Síndrome del ligamento arcuato medio: review article / Median arcuate ligament syndrome (mals): review article

The aim of this article is to describe the clinical, pathophysiology and diagnostic imaging aspects of median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) by presenting clinical cases and literature review. Development: The median arcuate ligament syndrome corresponds to a clinical syndrome secondary to the extrinsic compression of the celiac trunk by fibrous bands of the median arcuate ligament. In recent decades, some authors have questioned its true meaning and existence given the reported cases of asymptomatic patients who presented extrinsic compression of the celiac trunk by MAL. However, the presence of intestinal angina symptoms and certain specific imaging findings leads to consider its differential diagnosis and directs toward the corresponding study. The diagnosis is made by using Doppler ultrasound, Multislice Computed Tomography (CT) Angiography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA), the Angiography-fluoroscopy being left out of the first-line study. In recent years use of MRA has increased due to the absence of ionizing radiation and the high efficiency in the diagnosis. Within its complications include acute mesenteric angina and pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysms secondary to the extensive formation of adjacent collateral circulation. Surgical treatment has been the most effective, having a very low recurrence.

El objetivo de este artículo es describir la presentación clínica, fisiopatología y diagnóstico imagenológico del síndrome del ligamento arcuato medio (LAM), mediante la presentación de casos clínicos y revisión de la literatura. Desarrollo: El síndrome del ligamento arcuato medio corresponde a un síndrome clínico secundario a compresión extrínseca del tronco celíaco determinado por bandas fibróticas del ligamento arcuato medio. En las últimas décadas, algunos autores han puesto en tela de juicio su verdadero significado y existencia dado los casos reportados de pacientes asintomáticos que presentan compresión extrínseca del tronco celíaco por LAM. Sin embargo, la presencia de un cuadro de angina intestinal y ciertos hallazgos imagenológicos específicos, hacen considerar su diagnóstico diferencial y orientar el estudio correspondiente. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante el uso de Ecografía Doppler, Angiografía por Tomografía Computada Multicorte y Angioresonancia Magnética, quedando la Angiografía Fluoroscópica fuera del estudio de primera línea. En los últimos años se ha potenciado el uso de la Angioresonancia por la ausencia de radiación ionizante y la gran eficacia en el diagnóstico. Dentro de sus complicaciones se encuentran la angina mesentérica aguda y aneurismas de la arteria pancreático-duodenal secundarios a la extensa formación de circulación colateral adyacente. El tratamiento más efectivo ha sido el quirúrgico, existiendo una muy baja recidiva.

Learning and survival memory undergoing a permanent bilateral carotid ligation in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia on memory and learning survival of rats submitted to permanent bilateral carotid ligation (PBCL). METHODS: Twenty-four survivors of PBCL were evaluated after 30 days with regard to memory and learning using a water survival maze. Twenty-three healthy rats were used as control group. The results were expressed by their means and standard error of the mean (SEM). p<0.05 was used for rejecting the null hypothesis. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for animal investigation. RESULTS: The mortality rate for the surgery was 44.4%. The latency time to find the survival platform was higher in rats that underwent PBCL (Normal: 10.24 ± 1.85s - Study: 25.30 ± 4.69s - Mann - Whitney p=0.0388). Additionally, the type of swimming and the spatial stability of the studied rats on the survival platform were compromised in these animals. CONCLUSION: The permanent bilateral carotid ligation induces change in the learning and survival memory.

Recanalização da artéria tibial anterior via artéria pediosa: relato de caso / Anterior tibial artery recanalization through dorsalis pedis artery: a case report

Os autores relatam um caso de abordagem mista para o tratamento endovascular de doença oclusiva da artéria tibial anterior por acesso pedioso retrógrado, no qual a abordagem tradicional anterógrada foi inadequada em vencer uma oclusão. A técnica parece oferecer uma opção para procedimentos endovasculares, que objetivam o tratamento de lesões da artéria tibial anterior em que a via anterógrada convencional mostre-se inadequada.

The authors report the case of mixed approach for endovascular treatment of occlusive disease of the anterior tibial artery by retrograde pedal artery access where the traditional antegrade approach failed to overcome a segmental occlusion. The technique seems to offer an option for endovascular procedures aimed at treating occlusion of the anterior tibial artery in cases where the conventional antegrade approach demonstrates to be inappropriate.

