Effect of glucose metabolism disorders on the short-term prognosis in neonates with asphyxia: a multicenter study in Hubei Province, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the effect of glucose metabolism disorders on the short-term prognosis in neonates with asphyxia.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of the neonates with asphyxia who were admitted to 52 hospitals in Hubei Province of China from January to December, 2018 and had blood glucose data within 12 hours after birth. Their blood glucose data at 1, 2, 6, and 12 hours after birth (with an allowable time error of 0.5 hour) were recorded. According to the presence or absence of brain injury and/or death during hospitalization, the neonates were divided into a poor prognosis group with 693 neonates and a good prognosis group with 779 neonates. The two groups were compared in the incidence of glucose metabolism disorders within 12 hours after birth and short-term prognosis.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the good prognosis group, the poor prognosis group had a significantly higher proportion of neonates from secondary hospitals (48.5% vs 42.6%, @*CONCLUSIONS@#Recurrent hyperglycemia in neonates with asphyxia may suggest poor short-term prognosis, and it is necessary to strengthen the early monitoring and management of the nervous system in such neonates.

Factores asociados con bajo puntaje de Apgar en la maternidad del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell / Factors associated with low Apgar score in the maternity of Pereira Rossell Hospital / Fatores associados com baixa pontuação de Apgar na maternidade do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell

Introducción: La depresión neonatal es una de las causas más frecuentes de ingreso de recién nacidos a unidades especializadas de atención neonatal. La asfixia perinatal es una de las causas de bajo puntaje de Apgar, siendo uno de los criterios clínicos para su diagnóstico. Los principales factores de riesgo vinculados con bajos puntajes de Apgar pueden ser maternos (edad, patologías obstétricas, nivel socioeconómico, adicciones, etc.), del trabajo de parto y parto o, alteraciones fetales. Objetivos: Determinar los factores perinatales asociados a la baja puntuación de Apgar a los 5 minutos. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles en los años 2015 y 2016. Institución: Hospital de la Mujer, Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay. Participantes: Se incluyeron todos los recién nacidos término con Apgar a los 5 minutos menor o igual a 5. Resultados: Hubo un total de 12.528 nacimientos de recién nacidos vivos de término en el HM. 34 casos de recién nacidos con Apgar a los 5 minutos menor o igual a 5. Esto corresponde al 0,27% de la población. No se identificaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a los principales factores asociados a asfixia perinatal. Conclusiones: En el análisis de esta población, la mayoría de los factores analizados no se asocia con los casos de Apgar a los 5 minutos menor o igual a 5 (depresión neonatal moderada-severa), por lo que la mayoría de estos casos pueden no ser evitables.

Introduction: Neonatal depression is one of the most frequent causes of admission of newborns to specialized units of neonatal care. Perinatal asphyxia is one of the causes of low Apgar score, and it is one of the clinical criteria for its diagnosis. Main risk factors associated with low Apgar scores can be maternal (age, obstetric pathologies, socioeconomic level, addictions, etc.), of labor and delivery or, fetal alterations. Objective: To determine the perinatal factors associated with the low Apgar score at 5 minutes. Design: Retrospective study of cases and controls in 2015 and 2016. Institution: Maternity, Women Hospital, Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay. Patients: We included all term newborns with Apgar at 5 minutes less than or equal to 5. Results: There was a total of 12,528 births of term full-term newborns in the HM. 34 cases of newborns with Apgar at 5 minutes less than or equal to 5. This corresponds to 0.27% of the population. No statistically significant differences were identified regarding the main factors associated with perinatal asphyxia. Conclusions: In the analysis of this population, most of the analyzed factors are not associated with cases of Apgar at 5 minutes less than or equal to 5 (moderate-severe neonatal depression), so that most of these cases may not be avoidable.

Introdução: A depressão neonatal é uma das causas mais freqüentes de internação de recém-nascidos em unidades especializadas de atenção neonatal. A asfixia perinatal é uma das causas do baixo índice de Apgar, sendo um dos critérios clínicos para o seu diagnóstico. Os principais fatores de risco associados aos baixos escores de Apgar podem ser maternos (idade, patologias obstétricas, nível socioeconômico, dependências, etc.), de trabalho de parto e parto, ou alterações fetais. Objetivos: Determine os fatores perinatais asociados ao baixo índice de Apgar aos 5 minutos. Design: Estudo retrospectivo de casos e controles nos anos de 2015 e 2016. Instituição: Hospital da Mulher, Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell, Montevidéu, Uruguai. Participantes: Todos os recém-nascidos a termo com Apgar a 5 minutos menor ou igual a 5 foram incluídos. Houve um total de 12.528 nascidos vivos a termo no MB. 34 casos de recém-nascidos com Apgar a 5 minutos menor ou igual a 5. Isso corresponde a 0,27% da população. Não foram identificadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes quanto aos principais fatores associados à asfixia perinatal. Conclusões: Na análise dessa população, a maioria dos fatores analisados não está associada aos casos de Apgar em 5 minutos menor ou igual a 5 (depressão neonatal moderada a grave), de modo que a maioria desses casos pode não ser evitável.

