Dolor sacroilíaco: revisión actualizada del enfrentamiento diagnóstico / Sacroiliac joint pain: an updated review of the clinical approach for diagnosis

El dolor sacroilíaco es responsable de 15% a 30% de los cuadros de dolor lumbar bajo. El diagnóstico de esta patología es un desafío para el médico, debido a su compleja anatomía, el amplio diagnóstico diferencial, y las diversas etiologías que pueden provocar dolor en la articulación sacroilíaca. Una anamnesis ordenada y dirigida, asociada a un examen físico preciso, ayuda a orientar el diagnóstico. Las pruebas sacroiliacas específicas deben realizarse en aquellos pacientes con sospecha de dolor sacroilíaco, y deben interpretarse en conjunto y no de manera aislada. La resonancia magnética sirve para descartar otras causas de dolor lumbar bajo o diagnosticar casos de sacroileítis inflamatoria. La infiltración de la articulación es el gold standard para el diagnóstico, y debe realizarse en pacientes con alta sospecha de dolor sacroilíaco, por la anamnesis, examen físico, y tres o más pruebas sacroilíacas específicas positivas.

Sacroiliac pain accounts for 15% to 30% of low back pain conditions. Its diagnosis is a challenge for the physician due to its complex anatomy, the wide differential diagnoses list, and its several causes. Diagnosis requires a structured clinical history and an accurate physical examination. Specific sacroiliac physical examination tests should be performed in patients with suspected sacroiliac joint pain and interpreted together, not in isolation. Magnetic resonance imaging can rule out other causes of low back pain or diagnose inflammatory sacroiliitis. Joint infiltration is the gold standard for diagnosis, and it should be performed in patients with a high suspicion of sacroiliac joint pain based on anamnesis, physical examination, and three or more positive specific sacroiliac tests.

Dolor sacroilíaco: epidemiología, fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento / Sacroiliac pain: epidemiology, physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment

El dolor sacroilíaco es una causa generalmente subdiagnosticada de dolor lumbar, que afecta del 15% a 30% de los pacientes con dolor lumbar bajo crónico no radicular. La articulación sacroilíaca (ASI) recibe continuo stress durante la bipedestación y marcha, siendo estabilizada por estructuras ligamentarias, capsulares y miofasciales fuertes, que reciben una abundante inervación. Destaca la dificultad en el diagnóstico del dolor sacroilíaco; debido a su naturaleza heterogénea. Éste se debe sospechar en todo paciente con síndrome de dolor lumbar no radicular, unilateral y no central. El examen físico debería descartar patología de cadera y columna lumbar. La realización de maniobras de provocación del dolor sacroilíaco aporta en el diagnóstico, teniendo la combinación de 3 o más maniobras positivas una sensibilidad de 85% y especificidad de 79%. Se ha recurrido a inyecciones diagnósticas con anestésicos locales, tanto intraarticulares como de ligamentos circundantes. El tratamiento del dolor sacroilíaco es multimodal e individualizado para cada paciente. El tratamiento conservador­basado en terapia física y antiinflamatorios no esteroidales­ es la terapia de primera línea. Las infiltraciones esteroidales tanto intra como extraarticulares pueden proveer alivio en un grupo de pacientes con inflamación activa. La denervación de los ramos dorsales laterales con radiofrecuencia ha mostrado ser un tratamiento exitoso en pacientes con dolor sacroilíaco, logrando 6 meses a 1 año de alivio del dolor. En pacientes con dolor refractario, la fusión de la articulación sacroilíaca es una opción, prefiriéndose la técnica mínimamente invasiva de fijación trans-sacroilíaca.