Acurácia dos escores GRACE e TIMI na predição da gravidade angiográfica da síndrome coronariana aguda / Accuracy of the GRACE and TIMI scores in predicting the angiographic severity of acute coronary syndrome

FUNDAMENTO: A acurácia dos escores GRACE e TIMI em predizer a extensão da doença coronariana em pacientes com síndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA) não está estabelecida. OBJETIVO: Testar a hipótese de que os escores de risco GRACE e TIMI predizem satisfatoriamente a extensão da doença coronariana, em pacientes com SCA submetidos a coronariografia. MÉTODOS: Indivíduos admitidos com critérios objetivos de SCA e que realizaram coronariografia durante o internamento foram consecutivamente analisados. A doença coronariana angiográfica foi descrita de três formas: quantificação da extensão da doença coronariana pelo escore de Gensini; presença de qualquer obstrução coronariana (> 70% ou > 50% quando tronco de coronária esquerda); presença de doença severa (triarterial ou tronco de coronária esquerda). RESULTADOS: Em 112 pacientes avaliados, observou-se correlação positiva do escore de Gensini com os escores GRACE (p = 0,017) e TIMI (p = 0,02), porém essa associação foi de fraca magnitude (r = 0,23 e r = 0,27; respectivamente). O escore GRACE não foi capaz de predizer doença coronariana obstrutiva (área abaixo da curva ROC = 0,57; 95%IC = 0,46 - 0,69), nem doença coronariana severa (ROC = 0,59; 95%IC = 0,48 -0,70). O Escore TIMI se mostrou modesto preditor em relação à presença de doença coronariana (ROC = 0,65; 95%IC = 0,55 - 0,76) e presença de doença severa (ROC = 0,66; 95%IC = 0,56 - 0,76). CONCLUSÃO: (1) Existe associação positiva entre o valor dos escores TIMI ou GRACE e a extensão da doença coronária em pacientes com SCA; (2) No entanto, o grau dessa associação não é suficiente para que esses escores sejam preditores acurados dos resultados da coronariografia.

BACKGROUND: The accuracy of the GRACE and TIMI scores in predicting coronary disease extension in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS) has not been established. OBJECTIVE: To assess the hypothesis that the GRACE and TIMI risk scores satisfactorily predict coronary disease extension in patients withnon-ST-elevation ACS undergoing coronary angiography. METHODS: Individuals meeting the objective criteria for ACS and undergoing coronary angiography during hospitalization were consecutively assessed. Angiographic coronary disease was described as follows: quantification of coronary disease extension by using Gensini score; presence of any coronary artery obstruction (> 70% or > 50% when affecting left main coronary artery); and presence of severe disease (three-vessel disease or affecting the left main coronary artery). RESULTS: Of 112 patients assessed, a positive correlation of the Gensini score was observed with the GRACE (p = 0.017) and TIMI (p = 0.02) scores, but that association was weak (r = 0.23 and r = 0.27; respectively). The GRACE score could predict neither obstructive coronary disease (area under the ROC curve = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.46 - 0.69), nor severe coronary disease (ROC = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.48 - 0.70). The TIMI score proved to be a modest predictor of coronary disease (ROC = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.55 - 0.76) and of severe coronary disease (ROC = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.56 - 0.76). CONCLUSION: (1) There is a positive association between the values of the TIMI or GRACE scores and the extension of coronary artery disease in patients with ACS; (2) however, the degree of that association is not sufficient to make those scores accurate predictors of coronary angiography results.

Pré-condicionamento isquêmico por oclusão seletiva da artéria pulmonar em ratos / Ischemic preconditioning by selective occlusion of the pulmonary artery in rats