Indicadores de calidad de la atención a neonatos con patologías seleccionadas: estudio piloto / Quality care indicators for neonates with selected pathologies: pilot study

Resumen: Objetivo: Desarrollar y pilotar indicadores de calidad de la atención a neonatos con padecimientos relevantes en México (prematuridad, sepsis neonatal, asfixia perinatal e hipoxia intrauterina). Material y métodos: Se construyeron indicadores propios a partir de recomendaciones clave de las guías de práctica clínica nacionales e indicadores encontrados en repositorios internacionales. Previa búsqueda, selección y priorización, los indicadores fueron pilotados en dos hospitales. Se analizó la factibilidad de medición, fiabilidad (índice kappa) y utilidad para detectar problemas de calidad. Resultados: Se seleccionaron y pilotaron 23 indicadores; 12 eran compuestos. Del total, nueve fueron factibles y fiables. La calidad de la información en los hospitales fue diversa y frecuentemente deficiente, limitando tanto la factibilidad como la fiabilidad de los indicadores. Los niveles de cumplimiento identificaron oportunidades de mejora. Conclusiones: Se propone un set de nueve indicadores válidos, factibles, fiables y útiles para la monitorización de la calidad en la atención a neonatos patológicos.

Abstract Objective: Develop and pilot indicators of quality of care to neonates with relevant conditions in Mexico (prematurity, neonatal sepsis, perinatal asphyxia, and intrauterine hypoxia). Materials and methods: Own indicators were built based on key recommendations of national clinical practice guidelines and indicators found in international repositories. With previous search, selection and prioritization, the indicators were piloted within two hospitals. The feasibility of measuring, (kappa index) reliability and usefulness was analyzed to detect quality problems. Results: 23 indicators were selected and piloted, 12 are compounds, of the total, nine were feasible and reliable. The quality of the hospital's information was diverse and often poor, limiting both the feasibility and the reliability of the indicators. Improvement opportunities were identified thorough the compliance levels. Conclusions: A set of nine indicators valid, reliable, feasible and useful indicators is proposed in order to monitor the quality of care of pathological neonates.

Asphyxie périnatale au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire pour enfants de Diamniadio, Dakar, Sénégal

Introduction : L'asphyxie périnatale représente la deuxième cause de mortalité néonatale après la prématurité. Elle est souvent liée dans notre contexte aux circonstances de l'accouchement.Objectifs : Décrire les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et pronostiques de l'asphyxie périnatale chez des nouveau-nés à terme à l'unité de néonatologie de l'Hôpital pour Enfants de Diamniadio (Dakar).Patients et méthode : Etude rétrospective, descriptive et analytique menée d'octobre 2014 à novembre 2015. Etaient inclus tous les nouveau-nés à terme hospitalisés dans un contexte d'asphyxie.Résultats : Nous avons colligé 50 cas d'asphyxie, soit une fréquence de 19,5% des nouveau-nés à terme. Le sex-ratio était de 1,5. La majorité des mères soit 80% avait un âge compris entre 18-35 ans. Les pathologies obstétricales rencontrées étaient dominées par la rupture prématurée des membranes 28%, l'infection maternelle 18%, l'HTA 16% et les accidents funiculaires 12%. La naissance par césarienne concernait 1 enfant sur 5. La présentation de siège était la plus fréquente. Le liquide amniotique avait un aspect pathologique (teinté, méconial, purée de pois, hématique) dans 54% des cas. Cinquante-quatre pour cent (54%) des patients avaient un score d'Apgar à 7 à la cinquième minute. L'encéphalopathie anoxo-ischémique, la détresse respiratoire et le choc ont été les complications les plus retrouvées avec 88%, 28% et 22% des cas. Le retentissement biologique était surtout rénal et hépatique dans 24% et 38%. Le phénobarbital était l'anticonvulsivant le plus administré (52%) lors du traitement initial. La mortalité était de 32% (16 patients) ; l'âge moyen de décès était de 36 jours. Le liquide amniotique (p = 0,022), les convulsions (p = 0,041), les troubles de la conscience (p = 0,022), l'EAI au stade 2 et 3 (p = 0,036) et la rupture prématurée des membranes (p = 0,019) étaient significativement associés au risque de décès. Des séquelles étaient observées chez 34,2% des patients : une IMC (11), un trouble du langage (7) et une épilepsie (2).Conclusion : L'asphyxie périnatale reste une pathologie grave. La mortalité élevée et la gravité des séquelles rappellent qu'il est impératif de renforcer la prévention par un bon suivi des grossesses et de l'accouchement

Factores asociados a epilepsia en niños en México: un estudio caso-control / Factors associated with epilepsy in children in Mexico: A case-control study

Resumen: Introducción: La epilepsia es la enfermedad neurológica crónica más común en el mundo. En México es considerada dentro de las principales enfermedades vinculadas a la mortalidad por enfermedades no infecciosas de la población infantil. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los factores asociados a epilepsia en niños derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), en Acapulco, México. Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles realizado entre abril de 2010 y abril de 2011. Fueron seleccionados 118 casos de la consulta externa de neurología pediátrica, con criterios diagnósticos de epilepsia de acuerdo a la Liga Internacional Contra la Epilepsia, con máximo dos años de evolución. Los controles fueron seleccionados de las Unidades de Medicina Familiar de donde procedieron los casos. En una encuesta a las madres, se obtuvo información sobre antecedentes heredofamiliares, prenatales, perinatales y posnatales. El análisis bivariado y multivariado se realizó mediante el procedimiento de Mantel-Haenszel. Resultados: Tres factores estuvieron asociados con la epilepsia: el antecedente familiar de epilepsia en familiares de primer grado (Razón de Momios ajustada (RMa) 2.44, IC95% 1.18 - 5.03), la asfixia al nacimiento (RMa 2.20, IC95% 1.16-34.18) y la infección de la vía urinaria en la etapa prenatal (RMa, 1.80 IC95% 1.0 - 3.24). Conclusiones: La asfixia al nacimiento y el reporte de infecciones de vías urinarias durante la gestación fueron factores asociados a epilepsia independientemente del antecedente de epilepsia en familiares de primer grado.