Sacroiliac pain is an frecuent underdiagnosed source of low back pain, affecting 15% to 30% of individuals with chronic, non-radicular pain. The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is subject to continuous stress during standing position and gait, being stabilized by strong ligament, capsular and myofascial structures with rich innervation. Due to its heterogeneous nature, SIJ pain is difficult to diagnose, and it should be suspected in all patients with non-radicular unilateral and non-central low back pain syndrome. Physical examination should rule out hip and lumbar spine pathology. SIJ provocation maneuvers are used for diagnosis, with the combination of 3 or more positive maneuvers resulting in a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 79%. Diagnostic injections of local anesthetics, both intra-articular and in the surrounding ligaments have been used. treatment of SIJ pain is multimodal and individualized for each patient. Conservative treatment, based on physical therapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is the first line therapy. Both intra- and extra-articular steroid infiltrations can provide relief in a group of patients with active inflammation. Radiofrequency denervation of lateral dorsal branches has proven to be a successful treatment in SIJ pain patients, achieving 6 to 12 months of pain relief. In patients with refractory pain, SIJ fusion is an option, with minimally invasive trans-sacroiliac fixation being the preferred technique.

Topographic MRI evaluation of the sacroiliac joints in patients with axial spondyloarthritis / Avaliação topográfica das articulações sacroilíacas por ressonância magnética em pacientes com espondiloartrite axial

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the imaging features of spondyloarthritis in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sacroiliac (SI) joint and topography (in thirds) and affected margin, considering that this issue is rarely addressed in the literature. Methods: A cross-sectional study evaluating MRI (1.5 T) of SI in 16 patients with axial spondyloarthritis, for the presence of acute (subchondral bone edema, enthesitis, synovitis and capsulitis) and chronic (erosions, subchondral bone sclerosis, bony bridges, and fatty infiltration) changes, performed by two blinded radiologists. MRI findings were correlated with clinical data, including age, duration of disease, medications, HLA-B27, BASDAI, ASDAS-ESR and ASDAS-CRP, BASMI, BASFI, and mSASSS. Results: Bone edema pattern and erosions were predominant in the upper third of SI (p = 0.050 and p = 0.0014, respectively). There was a correlation between disease duration and structural changes by affected third (p = 0.028-0.037), as well as between the presence of bone bridges with BASMI (p = 0.028) and mSASSS (p = 0.014). Patients with osteitis in the lower third showed higher values for ASDAS (ESR: p = 0.011 and PCR: p = 0.017). Conclusion: Chronic inflammatory changes and the pattern of bone edema predominated in the upper third of SI, but a simultaneous involvement of middle or lower thirds of the joint was also noted. The location of involvement in the upper third of SI is insufficient to differentiate between degeneration and inflammation.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar as características de imagem das espondiloartrites na ressonância magnética (RM) das articulações sacroilíacas (SI) quanto à topografia (em terços) e margem acometida, uma vez que esse aspecto é pouco abordado na literatura. Métodos: Estudo transversal com avaliação por RM (1,5 T) das SI em 16 pacientes com diagnóstico de espondiloartrite axial quanto à presença de alterações agudas (edema ósseo subcondral, entesite, sinovite e capsulite) e crônicas (erosões, esclerose óssea subcondral, ponte óssea e substituição gordurosa), feita por dois radiologistas, cegos para os dados clínicos. Os achados da RM foram correlacionados com dados clínicos, incluindo idade, tempo de doença, medicações, HLA-B27, BASDAI, ASDAS-VHS e ASDAS-PCR, BASMI, BASFI e mSASSS. Resultados: Padrão de edema ósseo e erosões apresentaram predomínio no terço superior das SI (p = 0,050 e p = 0,0014, respectivamente). Houve correlação entre o tempo de doença e alterações estruturais por terço acometido (p = 0,028-0,037), bem como a presença de pontes ósseas com o BASMI (p = 0,028) e o mSASSS (p = 0,014). Pacientes com osteíte no terço inferior apresentaram maiores valores de ASDAS (VHS: p = 0,011 e PCR: p = 0,017). Conclusão: As alterações inflamatórias crônicas e o padrão de edema ósseo predominaram no terço superior das SI, mas também havia acometimento concomitante dos terços médio ou inferior da articulação. A localização do acometimento no terço superior das SI se mostra insuficiente para a diferenciação entre degeneração e inflamação.

