Linfoma primario no Hodgkin de mama / Primary Non-Hodgkin's Breast Lymphoma

Introducción: El cáncer de mama se ha convertido en un verdadero desafío a la calidad y expectativa de vida de la población mundial, con un aumento considerable en su incidencia y prevalencia. Cuba cuenta, desde 1987, con un Programa de Control de Cáncer Mamario. Objetivo: Ejemplificar el estudio de un caso con linfoma no Hodgkin primario de la mama, su cuadro clínico y los medios diagnósticos utilizados. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 70 años de edad, color de la piel negra, que acudió al Consultorio Médico de la Familia por presentar malestar general, molestias y aumento de volumen en la mama derecha. Se le remitió a consulta de cirugía y se le realizaron estudios complementarios. Se detectó nódulo de mediana densidad, contornos parcialmente definidos, distorsión del tejido vecino, otros nódulos de menos tamaño y densidad en el cuadrante inferior interno, calcificaciones vasculares en ambas mamas. Una biopsia corrobora linfoma no Hodgkin difuso de células grandes de alto grado. Conclusiones: El linfoma primario no Hodgkin de mama es muy raro y de difícil diagnóstico clínico porque no se dispone de signos, síntomas o criterios de imagen específicos para ello. El autoexamen de mama continúa siendo el principal método de diagnóstico del cáncer de mama y aunque el examen clínico, el ultrasonido de mama y la mamografía apoyan la presunción, es la biopsia quien solo brinda la confirmación diagnóstica precisa(AU)

Introduction: Breast cancer has become a real challenge to the quality of life and to life expectancy of the world population, with a considerable increase in its incidence and prevalence. Cuba has, since 1987, a breast cancer control program. Objective: To present a case with primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast in a 70-year-old patient, its clinical picture and the diagnostic means used. Clinical case: 70-year-old female patient, with black skin, who came to the family medical office due to malaise, discomfort and increased volume in her right breast. She was referred to surgery and complementary studies were performed. Nodule of medium density was identified, with partially defined contours, distortion of the neighboring tissue, together with other nodules of less size and density in the lower internal quadrant, and vascular calcifications in both breasts. A biopsy confirms diffuse high-grade large-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Conclusions: Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast is very rare and difficult to diagnose clinically because there are no specific signs, symptoms or imaging criteria for it. Breast self-examination continues to be the main method of diagnosis for breast cancer and, although clinical examination, breast ultrasound and mammography support such diagnostic presumption, it is the biopsy that only provides the precise diagnostic confirmation(AU)

BRCAR: herramienta de soporte en la evaluación del riesgo para cáncer de mama / BRCAR: Support Tools for Risk Evaluation of Breast Cancer

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es el tumor maligno más frecuente en el mundo, en Cuba, es la segunda causa de muerte en mujeres. La insuficiencia en el diagnóstico precoz y la existencia de novedosas estrategias de tratamiento plantean la necesidad de establecer formas eficaces para identificar el riesgo en personas sanas, sin embargo en nuestro país no se cuenta con un método eficaz para predecir el riesgo y direccionar las acciones preventivas y terapéuticas. Objetivo: Crear un estándar nacional orientado a la identificación del cáncer de mama como soporte a la práctica médica y como herramienta de apoyo en la evaluación del riesgo. Método: Se combinaron 28 variables (determinadas por los factores de riesgo de cáncer de mama) a las cuales se les atribuyeron parámetros de ponderación asociados al nivel de incidencia registrado en la literatura médica, utilizando un algoritmo de votación como elemento matemático central. Resultados: Se desarrolló un sistema computarizado para la evaluación del riesgo de cáncer de mama en personas sanas. Conclusiones: BRCAR es una herramienta de soporte para objetivar el riesgo del cáncer de mama, al determinar el impacto de determinados factores de riesgo, con el fin de direccionar los métodos de estudio para la detección precoz(AU)

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant tumour in the world; it is the second cause of women death in Cuba. The insufficiency in early diagnosis and the existence of novel treatment strategies raise the need to establish effective ways to identify risk in healthy people, however in our country there is no effective method to predict risk and direct preventive actions and therapeutic. Objective: To create a national standard aimed at identifying breast cancer as a support to medical practice and support tool in risk assessment. Method: 28 variables (determined by risk factors for breast cancer) were combined; assigning to those variables weighting parameters associated with the level of incidence recorded in the medical literature, using a voting algorithm as the central mathematical element. Results: A computerized system was developed to assess the risk of breast cancer in healthy people. Conclusions: BRCAR is a support tool to objectify the risk of breast cancer, by determining the impact of certain risk factors, in order to direct study methods for early detection(AU)

