Quiloperitoneo en diálisis peritoneal: reporte de caso y revisión sistemática de la literatura / Chyloperitoneum in peritoneal dialysis: a case report and review of literature

El quiloperitoneo es una condición infrecuente que se asocia a diálisis peritoneal; en la mayoría de los casos se puede confundir con peritonitis bacteriana, aunque puede ser la consecuencia de esta infección. Se reporta el desarrollo espontáneo de quiloperitoneo en un paciente de 54 años con enfermedad renal crónica secundaria a nefropatía diabética, en diálisis peritoneal manual desde hacía 5 años. El tratamiento consistió en suspensión temporal de la diálisis peritoneal, reposo intestinal, suministro de una dieta con alto contenido de ácidos grasos de cadena media e infusión de octreotide, con lo cual a los 10 días el paciente mostró mejoría, y se reinició la diálisis peritoneal. Una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura encontró 16 casos publicados (11 mujeres), con edades desde neonato hasta 88 años.

Chyloperitoneum is a rare condition associated with peritoneal dialysis. In most cases it is misdiagnosed as bacterial peritonitis, but it can also be a consequence of this infection. We present the spontaneous development of chyloperitoneum in a 54 year old patient with chronic kidney disease secondary to diabetic nephropathy, in manual peritoneal dialysis for 5 years. The treatment consisted of temporary suspension of peritoneal dialysis, bowel rest, supply of a diet with a high content of medium chain fatty acids and infusion of octreotide. After 10 days the patient showed improvement, and peritoneal dialysis was restarted. A systematic search of the literature found 16 published cases (11 women), ranging in age from newborn to 88 years.

Ascitis quilosa postraumática tratada con nutrición parenteral total y octreótido / Post-trauma Chylous Ascites Treated with Total Parenteral Nutrition and Octreotide

La ascitis quilosa es la acumulación de quilo en la cavidad peritoneal por ruptura u obstrucción de los conductos linfáticos abdominales. Aunque es infrecuente, se describe mayor probabilidad de aparición después de traumas abdominales. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 46 años que sufre herida por arma blanca tóracoabdominal por lo que requirió tratamiento quirúrgico de urgencia. Luego de varias cirugías se constató la presencia de líquido abdominal blanquecino, con triglicéridos elevados. Se confirmó la ascitis quilosa, que se reabsorbió en 45 días con nutrición parenteral y octreótido(AU)

Chylous ascites is the accumulation of lipid-rich lymph in the peritoneal cavity due to rupture or obstruction of the abdominal lymph ducts. Although it is rare, greater probability is described for its onset after abdominal traumas. The case is presented of a 46-year-old male patient who suffers from a thorax-abdomen knife wound and therefore required emergency surgical treatment. After several surgeries, the presence of whitish abdominal liquid was detected, with elevated triglycerides. Chylous ascites was confirmed, which was reabsorbed in 45 days with parenteral nutrition and octreotide(AU)

Ascitis quilosa post cirugía abdominal: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Chylous ascites management: clinical case and literature review

Chylous ascites is a peritoneal collection with milky appearance, rich in triglycerides produced by the presence of thoracic or intestinal lymph in the abdominal cavity. The increasing number of surgical interventions has meant an increase of this disease in the last time. We present the case of a 39-yearsold woman with a history of a retroperitoneal cystic lesion in the abdominal ultrasound, which was a finding, and was followed up for 5 years. In the last control abdominal ultrasound showed an accelerated growth, the study was complemented with a Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the abdomen showed a retroperitoneal cystic lesion, 7 cm larger diameter in contact with aorta, left ureter and lower pole of the left kidney, suspecting malignancy, reason why its surgical resection was decided. It evolved after the surgical intervention with progressive increase of the abdominal perimeter, diffuse pain and early satiety, performing abdominal ultrasound showing a liver of normal structure with moderate ascites. The diagnostic paracentesis gave out 1,000 mL of milky-white liquid with triglycerides of 1,287 mg/dL. The diagnosis of chylous ascites was proposed, secondary to thoracic duct injury and it was managed with a diet with low intake of saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, with medium chain triglycerides with favorable results. The pathophysiology, etiology, nutritional and non-nutritional management of chylous ascites are discussed.