Do real ao ideal - o (des)cuidar da saúde dos idosos longevos / El real a lo ideal - el (des)cuidado de la salud de los más ancianos / From real to ideal - the health (un)care of long-lived elders

RESUMOObjetivo:analisar semelhanças e dessemelhanças nos significados do cuidado à saúde de idosos longevos atribuídos por eles e pelos profi ssionais de enfermagem no cenário de uma unidade básica de saúde.Método:pesquisa qualitativa etnográfica, alicerçada no método de Spradley e McCurdy e na antropologia interpretativa de Geertz e Kleinman. Participaram 20 informantes-chaves, as informações foram coletadas por meio da observação participante e entrevista etnográfica no período de março a outubro de 2013 e analisadas em domínios, taxonomias e tema cultural.Resultados:emergiram seis domínios e taxonomias culturais que mostraram razões, atributos e recursos para cuidar, na perspectiva dos idosos e dos profissionais de enfermagem e, por fim, o tema cultural: do real ao ideal - o (des)cuidar da saúde dos idosos longevos.Conclusão:o estudo mostrou o distanciamento entre o cuidado almejado e o realizado à saúde das pessoas com idade mais avançada no cenário estudado.

RESUMENObjetivo:analizar las similitudes y diferencias en los signifi cados del cuidado de salud para los más ancianos asignado por ellos y los profesionales de enfermería en un unidad básica de salud.Método:investigación cualitativa etnográfi ca, basado en método de Spradley y McCurdy y la antropología interpretativa de Geertz y Kleinman. Participaron 20 informantes clave y los datos fueron recolectados a través de la observación participante y entrevistas etnográfi cas en período de marzo a octubre de 2013 y analizados en dominios, taxonomías y tema cultural.Resultados:surgieron seis dominios y taxonomías culturales que mostraron las razones, atributos y recursos para cuidar, en perspectiva de los más ancianos y profesionales de enfermería; fi nalmente, el tema cultural: el real a lo ideal - el (des)cuidado de la salud de los más ancianos.Conclusión:el estudio demostró la distancia entre el cuidado de la salud deseado y real de las personas con edad avanzada en el escenario estudiado.

ABSTRACTObjective:to analyze similarities and dissimilarities in the meanings assigned to health care by long-lived elders and nursing professionals in a healthcare setting.Method:ethnographic qualitative research, based on the Spradley-McCurdy method and the interpretive anthropology of Geertz and Kleinman. The sample consisted of 20 key informants. Data were collected through participatory observation and ethnographic interviews from March to October 2013 and analyzed in domains, taxonomies and cultural themes.Results:Six domains and cultural taxonomies emerged and revealed reasons, attributes, and resources in providing care in relationship to long-lived elders and nursing professionals; fi nally, the following cultural theme emerged: the real to the ideal - the health (un)care of long-lived elders.Conclusion:The study showed the distance between the desired and actual health care provided to aged people in the scenario studied.

Osteoma osteoide no osso ilíaco: relato de dois casos / Osteoid osteoma in the iliac bone: report on two cases

O osteoma osteoide é um tumor benigno do osso que se apresenta geralmente com dor noturna em adultos jovens, aliviada por repouso e salicilatos. Pode acometer qualquer osso, mas sua ocorrência no ilíaco é infrequente. Os autores descrevem dois casos de osteoma osteoide intramedular, localizado junto à articulação sacroilíaca, com sintomas que simulavam dor ciática e cujo diagnóstico se deu de forma tardia, apesar de o exame radiológico inicial mostrar lesão esclerótica em ambos os casos. O diagnóstico foi ratificado por tomografia computadorizada e o tratamento proposto foi a ressecção em bloco da lesão, com excisão do nidus. O diagnóstico definitivo foi confirmado pelo exame histopatológico. No seguimento de longo prazo, ambos estão assintomáticos e observou-se completa remodelação óssea no sítio cirúrgico. Os autores enfatizam as características típicas do tumor, a localização não usual, o diagnóstico diferencial e o tratamento.

Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone tumor that generally presents with nighttime pain among young adults and is relieved by rest and salicylates. It can affect any bone, but occurrences in the iliac are unusual. The authors describe two cases of intramedullary osteoid osteoma next to the sacroiliac joint, with symptoms that simulated sciatic pain. The cases were diagnosed late, although the initial radiographs showed sclerotic lesions in both cases. The diagnosis was confirmed by means of CT scan and the nidus was excised surgically through en bloc resection. The definitive diagnosis was given by means of histopathological examination. Over long-term follow-up, both cases remained asymptomatic and complete bone remodeling at the surgical site was observed. The authors highlight the typical characteristics of the tumor, the unusual location, the differential diagnosis and the treatment.

Myoepithelioma of soft tissue.

Myoepitheliomas and mixed tumors involving deep subcutaneous and subfascial soft tissues of limb or limb girdle are rare lesions as against salivary lesions that are well established conditions. Here, we report a 22-year-old female who presented with painful hard swelling in the left gluteal region of 1(1/2) year duration. MRI showed a large ill-defined heterogeneous mass lesion measuring about 7-8 cm. in the left sacral region eroding the left sacroiliac region and left sacroiliac joint. With a clinical diagnosis of chondrosarcoma, the tumor with the surrounding tissue was resected in segments at surgery. Histomorphology revealed nests, sheets and cords of round to spindled cells with extensive squamous metaplasia in a myxoid to fibrous stroma. These cells extensively infiltrated muscle and bone. The tumor cells expressed immunoreactivity for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) and S-100.

Atypical reiter's syndrome

Genital ulceration is a rare manifestation of Reiter's syndrome [RS]. We report a case of a young Asian male with atypical Reiter's syndrome who presented with painful and malodorous perianal and genital ulcerations, low back pain, and psoriasiform skin lesions. A review of the literature revealed only 4 reported cases of Reiter's syndrome and genital ulceration, all in females. To our knowledge perianal and genital ulceration in a male patient with RS has not been described before

Role of HLA B27 in diagnosis of seronegative spondyloarthropathies.

Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies (SSA) is a very common problem in our area. The main aim of present study was (1) to find the HLA B27 positivity in patients presenting with sacroileitis (2) to see the correlation of B27 positivity on haematological, radiological and extra articular manifestations. Total 110 patients of SSA were studied between July 2004 to June 2005. Routine haematological and immunological test were done by standard method. Total positivity of B27 in SSA was 43.63%, HLA B27 positivity was higher in children (68.75%). Sex wise analysis of B27 positive cases showed that 81.81% B27 positive patients were males. In HLA B27 positive cases lower spine, hip, sacroiliac, shoulder and knee joints were more involved (77.08%, 79.16%, 79.16%, 37.50% and 50.00% respectively). Urinary tract infection (UTI), diarrhoea and constipation were more common in B27 positive cases. Leukocytosis of neutrophilic type (33.33%), raised ESR (77.55%)., CRP positivity (63.63%) and anaemia (65.00%) were seen more frequently in B27 positive cases. In bilateral sacroiliitis diagnosed by X-ray, only 69.23% patient were B27 positive. Our study concludes that HLA B 27 positivity is higher in SSA seen in childhood and in young adult males. B27 positive patients have more severe disease and systemic manifestation Hence, male patients specially young adolescent or young adults with sacroileitis must be subjected for B27 typing.