Intervención educativa sobre cáncer de mama / Educative Intervention about Breast Cancer

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es una proliferación maligna de las células epiteliales que revisten los conductos o lobulillos mamarios. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de una intervención educativa sobre cáncer de mama. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental de intervención educativa sobre cáncer de mama en mujeres mayores de 30 años pertenecientes al consultorio 13 del Policlínico Pedro del Toro; de Holguín durante el 2018. La población de estudio la constituyó el total de mujeres adultas mayores de 30 años de edad, 124 pertenecientes al consultorio en estudio. La muestra quedó conformada por 80 pacientes, seleccionadas mediante el muestreo aleatorio simple. Resultados: En cuanto a las necesidades identificadas, las 80 pacientes (100 por ciento) expresaron la necesidad de conocer acerca de los factores de riesgo del cáncer de mama. Antes del programa educativo predominaron las mujeres con conocimientos inadecuados sobre prevención del cáncer de mama, autoexamen de mama y factores de riesgo (80 por ciento, 65 por ciento y 80 por ciento, respectivamente). Luego de la intervención aumentaron a suficientes: en el primer caso al 85 por ciento, en el segundo y tercero a 100 por ciento. La aplicación de dicho programa resultó efectiva en 68 féminas, para un 85 por ciento. Conclusiones: La intervención educativa fue efectiva, porque demostró un incremento en el nivel de conocimiento sobre la prevención, los factores de riesgo y el autoexamen de mama(AU)

Introduction: Breast cancer is a malignant growth of epithelial cells that line the ducts or breast lobules. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of an educative intervention about breast cancer. Methods: A quasiexperimental study of an educative intervention about breast cancer was carried out, during 2018, with women over 30 years belonging to the family medical office 13 of Pedro del Toro Polyclinic of Holguín. The study population was made up of all women aged over 30 years: 124 women, who belonged to the medical office under study. The sample was made up of 80 patients, selected by simple random sampling. Results: Regarding the identified needs, all the patients expressed the need to know about the risk factors for breast cancer. Before the educative program, women with inadequate knowledge of breast cancer prevention, breast self-examination, and risk factors predominated (80 percent, 65 percent, and 80 percent, respectively). After the intervention, this amount increased to enough: in the first case, it increased to 85 percent; in the second and third cases, it increased to 100 percent. The application of this program was effective in 68 women, accounting for 85 percent. Conclusions: The educative intervention was effective because it showed an increase in the level of knowledge about prevention, risk factors and breast self-examination(AU)

Conocimiento del autoexamen de mama y testículo en estudiantes universitarios / Knowledge of university students on breasts and testicles self-examination

Introducción: El autoexamen de mama y el autoexamen de testículos son métodos de detección temprana sencillos, económicos, seguros, no invasivos, que no requieren ningún instrumento especial para su ejecución y que permiten una mayor conciencia y conocimiento del propio cuerpo. Objetivo: Determinar el conocimiento de la práctica del autoexamen de mama o testículo en un grupo de estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre conocimientos de autoexamen de mama o testículo, consumo de tabaco, alcohol y variables sociodemográficas. El análisis de datos incluyó distribución de frecuencias, porcentajes y razones de prevalencia. Resultados: Del total de la muestra, el 43,9 por ciento eran hombres, de ellos el 30,7 por ciento manifestó conocer cómo se debía realizar el autoexamen de testículo. Los masculinos pertenecientes a estratos altos, los que se encontraban cursando tercer año y quienes tenían estudios afines con la facultad de salud mostraron las mayores tasas de conocimiento. De las mujeres, el 73,7 por ciento conocía cómo realizar el autoexamen de mama, demostrando tasas mayores de conocimientos las que cursaban cuarto año, las que pertenecían a estratos altos y las que tenían estudios afines con la facultad de salud. No se encontró asociación estadística con el conocimiento del autoexamen de testículo; mientras que ser mayor de 22 años y pertenecer a estratos altos fueron factores predisponentes para el autoexamen de mama. Conclusiones: Las mujeres tienen mayor percepción de la importancia del autocuidado para su salud, a la vez que manifiestan mayor conocimiento de los procedimientos para realizar el autoexamen. No obstante, existen hombres y mujeres que no saben aún como realizarlo, de ahí la importancia de desarrollar e implementar programas de educación, prevención y promoción del autoexamen en los estudiantes universitarios(AU)