La ascitis quilosa es una colección peritoneal con apariencia lechosa, rica en triglicéridos producido por la presencia de linfa torácica o intestinal en la cavidad abdominal. El creciente número de intervenciones quirúrgicas ha significado un aumento de esta patología en el último tiempo. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 39 años, con historia de una lesión retroperitoneal quística en la ecotomografía abdominal, que fue un hallazgo, realizándose seguimiento por 5 años. En la última ecotomografía de control presentó crecimiento acelerado por lo que se complementa estudio con una Resonancia Nuclear Magnética de abdomen que muestro lesión quística retroperitoneal de 7 cm de diámetro mayor en contacto con aorta, uréter izquierdo y polo inferior del riñón izquierdo, sospechándose malignidad, por lo que se decide su resección. Evolucionó posterior a la intervención quirúrgica con aumento progresivo del perímetro abdominal, dolor difuso y saciedad precoz, realizándose ecotomografía abdominal que muestra un hígado de estructura normal con ascitis moderada. La paracentesis diagnóstica dio salida a 1.000 mL de líquido blanquecino de aspecto lechoso con triglicéridos de 1.287 mg/dL. Se planteó el diagnóstico de ascitis quilosa, secundario a lesión del conducto torácico y se manejó con dieta con bajo aporte en grasas saturadas, poliinsaturadas y monoinsaturadas, con aporte de triglicéridos de cadena media con resultados favorables. Se discuten la fisiopatología, etiología, manejo nutricional y no nutricional de la ascitis quilosa.

Cause analysis and therapeutic methods of chylous leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy

To study and analyze the causes of chylous leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. We retrospectively analyzed 381 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy [including pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy] in Shanghai Chang Hai Hospital Affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China between January 2010 and December 2012. We also studied the relationship between postoperative chylous leakage and age, gender, surgical approach, and the tumor nature. The chylous leak was placed in 23 patients and the incidence of chylous leakage in patients was 0.6%. There was no significant difference in gender, age and tumor pathological pattern between the chylous leakage group and non-chylous leakage group. The incidence of chylous leakage in patients with N1 grade cancer was significantly higher than that in patients with N0 grade cancer [p=0.001]. The incidence of chylous leakage in patients suffering R0 resection was significantly higher than that in patients suffering non-R0 resection [p=0.008]. All patients were successfully treated conservatively. The incidence of chylous leakage was 0.6% and the chylous leakage was closely linked with the tumor's grade malignancy and the range of radical resection

Ascitis quilosa y trombosis de la vena porta en paciente con cirrosis hepática criptogénica / Ascites chylosus and thrombosis of portal vein in a patient with cryptogenic hepatic cirrhosis

Se presentó un paciente de 73 años de edad, de raza blanca, con ascitis quilosa, acompañada de insuficiencia hepática e hipertensión portal. Se evidenció la presencia de trombosis de la vena porta y varices esofágicas. Se notifica por lo infrecuente de la aparición de ascitis quilosa en pacientes con cirrosis hepática y su posible asociación con trombosis de la vena porta

This is the case of a white patient aged 73 presenting with chylosus ascites and liver failure and portal hypertension. It was evidenced la presence of thrombosis of portal vein and esophageal varices. It is noteworthy the non-frequent of chylosus ascites in patients presenting with liver cirrhosis and its possible association with a portal vein thrombosis

Delayed concurrent chylothorax and chyloperitoneum: report of a case after an old blunt trauma