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do pré-condicionamento isquêmico (PCI) em modelo de isquemia e reperfusão (I/R) pulmonar normotérmica em ratos, quantificando a produção de espécies reativas do oxigênio. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e sete ratos Wistar foram randomizados em quatro grupos: controle, sham, I/R e PCI. Após anestesia, animais do grupo controle foram sacrificados por decapitação, pneumonectomizados, e os pulmões esquerdos armazenados em nitrogênio líquido. Animais dos grupos sham, I/R e PCI foram anestesiados, traqueostomizados, ventilados, anticoagulados e submetidos a uma toracotomia esquerda com dissecção da artéria pulmonar esquerda para clampeamento. No grupo sham procedeu-se a dissecção da artéria pulmonar esquerda; no grupo I/R, clampeamento hilar total de 30 min e no grupo PCI, clampeamento da artéria pulmonar esquerda por 5 min seguido por reperfusão de 10 min e um clampeamento hilar total de 30 min. Pulmões foram reperfundidos por 90 min e ventilados com os mesmos parâmetros, acrescidos de pressão expiratória final positiva de 1 cmH2O. Foram obtidas medidas hemodinâmicas e gasométricas antes da toracotomia, antes do clampeamento hilar total, aos 30 e 90 min de reperfusão. A peroxidação lipídica foi estabelecida por meio da determinação das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico. RESULTADOS: A determinação das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico analisada nos grupos controle, sham, I/R, PCI não revelou diferenças significativas, o mesmo ocorrendo com a pressão parcial arterial de oxigênio, pressão parcial arterial de gás carbônico e medidas hemodinâmicas entre os grupos sham, I/R e PCI. CONCLUSÕES: O PCI de 5 min da artéria pulmonar esquerda em modelo de I/R in situ em ratos não atenua a lesão de I/R.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of lung ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on normothermic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in a rat model, quantifying the production of reactive oxygen species. METHODS: Forty-seven male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: control, sham, I/R and IPC. Control group animals were anesthetized and killed by decapitation, after which pneumonectomy was performed and the left lungs were stored in liquid nitrogen. Sham, IPC and I/R group rats were anesthetized, tracheostomized, ventilated, anticoagulated and submitted to left thoracotomy with dissection of the left pulmonary artery for clamping. Sham group rats underwent dissection of the left pulmonary artery, I/R group rats underwent 30 min of total hilar clamping, and IPC group rats underwent 5-min clamping of the left pulmonary artery followed by 30 min of total hilar clamping. Lungs were reperfused for 90 min and ventilated with the same parameters, with additional positive end-expiratory pressure of 1 cmH2O. Hemodynamic and blood gas values were obtained prior to thoracotomy, prior to total hilar clamping, after 30 min of reperfusion and after 90 min of reperfusion. Lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. RESULTS: There were no significant differences among the groups in terms of the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Nor were there any significant differences among the sham, I/R and IPC groups in terms of arterial oxygen tension, arterial carbon dioxide tension or hemodynamic values. CONCLUSIONS: In an in situ I/R rat model, 5-min IPC of the left pulmonary artery does not attenuate I/R injury.

Oclusión aórtica aguda: una grave emergencia vascular de difícil manejo / Acute abdominal aorta occlusion: difficult management of a serious vascular emergency

Introducción: La oclusión aguda de la aorta abdominal es un evento poco frecuente pero que constituye una real emergencia vascular, siendo potencialmente catastrófica, desde el punto de vista de la morbilidad y mortalidad, si ésta no es tratada precozmente y en forma agresiva desde el punto de vista quirúrgico. En nuestro medio sólo existen dos publicaciones con sólo ocho casos en total en un lapso de cuatro años, motivo por el cual en este reporte se describen dos casos operados en nuestro servicio. Material y Método: Se trata de dos casos clínicos que presentaron oclusión aguda de la aorta abdominal de tipo trombótica secundaria a enfermedad ateroesclerótica, en que ambos requirieron de revasculación aórtica. El primero, aórtica simple acompañado de trombectomía de la aorta proximal y el segundo revascularización aórtica compleja. Resultados: El primer caso, sobrevive y no presenta complicaciones. El segundo caso, fallece a los 18 días del postoperatorio debido a un accidente vascular hemorrágico. Discusión: La oclusión aórtica aguda es una emergencia vascular poco frecuente cuyas causas son principalmente por embolía y enfermedad ateroesclerótica subyacente. Afecta de preferencia a pacientes en edad avanzada y su diagnóstico debe ser sospechado por la clínica, ya que se caracteriza por signos de isquemia aguda de ambas extremidades inferiores. Sin embargo, hay un grupo de pacientes cuya sintomatología, hace difícil plantear el diagnóstico ya que puede simular un cuadro neurológico, una insuficiencia renal o un abdomen agudo quirúrgico por isquemia intestinal. El diagnóstico puede ser confirmado por la Tomografía Computarizada, pero es fundamental la Angiografía, a fin de definir su localización y la extensión de la oclusión para poder planear en buena forma el tratamiento quirúrgico, el cual debe ser precoz y agresivo cuando se requiere una revascularización. Aún así la morbimortalidad sigue siendo alta. Como conclusión, creemos que la precocidad en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento quirúrgico agresivo de revascularización en los casos de trombosis secundaria a enfermedad ateromatosa es la mejor opción de sobrevida para este tipo de pacientes.

Enfermedad oclusiva de la arteria auditiva / Occlusive disease of the auditory artery

La enfermedad oclusiva es una entidad común, que puede presentarse con tres patrones clínicos diferentes: vértigo súbito, sordera unilateral súbita, o ambos. Este cuadro clínico ha recibido muy poca atención. El diagnóstico se establece clínicamente y el manejo es exlcusivamente sintomático. Generalmente los pacientes tienen un buen pronóstico

TRAS principles blight arterial bypass and plasty.

A new concept--Tissue Requisitions (Principle I)/Relinquishes (Principle II) Arterial Supply--of TRAS principles is introduced to help appreciate the failures/successes of modern medicine's attempts at restoring arterial flow in luminally compromised coronary/carotid fields, an invasive branch rightly called vascular ReRheology, which comprises diagnosing/treating arterial blocks. The technical wizardry of arterial reconstruction (bypass) or lumen--restoration (plasty) has to reckon with the TRAS principles all the time.