Introduction: Breasts self-examination and testicles self-examination are simple, economic, safe, non-invasive early detection's methods that do not require any special tool for their performance and that foster a higher awareness and knowledge on your own body. Objective: To determine the knowledge of the breast or testicles self-examination practice in a group of university students. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. It was performed a questionnaire on the knowledge of the breast or testicles self-examination, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and socio-demographic variables. Data analysis included frequencies and percentages distribution, and prevalence ratios. Results: From the total of the sample, 43,9 percent were men, and 30,7 percent of them expressed to have knowledge on how to perform the testicles self-examination. Males corresponding to high strata, the ones that were in third year of the major, and those who had studies related to the Health's Faculty showed higher rates of knowledge. From women, 73,7 percent knew how to perform the breasts self-examination showing higher rates of knowledge the ones that were in the fourth year of the major, the ones that belonged to higher strata and the ones that had studies related with the Health's Faculty. There was not found statistic association with the knowledge on testicles self-examination; while being older than 22 years old and belonging to high strata were predisposing factors for breasts self-examination. Conclusions: Women have higher perception of the importance for health of self-care, while they show more knowledge on the procedures to perform self-examination. Nevertheless, there are men and women that do not know yet how to perform it, that is why it is important to develop and implement programs of education, prevention and promotion of the self-examination in university students(AU)

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en cáncer de mama y el autoexamen para detección temprana / Knowledge, attitudes and practices about breast cancer and self-examination for early detection

Antecedentes: El cáncer de mama (CM) es causa frecuente de morbimortalidad en todo el mundo y Honduras no es excepción. Se ha hecho muchos esfuerzos por promover la detección y tratamiento temprano. Objetivo: Determinar los conocimien-tos, actitudes y prácticas en mujeres sobre el CM y su detección y tratamiento oportuno. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo durante el primer trimestre del 2017. Se entrevistó a 100 pacientes consecutivas en las consultas externas de medicina general y ginecología en el Centro de Salud San Miguel, Hospital San Felipe de Tegucigalpa, Hospital General Santa Teresa de Comayagua. Las variables evaluadas fueron sociodemográicas, conceptos sobre cáncer de mama, práctica y método del autoexamen de mama y actitudes respecto a la importancia y la promoción del autoexamen. RESULTADOS: Todas las personas encuestadas han escuchado de cáncer de mama, su diagnóstico y tratamiento, pero cerca de un cuarto de ellas tenían conceptos incompletos sobre la importancia y método del autoexamen, sobredimensionando la importancia de los métodos de imagen. El 91% de entrevistadas tenia entre 21 y 50 años de edad y 92% airmó que se practica el eautoexamen al menos una vez al año. El método de tratamiento más conocido fue la cirugía (78%). Las entrevistadas opinaron que los médicos promocionan poco el autoexamen. Conclusión: La educación sobre CM y autoexamen de mama debería actualizarse en Honduras en base a los conocimientos, acti-tudes y prácticas entre nuestras mujeres, según la medicina basada en evidencia. Se propone un estudio línea base multicéntrico.

Risk factors of breast cancer and knowledge about the disease: an integrative revision of Latin American studies / Fatores de risco do câncer de mama e o conhecimento sobre a doença: revisão integrativa de estudos Latino Americanos

Abstract The aim of this integrative review was to compare Latin American literature about risk and knowledge on breast cancer. Of 47 studies selected, 20 were about knowledge or awareness and 27 about risk of breast cancer. English was the dominant language in studies about risk, whereas studies about knowledge were mainly written in Spanish or Portuguese. Studies about knowledge were all cross- sectional, whereas case- control studies dominated authors’ interest about risk of breast cancer. Studies about knowledge were mainly focused on early detection of the disease and the most common study objective was breast self- examination (N = 14). In contrast, few studies about risk of breast cancer focused on early detection (N = 5). Obesity and overweight (N = 14), family history (N = 13), decreased parity (N = 12), and short breastfeeding duration (N = 10) were among the most frequent identified risk factors. Socio- economic factors such as income and educational level had variable effects on breast cancer risk and affected also knowledge of women about risk factors and early detection. Present results indicated that studies about risk of breast cancer were more often based on a better sound analytical background, compared to studies about knowledge, which were mostly descriptive.