Abstract: Background: Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease in the world. In Mexico, epilepsy is among the diseases more related to mortality due to non-infectious diseases in children. The objective of the study was to identify the factors associated with epilepsy in children entitled to the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), in Acapulco, Mexico. Methods: We carried out a case-control study from April 2010 to April 2011. We selected 118 cases from the database of outpatient pediatric neurology with epilepsy diagnostic with two year of evolution according to the International League Against Epilepsy criteria. We selected 118 controls from the same Medical Units where cases were detected. Data collected throughout an interview with the mothers included information on history of epilepsy among relatives, prenatal, perinatal and postnatal history. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed using Mantel-Haenszel process. Results: Multivariate analysis identified three factors associated with epilepsy: family history of epilepsy in first-degree relatives (adjusted Odds ratio (ORa) 2.44, 95%CI 1.18 -5.03), birth asphyxia (ORa 2.20, 95%CI 1.16-34.18), and urinary tract infection in the prenatal stage (ORa, 1.80, 95%CI 1.0 - 3.24). Conclusions: Preventing birth asphyxia and urinary tract infections during pregnancy reduces the risk of epilepsy regardless of the history of epilepsy in first-degree relatives.

Hipoxia perinatal en el Hospital Mederi de Bogotá: comportamiento en los años 2007 a 2011 / Perinatal hypoxia at Hospital Mederi in Bogotá: behavior in the period 2007-2011

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar los factores de riesgo maternos, fetales y neonatales asociados a la hipoxia perinatal en los recién nacidos del Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi (HUM Mederi), período 2007 a 2011. Metodología Del total de recién nacidos (8 837) en los años 2007 a 2011, en el HUM Mederi, se tomaron los casos que presentaron asfixia perinatal (AP) según la ACOG u otro diagnóstico de Dificultad Respiratoria (DR). Fuente: Registros del sistema informático de Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi. Se analizaron los factores de riesgo materno, fetal y neonatal. Los datos se mostraron de acuerdo al número de recién nacidos en cada grupo y en forma porcentual. Resultados La tasa de mortalidad global fue de 10,7. Los valores más bajos fueron en los años 2010 y 2011: 3.3 y 1.8 respectivamente. Diabetes gestacional, hipertensión, corioamnionitis y placenta previa fueron más frecuentes en el grupo con DR, mientras que hipoglicemia y sepsis lo fueron en el grupo con AP así como hipotonía e hipoacti-vidad entre las alteraciones neurológicas. Fue baja la correspondencia entre las alteraciones neurológicas y el Test de Apgar en los casos diagnosticados con AP. Conclusiones La tasa de mortalidad fue muy baja comparada a nivel regional y local. Hubo mayor número de recién nacidos con asfixia perinatal moderada. Los resultados del estudio coinciden con lo reportado. El mayor número de pre-término en los recién nacidos con DR enfatiza la importancia de controlar el implemento de acciones para disminuir los factores de riesgo asociados a esta condición.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify maternal, fetal and neonatal risk factors associated with perinatal hypoxia in neonates at Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi (HUM Mederi) from 2007 to 2011. Methodology In the period 2007-2011, 8 837 children were born in HUM Mederi. Only the cases that presented with perinatal asphyxia (PA), according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), or another respiratory distress (RD) diagnosis were considered for this analysis, based on the computer records of the Neonatology Service in HUM Mederi. Maternal, fetal and neonatal risk factors were analyzed. Data were shown according to the number of newborns in each group and their percentage. Results The overall mortality rate was 10.7. The lowest values were found in 2010 and 2011 (3.3 and 1.8, respectively). Gestational diabetes, hypertension, chorioamnionitis and placenta previa were more frequent in the RD group, whereas hypoglycemia, sepsis, hypotonia and hypoactivity among neurological alterations were more common in the PA group. Correspondence between neurological alterations and Apgar Test was low in the cases diagnosed with PA. Conclusions The mortality rate was very low compared to regional and local levels, and more infants presented with moderate perinatal asphyxia. These results coincide with literature reports. The high number of preterm births with DR emphasizes the importance of controlling the implementation of actions to reduce the risk factors associated with this condition.

Risk factors associated with the development of perinatal asphyxia in neonates at the Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia, 2010-2011 / Factores de riesgo asociados con el desarrollo de asfixia perinatal en neonatos en el Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia, 2010-2011

Abstract Introduction: Perinatal asphyxia is one of the main causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide and it generates high costs for health systems; however, it has modifiable risk factors. Objective: To identify the risk factors associated with the development of perinatal asphyxia in newborns at Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: Incident cases and concurrent controls were examined. Cases were defined as newborns with moderate to severe perinatal asphyxia who were older than or equal to 36 weeks of gestational age, needed advanced resuscitation and presented one of the following: early neurological disorders, multi-organ commitment or a sentinel event. The controls were newborns without asphyxia who were born one week apart from the case at the most and had a comparable gestational age. Patients with major congenital malformations and syndromes were excluded. Results: Fifty-six cases and 168 controls were examined. Premature placental abruption (OR=41.09; 95%CI: 4.61-366.56), labor with a prolonged expulsive phase (OR=31.76; 95%CI: 8.33-121.19), lack of oxytocin use (OR=2.57; 95% CI: 1.08 - 6.13) and mothers without a partner (OR=2.56; 95% CI: 1.21-5.41) were risk factors for the development of perinatal asphyxia in the study population. Social difficulties were found in a greater proportion among the mothers of cases. Conclusions: Proper control and monitoring of labor, development of a thorough partograph, and active searches are recommended to ensure that all pregnant women have adequate prenatal care with the provision of social support to reduce the frequency and negative impact of perinatal asphyxia.