[Sacroiliac involvement drug rheumatoid arthritis]

The objective of the study is to illustrate the incidence of sacroiliac involvement during rheumatoid arthritis, among 1000 cases seen in a period of 22 years. All patients fulfilled the criteria of American college of Rheumatology [ACR 87]. Were included only those with sacroiliitis diagnosed by X-Ray and a positive rheumatoid serology. 7 cases of radiologic sacroileitis were found [0.7%]; sex-ratio was 0.4; mean age was 42.85 years old; the age at onset was about 5.42 years. All patient had hand and wrist involvement with respect to distal interphalange joints. Deformities were seen in 6 cases and the majority were classified stage II clinically and stage III radiologically [Stein Brocker classification]. We noted that 2 cases of coxitis were associated to the sacroileitis and also 2 cases of subcutaneous nodules. Sedimentation rate was increased around 78 mm. Sacroileitis was classified stage III in 2 cases, one patient presented the diagnosis of spondylarthropathy associated to nodular, destructive and erosive rheumatoid arthritis; the diagnosis of spondylarthropathy was retained on AMOR criteria [7 points] and European Group [ESSG] criteria. The treatment was based on salazopyrine. Sacroiliac involvement during rheumatoid arthritis is not rare and should be explored when suggestive clinical signs are present

The Comparison Between Behcet's Disease and Spondyloarthritides: Does Behcet's Disease Belong to the Spondyloarthropathy Complex?

This study was to clarify whether Behcet's disease (BD) could be classified into the spondyloarthropathy (SpA) complex. It was undertaken on 58 patients with BD (BD group), 56 patients with SpA (SpA group), and 3 patients who concurrently satisfied the criteria for BD and SpA (BDSpA group). The clinical parameters and known susceptible HLA antigens were compared between BD group and SpA group. In addition, 3 patients in BDSpA group were reviewed. The prevalence of definitive sacroiliitis (SI) in BD group and SpA group was 46.4% and 5.2%, respectively. However, none had a definitive SI in healthy controls. Enthesitis was observed in 3.4% of BD group and in 50% of SpA group. The patterns of eye involvement were different between these two groups. HLA-B27 was negative in all 49 patients of BD group, whereas it was positive in 67.9% of SpA group. The prevalence of HLA-B51 was 51.7% in BD group, and that in SpA group was 21.4%. One patient in BDSpA group was considered to have concurrent BD and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Another patient was closer to AS, and the third to BD. Conclusively, it seems that BD could not be classified into the SpA complex.

Thermography and its use in diagnosis of active sacroiliac ankylosing spondylitis

The objective of this study was to investigate the value of sacroiliac thermography in the assessment of disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis [AS]. The clinical, laboratory and sacroiliac thermographic indices were done for 27 patients with AS. Clinical disease activity was demonstrated in 13 patients, while the other 14 were inactive. The mean sacroiliac thermographic index was significantly higher in active ankylosing spondylitis group than either the inactive or the control group. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between the thermographic indices and other parameters of the disease activity

Sacroileítis bacteriana: presentación de cinco casos / Bacterial sacroiliac joint infections: report of five patients

La sacroileítis bacteriana es una patología infrecuente que se manifiesta habitualmente con fiebre y dolor lúmbar o en miembros inferiores. El diagnóstico inicial puede retrasarse ya que los síntomas y signos son inespecíficos pero ante la sospecha clínica el centellograma óseo con Tecnecio 99 o la Resonancia Magnética Nuclear ayudan a localizar en forma precoz el sitio de infección. Presentamos cinco casos de sacroileítis bactriana en adultos con edad promedio de 24 años, cuatro mujeres y un hombre, que presentaron como factores predisponentes heridas en pie o patologías ginecológicas...El diagnóstico se confirmó por centellograma óseo en dos casos y por Resonancia Magnética Nuclear en tres. La evolución fue favorable en todos los casos luego de realizar tratamiento antibiótico durante seis o más semanas

Role of C.T scan inearly detection of sacroiliitis and prognosis of patients with reactive arthritis [ReA]