Resumo Esta revisão teve por objetivo comparar a literatura Latino-Americana sobre o conhecimento da neoplasia mamária e seus fatores de risco. Foram selecionados 47 estudos, dos quais 27 eram sobre o risco de desenvolver câncer de mama e 20 sobre o conhecimento ou a consciência sobre a doença. Os estudos sobre fatores de risco eram principalmente do tipo caso-controle e sua maioria estava no idioma Inglês. Já as pesquisas sobre conhecimento eram, sobretudo, do tipo transversal e foram publicadas nos idiomas Português e Espanhol. As pesquisas sobre conhecimento destacaram o diagnóstico precoce da neoplasia mamária, e o autoexame da mama foi o método de detecção mais abordado (N = 14). Por outro lado, os estudos sobre fatores de risco avaliaram, principalmente, sobrepeso (N = 14), historia familiar (N = 13), baixa paridade (N = 12) e curto período de amamentação (N = 10). Fatores socioeconômicos, como a renda e o nível educacional tiveram efeitos variáveis e afetaram também o conhecimento das mulheres sobre fatores de risco e detecção precoce. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que os estudos sobre fatores de risco do câncer de mama apresentaram melhor delineamento metodológico e fundamentação teórica, comparado com os estudos sobre conhecimento que foram na maioria dos casos descritivos.

Conocimiento y perspectiva sobre la autoexploración de mamas y su realización periódica en mujeres / Knowledge, perspective and regular practice of breast self-examination on women

Introducción: el cáncer de mama es la primera causa de muerte en mujeres de 35 a 55 años, constituye un problema de Salud Pública a nivel mundial. Se calcula que la incidencia podría aumentar en 50 por ciento en el año 2020. Investigaciones recientes señalan la efectividad de la autoexploración y la exploración clínica de mama cuando se garantiza un programa organizado para el diagnóstico temprano. Objetivo: identificar el conocimiento y perspectiva sobre la autoexploración de mamas y su realización periódica en mujeres de la Unidad de Medicina Familiar 171. Métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo. Muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, realizado en un periodo de cuatro meses. Se aplicó encuesta sobre antecedentes y conocimientos sobre autoexploración mamaria, se realizó una prueba visual mediante una lámina ilustrada. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 74 pacientes, con el programa SPSS versión 19 se realizó análisis estadístico. Para la estadística descriptiva se utilizaron frecuencias y proporciones en variables cualitativas; en las cuantitativas, media, mediana, moda y desviación estándar. Resultados: el 27,0 por ciento señaló un conocimiento bueno sobre la autoexploración mamaria. El 56,8 por ciento mostró una regular perspectiva sobre la autoexploración. El 78,4 por ciento demostró mediante prueba visual que tienen mala técnica en la autoexploración mamaria. Conclusiones: gran porcentaje de la población estudiada tiene conocimientos y perspectiva regulares en la autoexploración de mama. Para detección de anormalidades en sus senos, un pequeño porcentaje de mujeres combina sus conocimientos, perspectivas y realización de autoexploración de la manera adecuada(AU)

Introduction: Breast cancer is the first cause of death among women from 35 to 55 years old. This is a worldwide public health problem. It is estimated that the incidence could increase on 50 percent by 2020. Recent researches suggest effectiveness on self-examination and clinical examination when there is a guarantee program for an early diagnosis. Objective: To identify the knowledge and perspective on breast self-examination and its regular conduct by insured women patients from 171 Family Medicine Unit. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed with no probabilistic sampling for convenience. It was conducted during four months. A structured self-administered questionnaire about background and breast self-examination knowledge was given to the study participants. A visual test was performed using an illustrated sheet. The sample size was 74 patients. With the SPSS program 19 version the statistical analysis was conducted. For the descriptive statistics, frequencies and proportions were used on qualitative variables and mean, median, mode and standard deviation in quantitative variables. Results: 27.0 percent of the participants got a good knowledge about breast self-examination. Also 56.8 percent showed a regular perspective on self-examination. On the visual test the 78.4 percent of the women showed a bad technique on breast self-examination. Conclusions: A large percentage of the studied population has regular perspective and knowledge of breast self-examination. An small percentage of women combine their knowledge and perspective about breast self-examination and they perform the breast self-examination suitably in order to detect abnormalities on their breast(AU)