A 15-year-old boy was referred to Imam Reza Hospital with a right chest tube and chylothorax for 40 days. The patient had respiratory distress and undergone refractory treatment for chylothorax. The fluid content was chyle-rich in lipids. Computed Tomography of the chest showed a large, incompletely evacuated cyst in the left posterior mediastinum with left pleural effusion. The cyst could not be resected through right thoracotomy, because of the left side location of the cyst. Ligation of the thoracic duct through right thoracotomy was not effective in reducing chylous effusion 4 days later. Left chylothorax exacerbated because of the complication of right thoracotomy. Laparatomy was performed to ligate the thoracic duct 6 days later. On exploratory laparatomy, chylous effusion was detected in the peritoneum.Thoracic duct with all the fibro-fatty tissues was ligated below the diaphragm over the spine at 12th to 2nd vertebral spaces. Right chylothorax was resolved after ligation of thoracic duct transabdominally 1-2 days later. Left chylous effusion was decreased and treated 46 days after laparatomy. One year follow up of the patient showed excellent result. In our knowledge, thoracic duct cyst occurring as a result of a delayed chylothorax and chyloperitoneum has not been reported in the literature. Surgical thoracic duct ligation can be the treatment of choice

Fístula quiloperitoneal en gestante a propósito de un caso: resumen / Quiloperitoneal fistula pregnant about a case: summary

El sistema linfático corresponde a una amplia red de capilares y vasos distribuidos por todo el organismo, que convergen a nivel del tórax a una estructura única mayor, el conducto torácico, el cual drena su contenido a la circulación venosa a nivel de la vena subclavia izquierda. La fístula quilosa se define como la perdida de linfa desde los vasos linfáticos, típicamente acumulado en la cavidad abdominal y/o torácica, ocasionalmente manifestada como una fístula externa. (120) El tratamiento conservador de la fístula quilosa está recomendado en la mayoría de los pacientes y va a estar determinado por las fístulas con gasto elevado que causan alteraciones fisiológicas tempranas, por lo que el tratamiento debe ser agresivo. Las fístulas quilosas de origen tumoral son de difícil manejo, el tratamiento es más exitoso si estas se presentan luego de un trauma o cirugía. Para mejorar la efectividad del tratamiento conservador, se ha sugerido asociar a las medidas antes señaladas el uso de somatostatina o sus análogos. El tratamiento quirúrgico es abordado cuando la terapia conservadora falla (40%).99 Se presenta el caso de femenina de 39 años, proveniente del Estado Nueva Esparta, sin antecedente patológicos conocidos, IV gesta, III para a quien se le realizo cesárea de emergencia a las 34 semanas por feto con poli hidramnios y al abordar cavidad abdominal hay la presencia de liquido de aspecto lechoso del cual obtienen 3000cc aprox., extraen el feto el cual estaba en condición estable, revisan cavidad abdominal sin evidenciar patología. Es egresada en condición estable, y consulta a los 7 días por aumento de volumen abdominal. En vista de esto es referida a nuestro centro donde se realizan diversos estudios como laboratorio que solo reportó anemia (Hb 10), marcadores tumorales (alfa feto proteína, Ca 19-9, CEA) negativos, pruebas especiales para descartar trastorno de coagulación resultaron negativos...

The lymphatic system represents a vast network of capillaries and vessels distributed throughout the body, which converge at the thoracic cavity to a largest single structure, the thoracic duct, which drains its contents into the venous circulation to the left subclavian vein. Chylous fistula is defined as a loss of lymph from the lymphatic vessels, typically accumulated in the abdominal cavity and/or cage, occasionally manifested as an external fistula. (120) Conservative treatment of chylous fistula is recommended in most patients and shall be determined by high output fistulas causing early physiological changes, so treatment should be aggressive. Tumoral chylous fistulas are difficult to manage; treatment is more successful if these appear after trauma or surgery. To improve the effectiveness of conservative treatment, it has been suggested to associate the use of somatostatin or its analogs with the above mentioned measures. Surgical treatment is addressed when conservative therapy fails (40%). We present a case of a 39 years-old female, from the state of Nueva Esparta - Venezuela, with no known medical history, GESTA IV, III who underwent emergency cesarean section at 34 weeks due to fetus with polyhydramnios. When approaching the abdominal cavity they found a milky fluid of which they obtained 3000cc approx.; they took out the fetus which was in stable condition and examined the abdominal cavity without evidence of any pathology, whatsoever. She was discharged in stable condition, and comes back to consult at 7 days after due to increased abdominal volume. For this reason, she was referred to our center where several studies are made, such as laboratory studies which only reported anemia (Hb 10), tumor markers (alpha fetoprotein, Ca 19-9, CEA) negative, special tests to rule out clotting disorder were negative; negative immunological profile (ANCA, ANA, AMA, AML), CT Scan of the chest-abdomen and pelvis which concluded...