Resumen Introducción: La asfixia perinatal constituye una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal en el mundo, tiene factores de riesgo modificables y genera altos costos para los sistemas de salud. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de asfixia perinatal en recién nacidos en el Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de casos incidentes y controles concurrentes. Los casos se definieron como neonatos con asfixia perinatal moderada a grave, de edad de gestación mayor o igual a 36 semanas, que requirieron reanimación avanzada y presentaron, al menos, una de las siguientes condiciones: alteraciones neurológicas tempranas, falla orgánica múltiple o aparición de un evento centinela. Los controles se definieron como neonatos sin diagnóstico de asfixia, nacidos hasta con una semana de diferencia con respecto al caso y de edad de gestación comparable. Se excluyeron los pacientes con malformaciones congénitas mayores y síndromes. Resultados: Se estudiaron 56 casos y 168 controles. El desprendimiento prematuro de la placenta (odds ratio, OR=41,09; IC95% 4,61-366,56), un trabajo de parto con fase expulsiva prolongada (OR=31,76; IC95% 8,33-121,19), no usar oxitocina (OR=2,57; IC95% 1,08-6,13) y ser madre soltera (OR=2,56; IC95% 1,21-5,41) fueron factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de asfixia perinatal en la población bajo estudio. En las madres de los casos se encontraron dificultades sociales en mayor proporción. Conclusiones: Se recomienda un control adecuado y una vigilancia apropiada del trabajo de parto, hacer un estricto partograma, y una búsqueda activa, de manera que cada mujer embarazada tenga un adecuado control prenatal y reciba apoyo social.

¿Es posible disminuir la incidencia de encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica? / Is it possible to reduce the incidence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy?

Objetivo: Determinar si una política local, establecida en la Maternidad del Hospital Padre Hurtado (HPH), para bajar la incidencia de Encefalopatía Hipóxico Isquémica es efectiva, sin incrementar en forma relevante la tasa de cesáreas. Diseño: Estudio de cohorte. Escenario: Unidad de Gestión Clínica de la Mujer y el Recién Nacido del Hospital Padre Hurtado. Población: Neonatos mayores de 33 semanas de edad gestacional, nacidos en el Hospital Padre Hurtado durante los años 1999 y 2015. Método: Se revisaron los resultados de una política de intervención para prevención de asfixia neonatal establecida en la Maternidad del Hospital Padre Hurtado durante un periodo de 14 años. Resultados: Al analizar los datos de un total de 102.612 nacidos vivos, se constató una disminución en la incidencia de EHI en sus 3 grados de una tasa de 4.75/1.000 nacidos vivos previo a la intervención (grupo control) a una tasa de 1.46 por 1.000 nacidos vivos post intervenciones, con alta significancia estadística (p=0,008), llegando en los últimos 6 años a tasa promedio de 0.87/1.000 nacidos vivos. La tasa de EHI moderada y severa bajó de 1.15 por mil nacidos vivos a 0.62, también con alta significancia estadística (p=0.02). La tasa de cesáreas oscilo entre 26-29 % en estos años. Conclusión: La introducción de intervenciones protocolizadas y sistematizadas por medio de la implementación de guías de manejo del trabajo de parto, la capacitación del equipo de profesionales y la auditoría continua de los casos de EHI en el Servicio de Maternidad del Hospital Padre Hurtado se asoció a una disminución significativa de EHI, manteniendo la tasa de cesáreas bajo 30%.

Objectives: Determine whether a local policy to reduce the incidence of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), established at the Maternity Unit of Hospital Padre Hurtado (HPH), is effective without significantly increasing the cesarean rate. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Maternity unit of Hospital Padre Hurtado. Population: Newborns older than 33 weeks born at Hospital Padre Hurtado between 1999 and 2015. Methods: The results of a training policy to prevent HIE and perinatal asphyxia established at the Maternity unit of Hospital Padre Hurtado were reviewed during a period of 14 years. Results: From a total of 102.612 newborns analyzed, results showed a decrease in all grades of HIE incidence, from a rate of 4.75 / 1,000 live births prior to intervention (control group) to a rate of 1.46 per 1,000 live births after interventions, with high statistically significance (p=0.008), it reached an average rate of 0.87/1000 for the last 6 years. The moderate and severe HIE rate decreased from 1.15/1000 to 0.62/1000, also with high statistically significance (p=0.02). During the same period of time, the cesarean rate varied between 26-29%. Conclusion: The introduction of protocolized and systematized interventions trough the implantation of Management guides, obstetrics emergency trainings to the professional team and continues audit of the HIE cases at the Maternity unit Hospital Padre Hurtado was associated to a significant decrease of HIE, maintaining the rate of cesareans below 30%.