Conocimiento de la paciente acerca del autoexamen de mama, en el Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social, Guatemala, año 2011 / Knowledge of the patient about breast self-examination at the Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Guatemalan Institute of Social Security, Guatemala, 2011

El cáncer de mama es la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en las mujeres guatemaltecas después del cáncer cérvico-uterino. Es importante el diagnóstico temprano, para tener como resultado un mejor pronóstico. Un 85% o más de todos los nódulos mamarios son descubiertos por las pacientes, al realizarse un autoexamen de mama. Por lo que es un método diagnóstico importante en el descubrimiento por primera vez de una patología mamaria. Metodología: Estudio de tipo descriptivo transversal, Consulta Externa de Ginecología, Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia Pamplona, Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social, durante el período de enero a junio del año 2009, acerca del conocimiento que tiene la población de pacientes que consultan a sus chequeos ginecológicos, sobre el autoexamen de mama...

Conhecimento e prática do autoexame das mamas por acadêmicas de enfermagem / Conocimiento y la práctica del autoexamen de mamas por académicos de enfermería / Knowledge and practice of breast self-examination by academic nursing

Introdução: o autoexame possibilita a avaliação e detecção precoce de alterações das mamas. No entanto, não substitui o exame físico realizado por profissional de saúde qualificado para essa atividade. A frequência de realização influencia diretamente a acurácia do método e estimula o autocuidado. Objetivo: verificar se acadêmicas de enfermagem realizam o autoexame das mamas. Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório de caráter transversal, realizado em um Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem localizado no município de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 202 acadêmicas de uma instituição privada de ensino superior O instrumento de coleta de dados se constituiu de questionário estruturado elaborado pelas próprias pesquisadoras e validado pelo estudo piloto. O projeto foi submetido à apreciação e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética. Resultados: evidenciou-se que as acadêmicas não realizam o autoexame das mamas. A principal barreira para não realização do exame foi o esquecimento e não saber a técnica correta. Conclusão: recomenda-se repensar as formas de ensinar-aprender a temática nas universidades, na perspectiva da aprendizagem significativa e para que a mulher; futura enfermeira, possa responsabilizar pela sua saúde e compreender o seu papel de cuidadora a partir da prevenção do câncer de mama e assumindo o autocuidado(AU)

Introducción: el auto-examen permite la evaluación y detección temprana de cambios en los senos. Sin embargo, no sustituyen al examen físico realizado por el profesional de salud calificado para esta actividad. La frecuencia de influye directamente en la precisión del método y fomenta el autocuidado. Objetivo: determinar si las estudiantes de enfermería realizan el autoexamen de los senos. Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, transversal, que se celebró en una Licenciatura de Enfermería ubicada en Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los sujetos del estudio fueron 202 estudiantes de una institución privada de educación superior El instrumento de recolección de datos consistió en un cuestionario estructurado, desarrollado por sus propios investigadores y validado por un estudio piloto. El proyecto fue presentado y aprobado por el Comité de Ética. Resultados: se evidenció que las estudiantes no realizan el autoexamen de mamas. La principal barrera para la prueba no fue el olvido y sin saber la técnica correcta. Conclusión: se recomienda a repensar las formas de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la disciplina en las universidades, en búsqueda de un aprendizaje significativo y para las mujeres; futura enfermera puede asumir la responsabilidad de su salud y entender su papel como cuidador de la prevención del cáncer pecho y asumir el cuidado de sí mismo(AU)

Background: the self-examination possibilities evaluation and early detection of alterations breast. Besides, it does not replace physical exam performed by the qualified health professional for this activity. The realization frequency influences directly the accuracy method and stimulates the self-care. Objective: verify if the female nursing undergraduate students performed the breast self-examination. Method: this is a descriptive study with cross-sectional approach, performed in undergraduate degree nursing located in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The subjects were 202 female nursing undergraduate students from the private institution of higher education. The collect tool was the structured questionnaire elaborated by the own researchers and validated in pilot study. The project was submitted to appreciation and approved by the Research Ethic Committee. Results: it was showed the most of participants said do not perform periodically the breast self-examination. The most information resource was the internet, television and faculty. Among the participants, the most affirmed already have got the information. The main barrier was forgetfulness and do not know the correct technique. Conclusion: it is recommended to rethink ways of teaching-learning the subject in universities, in pursuit of meaningful learning and for women; future nurse may take responsibility for their health and understand their role as a caretaker from the prevention of breast cancer and assuming self-care(AU)