Duodenal fibrosarcoma mimicking Franz tumour complicated by post-resection chylous ascites: a case report / Fibrosarcoma duodenal con apariencia de tumor de Franz complicado por ascitis quilosa post-resección: reporte de un caso

This case report presents a young woman who underwent a Whipples resection for a large pancreato-duodenal tumour. Pathology and immunohistochemical analysis of the tumour suggest duodenal fibrosarcoma. The patient's postoperative management was complicated by chylous ascites. A brief literature review is given to highlight this unusual case.

Este reporte presenta el caso de una mujer joven a la cual se le practicó una resección de Whipples a causa de un tumor pancreato-duodenal grande. La patología y el análisis imunohistoquímico del tumor sugieren la existencia de un fibrosarcoma duodenal. El tratamiento postoperatorio del paciente estuvo complicado por una ascitis quilosa. Se ofrece una breve revisión de la literatura para resaltar este caso inusual.

Tratamento cirúrgico da ascite quilosa / Surgical treatment of chylous ascites

A ascite quilosa é uma complicação rara após procedimentos cirúrgicos e trauma abdominal, apresentando elevada morbidade e difícil manejo. Nos casos refratários ao tratamento clínico habitual, o tratamento cirúrgico se impõe, apesar da baixa taxa de sucesso. Dois casos são apresentados: o primeiro paciente foi vítima de trauma abdominal contuso e o segundo foi submetido a hernioplastia hiatal a Nissen videolaparoscópica, ambos evoluindo com ascite quilosa que necessitou de tratamento cirúrgico através da ligadura do ducto torácico, junto aos pilares diafragmáticos. Os pacientes evoluíram com melhora clínica e ausência de ascite após 24 meses de seguimento.

Chylous ascites is a rare complication after abdominal procedures and blunt abdominal trauma, associated with high morbidity and difficult management. When clinical treatment fails, surgical intervention is necessary, despite the limited success rate. Two cases are reported: the first patient had a blunt abdominal trauma and the second patient underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication; both developed chylous ascites and required surgical treatment with suture repair of the thoracic duct, close to the diaphragm. There was clinical improvement and ascites was absent at a 24-month follow-up.

Successful management of chylous ascites using omental patch

To assess possible factors that may play a role in the etiology of chylous ascites formation, to determine the management of each type according to its causation, and to compare between the results of conservative and operative management. This is a prospective study conducted from 1990 to 2004 in the surgical department of Erbil, Iraq. A group of 46 patients with chylous ascites were subdivided into five subgroups according to the etiological factors. The initial assessment included: age, sex, history of trauma and previous surgery, time between the trauma, if it was present, and the appearance of chylous ascites, and aspiration of ascetic fluid for chemical and bacteriological analysis. Further assessment included the use of ultrasonography, computerized axial tomography, and Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]. There were 12 female and 34 male patients. Their ages ranged form one year to 63 years [mean age 37 years]. There was abdominal distention resulting from the accumulation of chyle in the peritoneal cavity in all five subgroups of patients. A definitive diagnosis was made by paracentesis and laparotomy. Thirty-eight patients [82.6%] underwent explorative laparotomy. The surgical success rate for trauma patients was about 93.7%, while it was very poor for malignant cases. The surgical technique in this study with the best results was overswing with omental patch. The results indicate that patients with chylous ascites caused by trauma to the abdomen who undergo surgery may have a success rate up to about 93.7% using omental patches, especially if preoperative resuscitation is done. The outcome of patients with malignant chylous ascites, however, was very poor. Conservative treatment was not satisfactory in any of these cases

A respeito de um caso de quilotórax bilateral e quiloascite espontâneos: aspectos clínicos e cirúrgicos / About a case of espontaneous bilateral chylothorax and chyloascitis: clinical and surgical aspects

