicitis and various socio-cultural factors were examined, particularly with respect to the incidence of literacy. The aim of the article was to research the relations between parasitic appendicitis and literacy ratio in population. Cases of parasitic appendicitis resulting in surgery performed at Buca Seyfi Demirsoy Large State Hospital Surgery Clinic between 2002 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed and classified according to age, sex, type of parasite, morbidity, and mortality. Studies conducted in different regions of Turkey as well as in other countries were reviewed to determine if there was a relationship between parasitic appendicitis and literacy. Of the 1,969 appendectomy cases reviewed, nine were classified as parasitic appendicitis [0.45%]. Enterobius vermicularis was observed in seven cases and Taenia spp. in two. The average age was 26.4 yr. No morbidity or mortality was found. The data were compared with a retrospective review of studies conducted in the same regions and a decrease in the rate of parasitic appendicitis was observed during the period between the two re views. It was determined that a low literacy rate was associated with an increase in the incidence of parasitic appendicitis. Observations made between different countries also produced similar results. In countries where the incidence of parasitic appendiciticis was greater than 1.5%, the literacy rate was less than 88%. To avoid appendectomy resulting from parasites, it is important to increase education and literacy. In some areas, individuals with appendicitis undergo surgery due to a lack of education or poor literacy

Apendicitis aguda sin enfermedad de Crohn en un paciente con inflamación intestinal: informe de un caso / Acute appendicitis without Crohn's disease in a patient with inflammatory bowel disease: case report

BACKGROUND: Crohn's disease was described for the first time in 1932. The association of acute appendicitis with this disease is very rare and when the cecum is involved, risk of fistula is very high. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 48-year-old female who had been diagnosed with Crohn's disease several months earlier. The patient complained of intense abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant and was treated medically without improvement. Thus, laparascopic surgery was decided upon. DISCUSSION: The appendix was affected in 12-16% of all patients with Crohn's disease who had intestinal resection. CONCLUSIONS: If the cecum is not affected, appendectomy using laparascopic procedure with soft tissue drainage is adequate.

Evidence for eosinophil degranulation in acute appendicitis.

Finding of increased numbers of eosinophils in the muscle in cases of acute appendicitis has led to the hypothesis that it may have an allergic origin. This study aimed to measure the eosinophil degranulation resulting in a rise in the serum of eosinophil granule proteins that would be expected in such cases. The levels of serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) measured by chemiluminescence assay in acute appendicitis were compared, with those of appropriate controls. Mean (95% CI) serum ECP (microg/L) levels were: acute appendicitis 45.3 (27.7-63.0); normal appendix 22.7 (16.0-29.3); asthma 24.2 (4.6-43.8); and healthy volunteers 13.2 (8.3-18.1). In cases of acute appendicitis, there is an inverse relationship between duration of symptoms and serum ECP. However, this was not statistically significant. Significant local eosinophil activation and degranulation occurs in acute appendicitis, enough to cause a rise in serum levels of eosinophil chemotactic protein.