Enfoque comunitario y preventivo de las mastopatías / Community and preventive approach of the mastopathies

Las mujeres por el interés que prestan a su integridad física y espiritual, hacen especial cuidado de su salud y brindan atención a diferentes partes de su cuerpo. Constituyen motivo frecuente de consulta, procesos patológicos tanto benignos como malignos (mastopatías), que afectan el tejido mamario y son un problema de salud. Teniendo en cuenta la importancia del enfoque preventivo y comunitario de esta problemática, se realizó una revisión documental sobre el tema, con el objetivo de describir las acciones de salud dirigidas a la disminución de los indicadores de morbilidad y mortalidad por mastopatías. Se utilizaron para esto los métodos teóricos de análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción

Women due to interest related to its physical and spiritual integrity, pay attention to its health and also t o different parts of its body. However, this is the frequent reason for consultation of the pathologic, benign and malignant (mastopathies) involving the breast tissue and are a serious health problem. Taking into account the significance of preventive and community approach to describe the health actions directed to decrease of indicators of morbility and mortality from mastopathies. Theoretical methods of analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction were used

Breast cancer screening (breast self-examination, clinical breast exam, and mammography) in women referred to health centers in Tabriz, Iran.

Background : Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the most common cause of death in Iranian women aged 35-55 years. Breast cancer screening comprises breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography. Objective:0 The study aimed to examine the performance of screening methods among women referring to health centers of Tabriz, Iran. Materials and methods : This was a descriptive-analytical research carried out on 400 women aged 20-50 years. The samples were chosen through random multistage sampling among health centers of Tabriz then active records of women. A questionnaire and observational checklist was used to elicit socio-demographic information and performance of women towards breast cancer screening methods. Descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square and Fisher's exact test) were used to analyze the data. Results: Only 18.8% of women did breast self-examination, 19.1% had clinical breast examination and 3.3% had mammogram. Statistical test showed a significant relationship between performing BSE and educational level, employment, income, number of children, breastfeeding history, breastfeeding quality and family history of breast cancer. There was a significant correlation between performing CBE and history of breast tumor and also, between performing the mammography and family history of breast cancer and history of breast tumor (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings showed that the performance of breast cancer screening methods was not satisfactory. Performance in high risk women was very desirable than others. Implication for Practice: The presentation of imperative education about breast cancer screening methods through health staff especially in pregnancy, post-partum and even in pre marriage counseling periods seems necessary.

Nivel de conocimiento de la población femenina del consultorio 6 sobre autoexámen de mama / Knowledge level of the female population from the consulting number six about the mammary gland self

La finalidad del presente trabajo fue profundizar en el conocimiento de una población femenina sobre las técnicas para realizar el autoexamen mamario. Se realizó un estudio transversal retrospectivo en el Consultorio 6, perteneciente al Policlínico Docente Pedro Fonseca del Municipio La Lisa, Ciudad de La Habana. Se encuestaron 174 mujeres en el período entre enero y abril del 2009. Se valoraron las vías de aprendizaje de estas técnicas y frecuencia con que las realizaban. También se valoraron los conocimientos sobre la naturaleza benigna o maligna de los nódulos mamarios y sobre la relación entre el cáncer de mama y la lactancia materna. Los resultados se expresaron en porcentajes y demostraron que aunque la mayoría de estas mujeres refieren conocer y se realizan el examen de mamas, sus conocimientos sobre frecuencia y calidad dista mucho de garantizar el objetivo de su aplicación, que la vía fundamental de aprendizaje fue los medios de difusión masiva. En sentido general, la población estudiada conoce la acción protectora de la lactancia materna en relación con el cáncer de mamas(AU)

This present work aims at deepen the female population knowledge about the mammary gland self-test and its techniques. A retrospective-transverse-research was done by the consulting room number six doctors. From January to April, 174 patients were asked in a survey. The ways of learning, the techniques, and the frequency of the self-test were evaluated. There were also evaluated the knowledge about the malign or benign nature of the mammary gland and the relation between the mammary gland cancer and the breast-feeding. The results were expressed by percentage and demonstrated that, although the female patients say they knew how to do their mammary gland test, their knowledge about frequency and quality of these tests was not enough for the objective application of it. The primary way of learning was media. In general the people study and know the, protect action of the breast-feeding and its relation with the mammary gland cancer. June, 2009(AU)

Breast self-examination as a method of early detection of breast cancer: knowledge and practice among antenatal clinic attendees in south eastern Nigeria