Efusão quilosa pleural ou quilotórax significa acúmulo quiloso no espaço pleural, geralmente como ruptura secundária dos ductos linfáticos torácicos, que pode ser promovida por vários estímulos, desde trauma, doenças malignas até causas idiopáticas. É definido como uma efusão de linfa na cavidade pleural, podendo ter origem no tórax ou na cavidade abdominal, ou em ambos. É de aspecto leitoso, inodoro, branco, de pH alcalino com gravidade específica acima de 1012, bacteriostático, não irritativo à pleura. É opalescente, formado quando triglicérides de cadeia longa da dieta são transformados em quilomícrons de baixa densidade lipoprotéica secretados no intestino. O quilo é transportado através do ducto torácico e drenado na veia subclávia esquerda. O diagnóstico é baseado em análise clínica da efusão pleural contendo quilomícrons e níveis de triglicérides maior que 110 mg/dL como indicativo praticamente certo de efusão pleural quilosa. A conduta depende da causa e das circunstâncias individuais. Um relato de quilotórax bilateral e quiloascite espontâneos é apresentado com ótima evolução através de tratamento conservador com a utilização de dieta enteral oligomérica, rica em aminoácidos, com glutamina e mínima oferta de triglicérides de cadeia média e octeotride

Chylous pleural effusion or chylothorax means chyle accumulation in the pleural space generally as a secondary disruption of thoracic lymphatics, that can be promoted by various stimulants, since trauma, malignancies, to idiopathic causes. Is defined as an effusion of limphin pleural cavity. Chyle may have its origin in the thorax or in the abdomen, or both. Is a milky, white, alkaline pH with a specific gravity above 1012, bacteriostatic and nonirritating to thepleural space, opalescent fluid formed when long-chain triglycerides in the diet are transformed into chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins and secreted into intestinal lacteals. The chyle is transported through the thoracic duct and drained into the left subclavian vein. Diagnosis is based on a chemical analysis of the pleural effusion presenting chylomicrons, pleural triglyceride with levels greater than 110 mg/dL being nearly always indicative of a chylous pleural effusion. Management depends on the underlying cause and the individual circumstances. A case report of spontaneous chylothorax and chyloascitis is presented successfullytreated by conservative means, using oligomeric enteral feeding, rich in amino acids with minimum quantity of medium-chain-triglycerides, glutamine, and octeotride

Acute Chylous Peritonitis Mimicking Ovarian Torsion in a Patient with Advanced Gastric Carcinoma

The extravasation of chyle into the peritoneal space usually does not accompany an abrupt onset of abdominal pain with symptoms and signs of peritonitis. The rarity of this condition fails to reach preoperative diagnosis prior to laparotomy. Here, we introduce a case of chylous ascites that presented with acute abdominal pain mimicking peritonitis caused by ovarian torsion in a 41-yr-old female patient with advanced gastric carcinoma. An emergency exploratory laparotomy was performed but revealed no evidence of ovarian torsion. Only chylous ascites was discovered in the operative field. She underwent a complete abdominal hysterectomy and salphingo-oophorectomy. Only saline irrigation and suction-up were performed for the chylous ascites. The postoperative course was uneventful. Her bowel movement was restored within 1 week. She was allowed only a fat-free diet, and no evidence of re-occurrence of ascites was noted on clinical observation. She now remains under consideration for additional chemotherapy.

Agenesia de veia cava inferior na síndrome unha-patela / Agenesis of inferior vena cava in nail-patella syndrome

Os autores relatam o caso de uma jovem de 23 anos com a forma completa da síndrome de unha-patela, uma desordem rara, herdada de natureza autossômica dominante. Além dos achados clássicos da síndrome, essa paciente apresentava sinais de hipertensão portal, manifestada por uma volumosa ascite, com circulação colateral exuberante observada em toda parede abdominal e torácica, e varizes de esôfago, sem evidências de hepatopatia associada. Curiosamente, sua tomografia computadorizada do abdome demonstrou ausência completa de veia cava inferior, confirmada pela venografia. Este é o primeiro caso descrito na literatura de associação de agenesia de veia cava inferior com a síndrome de unha-patela.