Rabdomiólise e síndrome metabólica mionefropática secundárias à oclusäo arterial aguda / Rhabdomyolysis and metabolic myonephropathic syndrome associated to acute arterial occlusion

Os autores apresentam uma revisäo da literatura recente sobre a síndrome metabólica mionefropática associada à oclusäo arterial aguda, que inclui sua epidemiologia, aspectos clínicos, diagnóstico e tratamento. Trata-se de um tema ainda pouco divulgado em nosso meio, apesar de sua grande morbimortalidade, sendo, muitas vezes, subdiagnosticado pela freqüente associaçäo com outras doenças cardiovasculares.

Oclusäo arterial aguda / Acute arterial occlusion

A oclusäo arterial aguda näo traumática é causada por embolia ou trombose e é responsável por índices importantes de morbidade e mortalidade. Chama-se a atençäo para as fontes embolígenas (cardíacas e extra-cardíacas) e as doenças arteriais que, potencialmente, podem provocar oclusäo aguda. Discutem-se os aspectos clínicos e diagnósticos, enfatizando-se a necessidade da instituiçäo do tratamento cirúrgico precoce para evitar-se mutilaçäo da extremidade e a morte do paciente

O uso do Color Doppler em oftalmologia / The use of Color Doppler in ophthalmology

A ultrassonografia doppler é um método näo evasivo e confiável que pode ser empregado na análise da velocidade do fluxo sanguíneo. A introduçäo do Color Doppler permitiu, pela primeira vez, a observaçäo simultânea de imagens de estruturas anatômicas em tempo real e do fluxo vascular codificado por cores de vasos normalmente além do poder de resoluçäo de outros métodos. Este trabalho visa introduzir o uso deste método propedêutico em nosso meio, detalhando os princípios físicos envolvidos, assim como técnica e principais indicaçöes oftalmológicas.

Obstruçâo traumática da artéria cerebral média na infância / Traumatic occlusion of middle cerebral artery in infancy

A case of traumatic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in a 12 years-old child is reporter. This complication has been rarely observed, since cerebral angiography was substituted by computed tomography in patients with head injury in emergency rooms. The mechanisms involved in the physiopathology of this complication and its treatment are discussed

Acute peripheral arterial embolism: a 3-year experience with 81 cases

The clinical course of 81 patients, who had acute peripheral arterial embolism who were treated at Ain Shams University Hospitals between January 1989 and January 1992, was reviewed. There were 52 females and 29 males. The average age of female patients was 47.6 years and that of the male patients was 52.5 years. The incidence of rheumatic heart disease as a source of embolism in our patient population is still high accounting for 40 percent of the embolic episodes. Atherosclerotic coronary disease with its sequelae was responsible for 58 percent of the embolic episodes upper limb emboli were less common than lower limb emboli constituting 18.5 percent. Acute peripheral embolism, in this study, was diagnosed mainly on clinical basis and treated with prompt balloon catheter embolectomy. Pre-operative arteriography is indicated when the diagnosis of local thrombosis is questioned. Completion intra operative angiography is mandatory to assess the completeness of the procedure and to plan further exposures if necessary. Multiple emboli occurred in 22 patients and embolism recurred in 10 patients. All patients were permanently anticoagulated to reduce the recurrence rate. Seventeen patients died in the postoperative period [immediate mortality rate: 21 percent]. Of the surviving 64 patients, above knee ampulation was required in 3 cases

The efffect of age on the presssor reponse produced by common carotid artery occlusion in conscious rats

The pressor responses to s of common carotid artery occlusion were studied in conscious male rats of different ages. Compared to rats at the age of 2 months, the initial peak and the maintained response in 6-12 and 18 month old rats were well preserved. In 1-onth old rats, both components were significantly depressed but in 24-month old rats only the initial peak of the pressor response was markedly attenuated. These findings demonstrate that age is an important factor in the response to common carotid artery occlusion wich is more marked for the initial than the maintained response

Pressor responses to common carotid occlusion in female rats: effects of gonadectomy and treatment with gonadal steroid hormones

The pressor responses to common carotid occlusion were studied in conscious female rats throughout the estrous cycle, after gonadectomy and after gonadectomy followed by treatment with estrogen and progesterone. The initial peak pressor response was highest during proestrus and fell significantly over the remaining 3 days of the estrous cycle. The maintained pressor response was relatively unchanged throughout the cycle, except during diestrus 1 when it decreased markedly. Gonadectomy reduced and treatment with estradiol alone increased the initial pressor component, respectively. Treatment of gonadectomized rats with estradiol plus progesterone enhanced both components. These findings suggest that gonadal steroid hormones are important modulators of the pressor to common carotid occlusion