To determine antenatal women's knowledge and practice of breast self-examination as a method of early detection of breast cancer. It is a descriptive study involving 100 consecutive and consenting patients at the antenatal clinic of Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, over the period 1[St] June, 2007 to 15 [Th] June, 2007. Using a structured questionnaire, the respondents' socio-demographic data were obtained as well as their knowledge of breast cancer, breast self-examination for early detection of breast cancer and the practice of breast self-examination. The majority [98%] of the women were married. Whilst 78% of the respondents practiced breast self-examination regularly, only 34% of them knew the reason for practising breast self-examination. This means that the breast self-examination practiced was mostly ineffective. Only 3% of the respondents knew about a mammogram whilst none had had a mammogram done in the past. The vast majority [97%] of the respondents had heard of cancer of the breast. Breast self-examination was positively associated with educational level attained. The level of practice of breast self-examination is very low in our community. Public health programmes that teach women to regularly examine their breast and to seek early treatment for any detected lesions should be publicized through the mass media, seminars, conferences, workshops at the grassroots level and health education at health facilities

Knowledge, practices and attitudes among bride well's adolescent girls toward reproductive health in Egypt

A descriptive study had been done at El Agosa bride well place. The aim of the study was to assess bride well's adolescent girl's reproductive health Knowledge, practices and explore their attitude toward reproductive health issues. It was hypothesized that bride well adolescents girls have both incorrect reproductive health Knowledge, practices, and negative attitude toward RH issues. The study started at the beginning of February 2008 and completed by the end of June 2008. All adolescent 78 adolescent girls with age 11-19 were involved in the study. The tools used for data collection were structured interviewing questionnaire and likert scale. Interviewing questionnaire consisted of three parts, the 1st part assessed demographic characteristics of girls, and the 2[nd] part assessed physiological changes of girls while the 3[rd] part assessed the reproductive health Knowledge and practices of the girls. While the likert scale was used to assess the girl's attitudes about the reproductive health issues. The results indicated that 67.6% of girls were circumcised and 60.5% of the girls exposed to sexual violence. While the majority of girls 94.4% have a positive attitude related to RH concept, A significant relationship was proved between the reproductive health knowledge and the age of girls. The study concluded that the majority of the studied adolescent's girls 90.1% in the bride well had incorrect knowledge related to the reproductive health issues, furthermore nobody of them performed breast self examination or received antenatal care and also there was a highly significant association between the knowledge and practice of reproductive health aspects by the adolescent's girls in the bride well. In the presence of these findings the research team recommended that health educational programs for improving girls' knowledge, and practice regarding to reproductive health issues

Auto-exame de mama e fatores associados em uma população atendida pelo Programa Saúde da Família / Breast self exam and correlation with associated factors in population of Health Family Program

Avaliar o conhecimento e a prática do auto-exame das mamas (AEM) em uma população do litoral do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como a prevalência e a associação de fatores sociodemográficos. Métodos: Agentes de saúde ligados ao Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) convidaram mulheres com mais de 20 anos a fazerem avaliação clínica das mamas nos postos de saúde do município e aplicaram um questionário semi-estruturado. As variáveis estudadas foram idade, escolaridade, estado civil, renda familiar e história familiar de câncer de mama. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 728 mulheres atendidas no PSF. Observou-se que 97% das mulheres conheciam o AEM e 82,1% destas o praticavam. Ao avaliar a freqüência, entre as 592 que faziam o AEM, a realização mensal (correta) era feita por apenas 207 mulheres, 28% da amostra populacional. As variáveis que se apresentaram estatisticamente associadas com a prática do auto-exame mensal foram idade (p < 0,001) e o grau de escolaridade (p < 0,02). As associações com estado civil, cor, renda e história familiar positiva para câncer de mama não foram estatisticamente significantes. Conclusão: A prática e a freqüência do auto-exame das mamas na população estudada foram inadequadas, pois apenas 28% praticavam-no corretamente. A aderência esteve relacionada à maior idade e ao maior grau de escolaridade. Perspectivas: educar usando a denominação de autoconhecimento das mamas, porque exame tem conotação médica.