The aim of this work was to study the role of CT in early sacroiliitis and to detect changes in the patients four months after treatment with a short course of antibiotics, thus pointed out to the prognosis of patients with ReA. Thirty patients with ReA were included in this study. Complete history, clinical examination, plain X-ray of sacroiliac [SI] joint [AP view of pelvis] and CT scan of SI joint before and after antibiotic therapy [minocycline capsules, 100 mg/twice daily for four weeks] in CT proven sacroiliitis were done. The clinical findings included inflammatory low back ache in 93% of the patients with typical characteristics such as morning back stiffness, heel tenderness in 70%, inflamed joint of knee [asymmetrical] in 76.6%, urethritis in 26.6% and eye inflammation in 26.6% mainly as conjunctivitis. CT scan of SI joint before treatment showed erosions and narrowing in 26.6% of patients with reactive arthritis. CT scan findings of SI joints after four months of treatment showed the same bone erosions and narrowing in patients with reactive arthritis who already had previous findings. CT scan is superior to radiography in the imaging of early bone changes

Total innominatectomy for chondrosarcoma innominate.

Internal hemipelvectomy or innominatectomy is a preferred alternative to hindquarter amputation for malignant tumours of the pelvis. Various segments of the pelvis have been removed surgically leaving the lower limb with residual segments of the pelvis in treatment of such tumours. We herewith present a case of total innominatectomy, i.e. dis-articulation at the pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joint for surgical clearance and treatment of a chondrosarcoma of the Innominate bone. The tumour extended from just in front of the sacroiliac joint to the ischium and warranted such a complete resection.

Sacroelítis infecciosa en la infancia / Pyogenic sacroiliitis in childhood

La sacroelitis infecciosa es una enfermedad poco frecuente de difícil diagnóstico.Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 14 pacientes internados con esta patología.Todos presentaron:fiebre,dolor e impotencia funcional con leucocitosis y VSG acelerada en el 100 por ciento de los casos.El centellograma óseo dió diagnóstico de certeza.Todos los pacientes fueron medicados con cefalosporina de primera generación,con respuesta favorables y curación sin secuelas clínico-ortopédicas

Tomografía computada de las articulaciones sacroiliacas y esternoclaviculares en la espondilitis anquilosante juvenil y del adulto

Se empleó la tomografía computada (TC) con el fin de detectar la afección articular temprana de las sacroiliacas (SI) y de la esternoclavicular (EC) en 68 pacientes consecutivos con espondilitis anquilosante (EA) con una evolución de 14.5 ñ 2.7 años clasificándose según la edad de inicio y el sexo en: espondilitis juvenil (EJ) 19 pacientes (p), espondilitis de inicio en el hombre adulto (EHA) 33 p y espondilitis de inicio en la mujer adulta (EMA) 16 p. Para su análisis se empleó la prueba de Fisher. Resultados: La TC de SI fue anormal en 67/68 casos mostrando cambios erosivos desde los 8 meses de iniciada la enfermedad en adelante. En 1/49 hombres y 4/19 mujeres se detectó hipodensidad intraarticular compatible con gas (-13 UH), líquido (+19 UH) o grasa (+232 UH) (p< 0.001). Las EC estuvieron anormales en 27/66 (41 por ciento) de los casos B27 + (en 2 no se practicó TC por problemas técnicos), observándose disminución del espacio articular y erosiones sin anquilosis de inicio y predominio clavicular. Por grupos las TC de SI mostró alteraciones más tempranas en la EHA y en loe EJ que en la mujer (p< 0.001) con un predominio de las imágenes hipodensas en la mujer sobre los otros grupos (p< 0.001). Las alteraciones de las EC fueron más frecuentes y tempranas en la EJ que en la de los adultos (p< 0.001). Estos datos muestran diferente evolución tomográfica de la enfermedad entre los 3 grupos