Asphyxie périnatale du nouveau-né à terme : facteurs de risque et pronostic au Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire (CNHU­HKM) de Cotonou

Introduction: Dans les pays en développement l'asphyxie périnatale constitue l'une des principales causes de décès néonataux. La plupart des facteurs de risque associés peuvent être prévenus. L'objectif de cette étude était d'étudier les facteurs de risque associés à l'asphyxie périnatale, et le pronostic des nouveau-nés ayant présenté une asphyxie dans l'unité de néonatologie du CNHU-HKM de Cotonou.Patients et méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude cas-témoin réalisée du 1er avril au 31 août 2015. Les données de 64 nouveau-nés à terme ayant présenté une asphyxie ont été comparées à celles de 128 nouveau-nés à terme sans asphyxie. Résultats : La prévalence était de 4,5%. Les facteurs associés à l'asphyxie étaient la présence d'une affection au cours de la grossesse (p= 0,004 OR 7,05 [1,84 ­ 26,96]), le long travail d'accouchement(p= 0,041 OR 3,09 [1,04 ­ 9,16]), la rupture prématurée des membranes (p=0,002 OR 17,51[2,93 104,56]), le liquide amniotique teinté et/ou fétide (p<0,001 OR 137,18 [29,18 - 651,03]). L'évaluation des nouveau-nés les 24 premières heures avait noté une encéphalopathie anoxo-ischémique : grade 1 (36%) ; grade 2 (45%) ; grade 3 (19%) selon la classification de Sarnat. A la 48ème heure une encéphalopathie anoxo-ischémique était présente chez 87,5% des nouveau-nés (n= 56). Elle était de grade 2 et de grade 3 dans 46,3% des cas. Le taux de décès des nouveau-nés étaient de 26,6%. Conclusion : Le dépistage systématique des facteurs de risque avec mesures correctrices conséquentes permettraient d'optimiser la prise en charge des nouveau-nés

Adverse perinatal outcomes for advanced maternal age: a cross-sectional study of Brazilian births / Resultados perinatais adversos em mulheres com idade materna avançada: estudo transversal com nascimentos brasileiros

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To investigate the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in women aged ≥41 years relatively to those aged 21-34. METHODS: Approximately 8.5 million records of singleton births in Brazilian hospitals in the period 2004-2009 were investigated. Odds ratios were estimated for preterm and post-term births, for low Apgar scores at 1 min and at 5 min, for asphyxia, for low birth weight, and for macrosomia. RESULTS: For pregnant women ≥41, increased risks were identified for preterm births, for post-term births (except for primiparous women with schooling ≥12 years), and for low birth weight. When comparing older vs. younger women, higher educational levels ensure similar risks of low Apgar score at 1 min (for primiparous mothers and term births), of low Apgar score at 5 min (for term births), of macrosomia (for non-primiparous women), and of asphyxia. CONCLUSION: As a rule, older mothers are at higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, which, however, may be mitigated or eliminated, depending on gestational age, parity, and, especially, on the education level of the pregnant woman.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS: Investigar o risco de resultados perinatais adversos em mulheres ≥ 41 anos relativamente àquelas com idade 21-34. MÉTODOS: Cerca de 8,5 milhões de registros de nascimentos únicos em hospitais brasileiros no período 2004-2009 foram investigados. Odds ratios foram estimados para nascimentos prematuros e pós-termo, baixos índices de Apgar no 1° e 5° minutos, asfixia, baixo peso ao nascer e macrossomia. RESULTADOS: Para as mulheres grávidas ≥ 41, aumento de riscos foram identificados para nascimentos prematuros, partos pós-termo (com exceção de primíparas com escolaridade ≥ 12 anos) e baixo peso ao nascer. Relativamente a mulheres mais velhas vs. mais jovens, maiores níveis de escolaridade garantem riscos semelhantes de baixo índice de Apgar no 1° minuto (para primíparas e nascimentos a termo), de baixo índice de Apgar no 5° minuto (para nascimentos a termo), de macrossomia (para não primíparas) e de asfixia. CONCLUSÃO: Em geral, mães mais velhas estão sob maiores riscos de desfechos perinatais adversos, mas esses são minimizados ou eliminados a depender da idade gestacional, da paridade e, em especial, da escolaridade da gestante.

Umbilical cord blood gas and lactate levels as a marker of birth asphyxia in neonates with particular reference to resource limited countries

Birth asphyxia remains an important cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in the developing world. Babies who suffer birth asphyxia may develop cerebral palsy, learning difficulties and epilepsy. Early diagnosis and prompt placement of rehabilitative measures would help to reduce the burden of complications arising as a result of birth asphyxia. Time and again effort has been made to develop markers that would help in predicting outcome of neonates who have had an asphyxial insult. One such parameter that is now routinely being used in the developed world is the measurement of umbilical cord blood lactate level measured from blood gases. This review highlights the importance of early diagnosis of birth asphyxia and the role of umbilical cord blood lactate level in identifying babies who have had birth asphyxia in resource limited countries with a particular reference to Pakistan

Mothers' Knowledge about Birth Asphyxia: The Need to do More!

Background: Health education is an important tool required for reducing the burden of birth asphyxia in the developing world. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of mothers; who received health facility-based antenatal care during their last pregnancy; about birth asphyxia and relate their knowledge to their places of antenatal care. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of mothers of infants attending the Immunization clinic in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital was done between July and October 2010 using a close-ended questionnaire. Consecutively consenting mothers were enrolled into the study. Results: Out of 354 mothers; 56.5 received counseling about birth asphyxia during antenatal clinic visits in their last pregnancy; 85.5 of attendees of teaching hospital; and 26.4 of attendees of private antenatal clinics received counseling about birth asphyxia. Overall; 38.9 of the respondents had satisfactory knowledge about birth asphyxia; 47.5 of teaching hospital attendees; and 28.1 of private clinic attendees had satisfactory knowledge about birth asphyxia. Lower socioeconomic status; lack of counseling; and nonattendance of teaching hospital antenatal clinic were associated with poor knowledge about birth asphyxia. Conclusion: Most of the mothers surveyed had poor knowledge about the risk factors and sequelae of birth asphyxia. The health system needs to improve health education of expectant mothers about birth asphyxia

Assessment of Knowledge on Neonatal Resuscitation amongst Health Care Providers in Kenya