Objectives: In order to evaluate the knowledge and the pratice of the breast self examination (BSE) in a low income population from the north shore of the estate of Rio Grande do Sul, as well to report the prevalence and sociodemographic factors associations. Methods: Public health employees from the Health Family Program invited women over 20 years of age for a breast clinical examination at a community clinic. They were submitted to semi-structured questionaire about factors potentially associated to the knowledge and pratice of BSE. Current age, marital status, education level, family income and breast cancer history of close relatives were collected and reported. Results: 728 women were included in the study. About 97% of women had knowledge of the BSE and 82,1% of them referred a regular practice. Among the 592 that referred the practice of BSE, anly 207 (28% of the sample) did it monthly. The variables that were statistically associated with monthly BSE were: current age (p < 0.001) and educational level (p < 0.02). Marital status, family income and breast cancer history of close relatives did not generated statistical significant values. Conclusion: The practice and frequency of the BSE was inadequate in the study population although most of them reported knowing BSE, only 28% use to perform it correctly. Women with higher educational level and old age were more adherent to the BSE practice.

Assessing the efficacy of a peer education model in teaching breast self-examination to university students.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer education model in teaching breast self-examination to a late adolescence female student group attending the second class of Buca Educational Faculty of Dokuz Eylül University (DEU). A total of 15 volunteer students were given the breast self-examination training programme by a researcher and thereby became qualified as peer educators. Each then reached 10 peers and conveyed information on the Breast-Self Examination Programme. The identification forms of the students were filled out by the researcher. Evaluation forms I and II developed by Maurer (1997) for regular BSE practice and skills were used and evaluated with 100 points. The "paired t-test", "Student's t-test", "McNemar test", and "Pearson correlation test" were employed to for statistical assessment. According to the evaluation results; while the students's average point of knowledge on BSE was 43.0 +/- 11.7 before training, it became 88.9 +/- 8.15 after a week, and 86.9 +/- 9.69 after four weeks. It was obvious that there was a meaningful difference between those knowledge rates (p<0,05). Similarly while the ratio of systematic practice of BSE among students was 2.6% before training it increased to 66% (p<0.05). Additionally, the average point of the students BSE practice skills became 91.5 +/- 7.25 at four weeks after the training with a significant increase as well (r=0,70). Therefore we conclude that the peer education model is an effective method for teaching breast self examination to students.

Exploración de conocimientos sobre el autoexamen mamario / Exploring knowledge about breast self-examination

La finalidad del presente trabajo fue profundizar en el conocimiento de una población femenina sobre las técnicas para realizar el autoexamen mamario. Se realizó un estudio transversal retrospectivo en el consultorio No. 4 perteneciente al Policlínico Principal de Urgencia Epifanio Rojas Gil del municipio San Luis, Pinar del Río. Se encuestaron 100 mujeres en el período entre julio y diciembre del 2001. Se valoraron las vías de aprendizaje de estas técnicas y frecuencia con que las realizaban. También se valoraron los conocimientos sobre la naturaleza benigna o maligna de los nódulos mamarios y sobre las relación entre el cáncer de mama y la lactancia materna. Los resultados se expresaron en porcentajes y demostraron que existe desconocimiento sobre el autoexamen de mama en el mayor número de las mujeres encuestadas, fundamentalmente en la técnica correcta así como en el efecto protector de la lactancia materna contra el cáncer mamario(AU)

he purpose of the present work was to deepen in the knowledge of a feminine population on the techniques to carry out the mammary autoexamen. He/she was Not carried out a retrospective traverse study in the clinic. 4 belonging to the Main Policlínico of Urgency Red Epifanio Gil of the municipality San Luis, Pinegrove of the River. 100 women were interviewed in the period between July and December of the 2001. The roads of learning of these techniques and frequency were valued with which they carried out them. The knowledge were also valued on the benign or wicked nature of the mammary nodules and on the relationship among the cancer of he/she suckles and the maternal nursing. The results were expressed in percentages and they demonstrated that ignorance exists on the autoexamen of he/she suckles in the biggest number in the interviewed women, fundamentally in the correct technique as well as in the protective effect of the maternal nursing against the mammary cancer(AU)

Breast self examination for early detection of breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the commonest form of cancer in women in Western countries and second most common in women of developing countries like India. In the absence of an exact aetiological agent for breast cancer, the most appropriate way of controlling it is by early detection and treatment. Of the various methods of screening for breast cancer, mammography is the method of choice but its use is limited due to high cost and unavailability. Considering this, breast self examination (BSE) is an ideal method which can be done by every woman at her leisure time with little training. Medical and paramedical professionals can act as trend setters in promoting BSE for control of breast cancer in the community.