Ascitis quilosa por maltrato / Chylous ascites and child abuse

La ascitis quilosa es la acumulación de líquido quiloso en la cavidad peritoneal. Puede ser primaria(defectos congénitos) o secundaria (obstrucción,traumatismos, etc.).Es nuestro objetivo poner en conocimiento una forma poco común de presentación de síndrome de maltrato infantil.Se presenta una niña de un año de edad, que ingresó a nuestro hospital por presentar un cuadro de maltrato infantil con distensión abdominal.Se realizaron estudios de laboratorio, diagnóstico por imágenes y una paracentesis de abdomen que arrojó como resultado un líquido compatible con quilo.Con el diagnóstico de ascitis quilosa se realizaron estudios complementarios que confirmaron un traumatismo abdominal por síndrome de maltrato infantil.La paciente evolucionó favorablemente con ayunoy nutrición parenteral por un período de un mes, y posteriormente con realimentación con dieta hipograsa.Es de hacer notar que la revisión bibliográfica demostró que de 41 casos de ascitis quilosa en edad pediátrica, 10% fueron secundarios a maltrato. Sitomamos el rango de edades de 2 meses a 2 años este porcentaje aumenta a 44%.

Ascite quilosa: relato de um caso e revisão da literatura / Chylous ascites: report of one case and literature review

Paciente com 65 anos de idade, branco, não-cirrótico e sem evidências de doença renal crônica ou cardiovascular, deu entrada no Serviço de Gastroenterologia para investigação de ascite quilosa. Apreentava história de leucemia linfocítica crônica diagnosticada havia um ano e sete meses, em uso de clorambucil 2mg/dia. o líquido ascítico tinha aspecto leitoso, com elevada concentração de triglicerídeos ( 2.445mg/dia). A tomografia computadorizada (TC) do abdme mostrou diversas linfadenomegalias. Foi submetido à laparotomia e biópsia de linfonodo intra-abdominal, cujo estudo histopatológico foi conclusivo de linfoma não-hodgkin de pequenas células, con infiltração por leucemia linfocítica crônica. A radiografia e TC do tórax mostraram derrame pleural bilateral, o qual também apresentou caracteristicas bioquímicas de efusão quilosa. apresentou resposta parcial ao tratamento da ascite com o uso de diuréticos. Foi encaminhado ao Serviço de Oncologia do HUB para tratamento quimioterápico

Ascite quilosa (quiloperitônio) como manifestação inicial de carcinoma gástrico / Chylous ascites (chyloperitoneum) as an initial sign of gastric carcinoma

A ascite quilosa é entidade clínica rara, caracterizada por líquido ascítico de aparência leitosa, com conteúdo de triglicerídeos maior que 1000 mg/dl ou 2 a 8 vezes acima do nível plasmático. Nós relatamos o caso clínico de um paciente masculino, de 68 anos, com história de emagrecimento de 10 kg e aumento de volume abdominal. A paracentese demonstrou líquido ascítico quiloso, com triglicerídeos (TG) de 890 mg/dl (TG plasmático de 59 mg/dl). Realizou tomografia computadorizada, que revelou ascite volumosa e sinais de hepatopatia crônica. À endoscopia digestiva alta evidenciou-se lesão invasiva em antro gástrico, cuja biópsia foi diagnóstica de adenocarcinoma gástrico pouco diferenciado. Em conclusão, o adenocarcinoma gástrico deve ser incluído no diagnóstico diferencial de ascite quilosa em adultos, ao lado dos linfomas e outras doenças malignas.

Ascitis quilosa en el recién nacido / Chylous ascites in newborn infants

Se presenta el caso clínico de un recién nacido que presenta ascitis quilosa de causa no identificada. Se manejó con régimen a base de aminoácidos y triglicéridos de cadena media e hidratos de carbono, evolucionando satisfactoriamente. Un año después su peso, talla y desarrollo psicomotor eran normales y no había evidencia de ascitis