Introduction: Competence in neonatal resuscitation; which represents the most urgent pediatric clinical situation; is critical in delivery rooms to ensure safety and health of newly born infants. The challenges experienced by health care providers during this procedure are unique due to different causes of cardio respiratory arrest. This study aimed at assessing the knowledge of health providers on neonatal resuscitation. Methods: Data were gathered among 192 health providers drawn from all counties of Kenya. The clinicians were asked to complete questionnaires which were in two parts as; demographic information and assessment of their knowledge by different scenarios which were formatted in the multiple choice questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15.0 for windows. The results are presented using tables: Results: All the participants were aged 23 years and above with at least a certificate training. Most medical providers had heard of neonatal resuscitation (85.4) with only 23 receiving formal training. The average duration of neonatal training was 3 hours with 50 having missed out on practical exposure. When asked on steps of resuscitation; only 68 (35.4) of the participants scored above 85. More than 70 of them considered their knowledge about neonatal resuscitation inadequate and blamed it on inadequate medical training programs. Conclusion: Health providers; as the key personnel in the management of neonatal resuscitation; in this survey seem to have inadequate training and knowledge on this subject. Increasing the duration and quality of formal training should be considered during the pre-service medical education to ensure acceptable neonatal outcome

Abordagem do near miss neonatal no 2005 WHO Global Survey Brazil / Neonatal near miss approach in the 2005 WHO Global Survey Brazil

Objetivos: Explorar o uso do conceito de near miss neonatal como uma ferramenta para a avaliação da qualidade do atendimento neonatal, já que 3 milhões de óbitos neonatais precoces ocorrem a cada ano em todo o mundo. A maioria desses óbitos é evitável e ocorre em países em desenvolvimento. Métodos: Esta é uma análise secundária do 2005 WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health, um estudo transversal. Nossa análise incluiu dados de 19 hospitais brasileiros selecionados aleatoriamente. Uma definição pragmática de near miss neonatal foi desenvolvida e testada. Os indicadores de near miss foram calculados. Resultados: Entre os 15.169 nascidos vivos incluídos nesta análise, 424 apresentaram pelo menos uma das seguintes condições: muito baixo peso ao nascer, menos de 30 semanas de gestação ao nascer ou escore de Apgar aos 5 minutos de vida menor que 7. De acordo com a definição operacional, esses sobreviventes de condições com risco de vida foram considerados casos de near miss. A taxa de mortalidade neonatal precoce foi de 8,2/1.000 nascidos vivos, e a taxa de near miss neonatal foi de 21,4 casos/1.000 nascidos vivos. Variações substanciais na mortalidade entre recém-nascidos com condições com risco de vida ao nascer foram observadas, o que sugere a existência de questões relacionadas à qualidade do atendimento intra-hospitalar. Conclusão: O conceito de near miss e os indicadores forneceram informações que poderiam ser úteis para avaliar a qualidade do atendimento e para estabelecer prioridades para outras avaliações e para a melhoria da atenção à saúde dos recém-nascidos.

Objectives: To explore the use of the neonatal near miss concept as a tool to evaluate the quality of neonatal care, as 3 million early neonatal deaths occur every year around the world and the majority of these deaths are avoidable and take place in developing countries. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the 2005 WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health, a cross-sectional study, using data from 19 randomly selected Brazilian hospitals. A pragmatic definition of neonatal near miss was developed and tested. Near miss indicators were calculated. Results: Among the 15,169 live born infants included in this analysis, 424 presented at least one of the following conditions: very low birth weight, less than 30 gestational weeks at birth or an Apgar score at the 5th minute of life less than 7. According to the operational definition, these survivors from life-threatening conditions were considered neonatal near miss cases. The early neonatal mortality rate was 8.2/1,000 live births, the neonatal near miss rate was 21.4 neonatal near miss cases/1,000 live births. Substantial variations in the mortality among neonates with life-threatening conditions at birth were observed suggesting intra-hospital quality of care issues. Conclusion:The near miss concept and indicators provided information that could be useful to evaluate the quality of care and set priorities for further assessments and health care improvement for newborn infants.

Análise epidemiológica de asfixia perinatal em recém nascidos no Hospital Geral Prado Valadares (HGPV) / Epidemiologyc analysis of perinatal asphixia in newborns at Prado Valadares General Hospital

A asfixia perinatal é caracterizada por acidose metabólica ou mista devido à falta de oxigenação e perfusão sanguínea nos tecidos, sendo esta uma das maiores causas de óbitos neonatais e de sequelas neurológicas em recém-nascidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer a prevalência de asfixia perinatal em recém-nascidos, caracterizando as variáveis maternas, fetais e do parto e quantificando a ocorrência dos óbitos neonatais por asfixia perinatal no Hospital Geral Prado Valadares (HGPV), no município de Jequié (BA). Metodologicamente, trata-se de estudo descritivo, seccional para levantamento da prevalênciade asfixia perinatal em recém-nascidos no HGPV, no período de janeiro a junho de 2007. Osdados foram obtidos através das declarações dos nascidos vivos dos prontuários dos neonatos.Os resultados apontam que a prevalência da asfixia perinatal foi de 4,21% entre recém nascidos; destes, 62,3% a termo, e peso ao nascer (56,6%) entre 2.500 a 3.999g. Para as variáveis maternas 90,8% eram solteiras, com média de idade de 22,63 anos (± 6,295), coma ocupação do lar (82,2%), e menos de 8 anos de estudo (61,8%). Destas mães, 53,9% eramprimíparas, 76,3% tiveram parto vaginal e 50,0% realizaram de 4 a 6 consultas pré-natais.Concluiu-se que a alta prevalência encontrada no estudo aponta a necessidade de atençãopara os nascimentos no HGPV.

Perinatal asphyxia is an affection characterized by metabolic and mixed acidosis due to lack of oxygenation and blood perfusion on tissues, being one of the higher causes of neonatal deaths and neurological sequela e in infants. The objective of this study is to learn the prevalence of perinatal asphyxia in newborns, characterizing maternal, fetal and delivery variables, quantifying the occurrence of neonatal deaths by perinatal asphyxia in Prado Valadares General Hospital. Methodologically, it is a descriptive and cross-sectional study, aimed at finding out the prevalence of perinatal asphyxia in infants born at Prado Valadares General Hospital (PVGH) in the city of Jequié (BA), from January to June 2007. Data about mother, infant and delivery were obtained from birth certificates of live infants records. Results show that the prevalence of perinatal asphyxia was 4.21 cases of asphyxia among infants by 100 births, being term infantsthose with adequate weight (between 2,500 and 3,999g) and with no sex predomination. The mothers have mean age of 22.63 years, singles, housekeepers, education inferior to 8 years ofstudy, who had from 4 to 6 prenatal consultations, being primiparae with vaginal delivery. Of the 76 cases of asphyxia, 6 passed away which represents 7.9%. Concluded that the prevalence of perinatal asphyxia found in the study was high demonstrating the necessity attention to the births in PVGH.

Perfil perinatal dos recém-nascidos de um hospital universitário da região Sul do Brasil / Perinatal profile of newborns at a university hospital in South Brazil

Introdução: Foram analisados os dados relacionados aos partos de 766 recém-nascidos de uma maternidade de hospital de ensino, objetivando avaliar as condições perinatais relacionadas a todos os nascimentos, com ênfase na idade gestacional, peso ao nascer, tipo de parto, condições de nascimento e atenção ao parto e ao recém-nascido. A pesquisa visou, também, a identificar as variáveis maternas relacionadas à gestação, como patologias mais freqüentes, tempo de ruptura de membranas antes do parto, tipo de parto, entre outras. Resultados: Entre os nascidos vivos que ingressaram na coorte, 53,9% eram do sexo masculino, 11,6% prematuros (menor de 37 semanas) e 12% de baixo peso ao nascer (menor de 2.500g). 26% apresentaram algum tipo de asfixia neonatal, 49,6% necessitaram de algum tipo de reanimação, sendo que destes 12% de ventilação com pressão positiva. A complicação mais comum detectada no alojamento conjunto foi icterícia, diagnosticada em 59%. Entre a totalidade dos recém-nascidos, 17,4% permaneceram internados no hospital além do período habitual. O índice de parto operatório (47%) pode ser considerado alto quando comparado a índices internacionais, porém menor que o índice de todas as maternidades em conjunto da mesma cidade. Conclusão: Os recém-nascidos prematuros e de baixo peso ao nascer apresentam índices de morbidade significativamente maiores quando comparados aos recém-nascidos de termo e de peso adequado (AU)

Introduction: We have analyzed the data concerning the delivery of 766 newborns at the maternity ward of a school hospital in order to assess the perinatal conditions surrounding all births, with an emphasis on gestational age, birth weight, mode of delivery, birth conditions, and childbirth and newborn care. The study also aimed at identifying such pregnancy-related maternal variables as more frequent pathologies, timing of membrane ruptures before birth, type of delivery, among others. Results: Among the live births included in this cohort, 53.9% were males, 11.6% were premature (less than 37 weeks), 12% had low birth weight (less than 2.500g), 25.7% had some type of neonatal asphyxia, 49.6% needed some kind of resuscitation, of whom 12% required ventilation with positive pressure. The most common complication in this series was jaundice (59%). Among all newborns, 17.4% remained in hospital beyond the usual period. The rate of cesarean sections (47%) was high as compared to international rates, but it was lower than those of all local maternity wards. Conclusion: Premature and low birth weight infants have higher mortality rates as compared to full term babies and those with appropriate weight for gestational age (AU)

Material and human resources for neonatal resuscitation in public maternity hospitals in Brazilian state capitals / Recursos materiais e humanos para a reanimação neonatal nas maternidades públicas das capitais brasileiras

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: In 2002, the early neonatal mortality rate in Brazil was 12.42 per thousand live births. Perinatal asphyxia was the greatest cause of neonatal death (about 23 percent). This study aimed to evaluate the availability of the resources required for neonatal resuscitation in delivery rooms of public hospitals in Brazilian state capitals. DESIGN AND SETTING: Multicenter cross-sectional study involving 36 hospitals in 20 Brazilian state capitals in June 2003. METHODS: Each Brazilian region was represented by 1-4 percent of its live births. A local coordinator collected data regarding physical infrastructure, supplies and professionals available for neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room. The information was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 10. RESULTS: Among the 36 hospitals, 89 percent were referral centers for high-risk pregnancies. Each institution had a monthly mean of 365 live births (3 percent < 1,500 g and 15 percent < 2,500 g). The 36 hospitals had 125 resuscitation tables (3-4 per hospital), all with overhead radiant heat, oxygen and vacuum sources. Appropriate equipment for pulmonary ventilation was available for more than 90 percent of the 125 resuscitation tables. On average, one pediatrician, three nurses and five nursing assistants per shift worked in the delivery rooms of each institution. Out of the 874 pediatricians and 1,037 nursing personnel that worked in the delivery rooms of the 36 hospitals, 94 percent and 22 percent, respectively, were trained in neonatal resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: The main public maternity hospitals in Brazilian state capitals have the resources to resuscitate neonates at birth.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Em 2002, a mortalidade neonatal precoce brasileira foi 12,42 para cada mil nascidos vivos e a asfixia perinatal foi responsável por 23 por cento dessas mortes. Este estudo visa avaliar a disponibilidade dos recursos necessários para a reanimação neonatal nas salas de parto de hospitais públicos brasileiros. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal multicêntrico de 36 maternidades, em 20 capitais brasileiras, em junho de 2003. MÉTODOS: As maternidades selecionadas em cada região brasileira representaram 1-4 por cento dos nascidos vivos da região. O coordenador local da pesquisa respondeu a um questionário estruturado com dados a respeito da estrutura física, os equipamentos e o pessoal disponível para a reanimação neonatal em cada maternidade. A análise descritiva foi feita por meio do programa Statistical Package for Social Science 10.0. RESULTADOS: 89 por cento das 36 maternidades eram referência para gestação de risco. Cada hospital tinha um número médio mensal de 365 nascimentos (3 por cento < 1.500 g e 15 por cento < 2.500 g). Os 36 hospitais tinham 125 mesas de reanimação (3-4/hospital), todas com calor radiante, fonte de oxigênio e vácuo. Equipamento adequado para ventilação pulmonar estava disponível em mais de 90 por cento das 125 mesas. Em média, um pediatra, três enfermeiras e cinco auxiliares de enfermagem trabalhavam por turno nas salas de parto de cada instituição. Dos 874 pediatras e 1.037 profissionais de enfermagem que atuavam nas salas de parto, 94 por cento e 22 por cento haviam recebido treinamento em reanimação neonatal respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: As maternidades públicas das capitais brasileiras apresentam salas de parto com infra-estrutura adequada para a reanimação neonatal.

Risk factor analysis in asphyxiated newborns and their outcome in relation to stage of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy [HIE] is one of the common causes of neonatal mortality and long term sequale. The incidence is reported at 2-9/1000 live births. To find out the frequency of risk factors in asphyxiated newborns and outcome of these newborns in relation to the stage of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in hospital setting. Prospective descriptive study. This study was conducted in the Neonatology Unit of the Department of Paediatrics Unit-II, King Edward Medical University/Mayo hospital, Lahore, over a period of six months from April 01, 2006, to September 30, 2006. All the asphyxiated babies admitted during study period were included in study. Babies having congenital anomalies were excluded. The mothers were interviewed by using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Out of 449 total admissions in study period, 227[51%] babies were asphyxiated. Eighty five [37%] newborns had stage I HIE, 39% had stage II and 24% had stage III HIE. One hundred and sixty four [73%] were full term. Majority of the newborns were male [60%]. One hundred and thirteen [49%] newborns were between 1.5 and 2.5kg. One hundred and thirty four [59%] babies delivered normally while seventy four [33%] were delivered by caesarian section. Hundred and sixty seven [74%] newborns were referred from government hospitals. Most of the deliveries [80%] were conducted by doctors. Majority of the mothers [48%] were below 25 years of age, 34% mothers were primigravida and 33% mothers received general anesthesia during labor. One hundred and sixty five [73%] babies had cephalic presentation. None of the deliveries were attended by a paediatrician in any of the cases. Maternal hypertension was found in 53 [23%] mothers, gestational diabetes in 9 [4%], hypoxia in 6 [3%], anemia in 31 [14%], toxemia in 19 [8%], pelvic abnormality in 30 [13%] and antepartum hemorrhage in 14 [6%]. No mother was found to be smoker. Eight [4%] babies had cord around the neck during delivery. One hundred and ten [48%] newborns were brought to the neonatal unit within one hour of delivery. Majority 21% of HIE I remained admitted in neonatology unit for less than 24 hours while 27[12%] of babies of HIE III died within 24 hour of admission. Among the factors studied, gestational age, weight, mode of delivery, birth attendant, sedation during labor and late arrival in neonatal unit were found to be significant with p value of < 0.05. HIE is caused by the risk factors that may be antepartum, intrapartum or postpartum. Monitoring for the known risk factors of asphyxia, proper training of primary birth attendants and improvement in neonatal resuscitation services can minimize the incidence of HIE

Pregnancy outcomes in placental abruption.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the outcomes of pregnancies with placental abruption and to investigate the relationship between clinical maternal characteristics and poor perinatal outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted to evaluate 103 cases of placental abruption delivered at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital from 1995 to 2004. RESULTS: There were 111,375 singleton deliveries with 103 cases (0.92 in 1,000) complicated by placental abruption during the study period. Placental abruption attributed to maternal complications including hemorrhagic shock (19.4%), Couvelaire uterus (16.5%) and DIC (5.8%). The perinatal outcomes included low birth weight (65.0%), preterm (56.3%), severe birth asphyxia (16.5%) and perinatal death (16.5%). Placental abruption with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), DIC and blood transfusion had a significantly higher incidence of perinatal mortality than the remainder (odds ratio [OR] 4.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.41-12.24; OR 12.92, 95%CI 2.15-77.80 and OR 3.93, 95%CI 1.27-12.19, respectively). Placental abruption with Couvelaire uterus had a significantly higher incidence of severe birth asphyxia than the remainder (OR 3.72, 95%CI 1.14-2.09). CONCLUSION: Placental abruption had a profound impact on both maternal and perinatal complications including DIC, Couvelaire uterus, severe birth asphyxia and perinatal death. The relationship between PIH, DIC, blood transfusion and Couvelaire uterus with poor perinatal outcomes were found Therefore, placental abruption with these clinical characteristics should be closely monitored and prompt delivery should be carried out at tertiary care centers with adequate maternal-neonatal intensive care facilities.